胎儿心脏外翻并腹壁大缺损1例

孕妇,22岁。孕1产0,孕20周。产前超声所见：增大子宫内见一胎儿回声,胎儿头环光整。双顶径49mm,股骨径35mm;脊椎排列整齐无中断,胎儿心脏裸露于羊水中（图1）,胎心搏动匀齐,心率156次／分;胎儿腹壁缺损,见肝脏、肠管暴露羊水中（图2）;宫前壁见胎盘回声,羊水深径为53mm。超声提示：中孕．宫内孕单活胎;胎儿畸形,胎儿心脏外翻并腹壁大缺损。引产一死女婴,证实了超声诊断。     

超声诊断胎儿左心室发育不良二尖瓣闭锁并室间隔缺损、右心室双出口一例

患者女,25岁,孕1产0,孕26周。产前常规超声检查：宫腔内见一胎儿回声,胎儿双顶径6．6cm,胎心率1577次／min,律齐,胎儿四腔心切面十字交叉未显示,羊水最大深径9．1cm,余部未见异常。行胎儿超声心动图检查：胎儿心脏大部分位于左侧胸腔,心室右袢,室间隔大部缺如,右心室肌小梁粗大;左心室为一狭小腔,未见大动脉与其相连,左心房较小;右心房及右心室明显扩大,二尖瓣呈一膜状结构,未见明显血流信号通过;主动脉及肺动脉未见明显增宽或狭窄,两者呈平行排列,均与右心室相连,主动脉位于肺动脉左前方（图1—3,动态图1～3）。超声提示：单活胎;羊水偏多;胎儿心脏复杂畸形;左心室发育不良二尖瓣闭锁并室间隔缺损、右心室双出口。引产后死胎外观正常,尸解证实上述诊断。     

胎儿无脾综合征并心脏复杂畸形超声表现1例

<正>孕妇,27岁,孕24周,孕1产0,因外院超声提示胎儿心脏异常来我院就诊。超声检查:胎儿内脏反位,胃泡位于右腹部,胆囊位于左腹部(图1A)。心脏于胸腔内偏右侧,心尖指向右前方。胎儿各心腔内径正常范围,心内"十"字交叉缺失(图1B),室间隔上端与房间隔下端间距9.7 mm,二尖瓣前叶及三尖瓣隔叶形成前后共瓣。四支肺静脉于左房后方形成共同肺静脉腔,向下形成垂直静脉,入肝后汇入门静脉(图1C)。心底部发出一     

房间隔缺损介入术中封堵器脱落外科手术1例

1病历摘要 女，26岁。因先天性心脏病，房间隔缺损入院，术前心脏超声心动图示：左房、左室扩大，房间隔中部回声中断35mm，下缘距二尖瓣5mm，房水平血流左→右分流。于我院行房间隔缺损介入封堵术，术中选用38号房缺封堵器，超声及X线投照下定位释放，经超声显示房水平分流消失，封堵器位置正常.     

超声诊断胎儿永久性右脐静脉2例

孕妇130岁。孕40周，常规超声检查所见：胎儿生长径线与孕周相符．大体结构及胎儿附属物未见明显异常。腹围平面可见脐静脉进入肝脏后向胎体左侧转，胆囊位于脐静脉左侧（图1）．静脉导管可探及。超声提示：（L）单活胎头位，孕40用：（2）胎儿永久性右脐静脉。胎儿出生后第1d复查肝胆B超所见：     

M型超声诊断心脏病31例

我院应用M型超声仪诊断心脏病,其中经手术证明者18例,与右心导管检查对照者13例。经手术证实为风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄7例、二尖瓣狭窄伴关闭不全4例及二尖瓣狭窄伴肺动脉高压1例;先天性心脏病房间隔缺损3例、室间隔缺损及动脉导管未闭各1例;左房粘液瘤一例。术前M型超声诊断均与手术所见相符合,仅1例左心耳机化超声未能显示。 右心导管检查诊断房间隔缺损及室间隔缺损各6例,肺动脉狭窄1例。M型超声诊断与心     

