动力髋螺钉治疗转子间骨折20例

目的评价AO动力髋螺钉(DHS)治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对20例股骨转子间骨折行手术前牵引复位,DHS内固定术,术后早期进行康复训练。结果随访6～22个月(平均14个月)后根据临床综合评定标准评定,优15例,良3例,可2例。结论DHS系统是治疗股骨转子问骨折的可靠内固定方法,可早期行功能锻炼。     

DHS内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折(附42例)

目的 探讨应用动力加压髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法对42例股骨转子间骨折按AO分类(A1型16例、A2型14例、A3型12例)，采用DHS内固定治疗。结果36例得到随访，随诊6～18个月，平均10个月，疗效满意。结论DHS内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折是一种有效的方法。     

闭合复位DHS内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折61例

目的探讨老年股骨转子间骨折的治疗方法。方法采取闭合复位动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折61例。结果随访1～3.3年,术后1年死亡4例,其余骨折在12～14个月内骨愈合,无髋内翻畸形、内固定断裂及松脱发生,患肢轻度外旋畸形2例,7例偶见髋关节行走痛、屈髋活动稍受限。结论闭合复位DHS内固定是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的可靠方法。     

老年人股骨转子间骨折动力髋螺钉的手术治疗

目的探讨老年人股骨转子间骨折的动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)内固定手术治疗的方法及临床评价.方法对43例老年股骨转子间骨折按AO分类(A1型24例、A2型13例、A3型6例),采用DHS内固定治疗.结果39例获得10-19个月(平均13.5个月)随访,优良率达到87%,仅3例发生术后并发症.结论DHS手术创伤小、卧床时间短、骨折愈合快、肢体功能恢复好、髋内翻等并发症少,是治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的理想方法.     

老年股骨转子间骨折三种手术方法的疗效比较

目的比较老年股骨转子间骨折三种手术方法疗效。方法对218例老年股骨转子间骨折分别采用动力髋螺钉(DHS)，Gamma钉和股骨近端髓内钉(PFN)进行手术治疗，随访8～28个月。结果DHS组76例中有2例延迟愈合，2例移位愈合，2例髋内翻，3例伤口感染；Gamma钉组64例中有1例延迟愈合，2例移位愈合；PFN内固定组78例中无1例延迟愈合。结论PFN对骨折端的血循环影响和骨质破坏较小，固定更为牢靠，是对老年股骨转子间骨折新的有效手术治疗方法。     

股骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折临床疗效观察

目的 探讨应用股骨近端锁定钢板(locking proximal femul plate,LPFP)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析比较LPFP治疗老年股骨转子间骨折156例(LPFP组)、动力髋螺钉(dynamic hip screw,DHS)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折42例(DHS组),观察两组手术时间、出血量、住院时间、术后开始负重时间、骨折愈合时间、并发症发生率及Harris评分.结果 所有患者均获随访6.0～24.0个月,平均12.6个月.LPFP组在平均手术时间、出血量、住院时间、术后负重时间、并发症发生率及Harris评分方面优于DHS组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),但骨折平均愈合时间两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 LPFP内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折疗效确切,具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点,值得应用与推广.     

动力髋螺钉治疗老年人股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对40例股骨粗隆间骨折患者采用DHS治疗。结果获得平均1年随访22例,采用黄公怡标准评定,优14例,良7例,差1例。结论DHS是治疗股骨转子间骨折理想方法之一,具有操作简单、手术损伤小、固定牢固、可早期锻炼等优点。     

动力髋螺钉治疗股骨转子间骨折

目的探讨动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法对75例股骨转子间骨折患者采用DHS内固定治疗。结果患者均获随访,时间6～36个月。术后6个月骨折均达骨性愈合。多数患者可正常自行行走。髋关节功能根据Harris评分:优53例,良18例,尚可4例,优良率为94.7%。结论 DHS治疗股骨转子间骨折方法简单,固定可靠,疗效满意。     

股骨转子间粉碎骨折:小转子必须固定吗?

目的 讨论股骨转子问骨折伴小转子骨折是否需要固定。方法 回顾分析67例股骨转子间骨折，使用动力髋螺钉(DHS)内固定，其中股骨小转子固定仅2例，其余未行小转子骨折块固定。结果 术后至少随访1年以上，所有的病例骨折均愈合，无骨不连、髋内翻和内固定失效。结论如果DHS固定牢靠，不用螺钉固定股骨小转子，但强调在骨折愈合之前限制负重行走。     

动力髋螺钉(DHS)和空心螺钉内固定与PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的比较

目的比较分析动力髋螺钉(DHS)+空心螺钉内固定,与PFNA内固定治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2014年6月至2016年9月收治的80例老年股骨转子间骨折患者,其中采用DHS+空心螺钉内固定治疗的患者40例(DHS组),PFNA内固定患者40例(PFNA组)。所有患者术后随访6个月,比较两组患者一般临床资料、手术情况、住院天数、Harris评分以及术后并发症情况。结果 (1)两组患者在性别、年龄以及骨折分型方面无统计学差异;(2)PFNA组患者平均手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、下地负重时间、骨折愈合时间均明显优于DHS组;(3)两组患者在Harris评分以及术后并发症方面无明显差异。结论 PFNA内固定法更适合老年股骨转子间骨折的患者,值得临床推广应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.