社区老年人数字健康技术焦虑的潜在剖面分析

目的 探究社区老年人数字健康技术焦虑差异性及影响因素,为拟定针对性干预措施提供参考。方法 通过分阶段多层抽样选取青岛市320名社区老年人,采用一般资料调查表、技术焦虑量表、积极老龄化量表进行问卷调查,运用潜在剖面分析识别数字健康技术焦虑的潜在类别,采用logistic回归分析社区老年人数字健康技术焦虑各潜在类别的影响因素。结果 社区老年人的数字健康技术焦虑分为3个潜在类别,分别定义为低技术焦虑型(45.31%)、技术害怕型(33.13%)、技术紧张型(21.56%)。年龄、月收入、户籍、互联网使用情况、对互联网医院等数字健康技术使用意愿、积极老龄化水平是不同潜在类别的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论 社区老年人数字健康技术焦虑具有不同的潜在类别,医护人员应根据各类别特征实施针对性干预,改善社区老年人技术焦虑水平。     

社区轻度认知功能障碍老年人的交互式群组管理

目的 探讨交互式群组管理对社区轻度认知功能障碍老年人认知功能、日常生活能力和生活质量的效果.方法 采用类实验研究方法,将轻度认知功能障碍老年人分为干预组35例,对照组36例.干预组接受为期12周的交互式群组管理活动,对照组实施常规健康指导.两组在干预前后分别采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表基础版、日常生活能力量袁、阿尔茨海默病生命质量量表进行评价.结果 干预后,干预组认知功能、生命质量得分高于干预前水平和对照组同期水平(均P＜0.01),干预后,干预组日常生活能力得分低于干预前水平(P＜0.05),但与对照组同期水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 交互式群组管理是基于互联网平台和线下群组活动交融,是一种有效的社区轻度认知功能障碍老年人管理模式,可改善其认知功能和生命质量.     

认知训练对社区老年人认知功能的影响

目的探讨认知训练对社区老年人认知功能的影响。方法将社区100名老年人随机分为对照组和训练组各50人。对照组不予干预;训练组采取集中训练与分散结对相结合的方式进行辨认照片、做算术题、记训练日记、解绳结、猜字词游戏及朗诵诗词等认知训练,连续24周后用简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)及韦氏记忆量表中国修订本(WMS-C)4个维度评价干预效果。结果训练组干预后MMSE、ADL及WMS-C4个维度得分显著高于对照组及本组干预前(均P0.05)。结论认知训练能显著改善老年人认知功能状况。     

社区老年人认知功能与抑郁水平的相关性研究

目的了解社区老年人认知功能与抑郁水平的关系,为制定针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法采用简易智能状态检查表(MMSE)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)对武汉市13个社区的628名老年人进行调查。结果社区老年人MMSE总均分为(26.41±3.89),9.24%有认知功能下降,不同年龄、婚姻状态、文化程度、兴趣爱好者认知功能下降发生率不同,有无抑郁症状的老年人定向力维度及MMSE总分差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);HAMD总均分为3.00(1.00,6.00),17.52%有抑郁症状,不同性别、文化程度、记忆力状态、兴趣爱好者抑郁症状发生率不同,MMSE是否下降的老年人认知障碍及迟缓维度得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。相关性分析显示,MMSE总分与HAMD总分及认知障碍、睡眠障碍、迟缓、绝望感维度呈负相关(P0.05,P0.01)。结论武汉社区认知功能下降和有抑郁症状的老年人占一定比例,且认知功能下降者更容易出现抑郁症状。需积极采取措施预防老年人认知功能下降,改善抑郁情绪,促进健康老龄化。     

怀旧-认知行为干预对老年人抑郁症状和认知功能的影响

目的探讨怀旧-认知行为干预对老年人抑郁症状和认知功能的影响。方法将91名具有轻中度抑郁症状的社区老年人随机分为对照组(31名)、怀旧组(30名)和怀旧联合认知行为组(30名)。对照组接受社区常规健康教育,怀旧组进行怀旧治疗,怀旧联合认知行为组同时进行怀旧治疗和认知行为干预。在干预前、干预4个月末使用老年抑郁量表(GDS)、简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表北京版(MoCA)测量各组抑郁症状和认知功能。结果怀旧治疗组及怀旧联合认知行为干预组干预后GDS、MMSE及MoCA得分显著优于对照组,且怀旧联合认知行为干预组效果优于单纯怀旧治疗组(均P0.05)。结论怀旧治疗及怀旧联合认知行为干预均能改善老年人的抑郁症状和认知功能,怀旧联合认知行为干预效果优于单纯怀旧治疗。     

城市社区老年人自理能力状况与卫生服务需求研究

目的 了解城市社区老年人的日常活动能力(ADL)状况.并探讨其与卫生服务需求的关系.方法 应用美国老年人资源与服务评估量表(OARS)随机对武汉市城区3个社区卫生服务中心辖区内648名社区老年人的ADL及服务需求进行调查.结果 老年人ADL功能良好者占44.9%,ADL功能障碍者占55.1%.不同年龄组老年人社区卫生服务需求的个人照护、照顾性雇用、持续性监护及护理性照护条目比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01);不同ADL功能状态老年人社区卫生服务需求各条目比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01).结论 随着年龄增长和ADL功能下降,城市社区老年人卫生需求上升,应加强对其照料和社区卫生服务,以提高老年人生活质量.     

基于潜在剖面分析的农村老年人自主性感知与自我养老能力的关系研究

目的 探究农村老年人自主性感知的差异性及其与自我养老能力的关系。方法 采用一般资料问卷、老年人自我养老能力量表、中文简版自主性感知量表对湖南省350名农村老年人进行问卷调查。运用潜在剖面分析识别自主性感知的潜在类别。结果 农村老年人的自主性感知被识别为3个潜在类别,分别定义为低自主-高依赖型(14.0%)、中等自主型(55.1%)、独立自主型(30.9%)。分层回归分析结果显示,控制人口学变量后,自主性感知可独立解释农村老年人21.9%的自我养老能力变异。结论 农村老年人的自主性感知呈现类别分布,即低自主-高依赖型、中等自主型、独立自主型;低自主-高依赖型者自我养老能力最低,需重点关注。     

计算机认知训练在老年群体中的应用研究进展

介绍计算机认知功能训练的理论基础(脑的可塑性、认知储备)、训练人群(认知异常患者、认知正常老年人),训练频率、干预内容,为我国社区老年人的计算机认知训练提供参考。     

社区老年人老化期望现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解社区老年人老化期望水平及其影响因素,为后续干预措施的制订提供参考.方法 采用一般资料调查表、老化期望量表21、感知年龄歧视调查表和家庭支持量袁对唐山市滦南县城社区217名老年人进行横断面调查.结果 社区老年人老化期望总分为45.86±12.28,4个维度中精神健康均分最高(2.68±0.66),认知功能均分最低(1.87±0.55);多元线性回归分析结果显示,感知年龄歧视、年龄、家庭支持、自评健康状况、家庭人均月收入、爱好、慢性病数量是社区老年人老化期望的影响因素(调整R2=0.762,P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 社区老年人老化期望表现呈中等偏下水平,其中精神健康期望最高、认知功能期望最低;护理人员应重点关注影响因素,制订精准干预措施,平衡和满足其老化期望.     

图像思维训练对社区轻度认知功能障碍老年人的作用

目的探讨图像思维训练在社区轻度认知功能障碍老年人中的应用效果。方法采取方便抽样法选取上海市3个社区60~80岁的老年人进行轻度认知功能障碍的筛查,对符合轻度认知功能障碍诊断标准且同意参与研究的123名老年人实施图像思维训练,即磁贴剪纸、涂色找茬、解环游戏。干预前及干预24周后采用简易智能精神状态量表(MMSE)和日常生活能力量表(ADL)进行效果评价。结果干预后MMSE总分、定向力、注意力和计算力及复述能力等得分较干预前有显著提高(均P0.01);干预后ADL总分及修饰、穿衣及上下楼梯3个维度得分显著高于干预前(均P0.01)。结论图像思维训练能够改善轻度认知功能障碍老年人的注意力、计算力等认知功能,对患者定向力具有显著疗效,并能提高患者日常生活生活能力。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.