超声观察卵圆孔瓣在胎儿房间隔缺损产前诊断中的意义

目的 探讨超声观察卵圆孔瓣在胎儿房间隔缺员产前诊断中的临床意义。方法 应用彩色多普勒超声观察胎儿卵圆孔瓣结构,测定卵圆孔径（Ａ）与卵圆孔瓣顶点至卵圆孔中心距离（Ｂ）的比值,将产前超声诊断与胎儿尸体解剖与分娩后超声检查结果对照。结果 产前超声诊断胎儿房间隔缺损２６例,９例产后尸体解剖证实;１６例产后超声诊断为房间隔缺损,其中已手术证实８例;１例假阳性。胎儿房间隔缺损的主要声像图特点是卵圆孔瓣消失或断     

标准化超声切面筛查孕11～13^＋6周胎儿结构畸形的临床意义

目的探讨孕早期标准化超声切面筛查胎儿结构畸形的临床意义。方法应用8个标准化超声切面对2008年9月至2011年3月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院超声检查的3134例孕11～13^＋6周胎儿进行筛查。8个标准化超声切面包括：胎儿纵切面、颈项矢状切面、颅脑切面、胸部切面、腹部切面、膀胱切面、上肢和下肢切面。孕早期未发现异常的胎儿均于孕20-24周及28～32周进行超声检查,追访胎儿妊娠结局。结果3134例胎儿超声筛查及随访结果：（1）孕早期（11～13^6＋周）超声筛查诊断胎儿异常16例,包括部分颅骨缺损、脑膜脑膨出1例,心内膜垫缺损合并单脐动脉1例,胸外心、腹裂合并脊柱异常1例,露脑畸形2例,无脑畸形1例,腹裂合并下肢畸形1例,脐膨出2例,部分颅骨缺损、胸外心合并腹裂1例,单心室1例,心内膜垫缺损1例,胎儿水肿4例。超声筛查后16例异常胎儿中引产13例,大体标本及尸检与超声筛查结果相符合;3例水肿胎儿在孕中晚期超声筛查中未见异常表现,出生后未见异常。（2）孕中期（20-24周）超声筛查诊断胎儿结构畸形7例,包括右位心伴右心室双出口1例,心内膜垫缺损2例,室间隔缺损1例（羊水穿刺证实染色体核型为21-三体）,脐膨出1例,尺桡骨短伴腕关节畸形1例,足内翻1例。（3）孕晚期（28～32周）超声筛查诊断胎儿膈疝1例：出生后诊断新生儿心脏室间隔缺损1例,耳畸形1例。（4）胎儿出生后随访到2822例（90％,2822／3134）,失访312例（10％,312／3134）。2822例随访结果证实,孕早、中、晚期超声标准切面筛查诊断胎儿单发或多发严重结构畸形与产后检查结果相符合23例：其中孕早期标准化超声切面筛查诊断胎儿严重结构畸形13例：超声诊断敏感度56．5％（13／23）,特异度99．9％（2796／2799）,符合率99．6％（2812／2822）;漏诊率43．5％（10／23,4例心脏畸形,1例脐膨出,2例肢体双足畸形;1例膈疝均于孕中晚期连续筛查检出,2例畸形出生后诊断）。结论孕早期标准化超声筛查切面能检出露脑、无脑、腹裂、脐膨出、胸外心及单心室等严重胎儿畸形。但孕早期超声筛查胎儿畸形有一定局限性,对复杂性心脏大血管畸形、肢体等畸形需待孕中晚期超声检查时诊断。因此,建立孕早、中、晚期连续动态筛查系统非常必要。     

胸腔镜及胸腔小切口开窗置入新型房间隔缺损闭合器及其超声检测意义

目的探讨胸腔镜及经胸小切口开窗新术式置入新型房间隔缺损闭合器的方法和超声监测意义。方法18例房间隔缺损患者,全麻下用胸腔镜或直接右胸壁小切口开窗,经右房置入DASDO圆形或椭圆形闭合器。经食管超声心动图术中观测各切面观缺损大小及周缘情况,选择闭合器类型及大小。超声监测下于缺损两侧释放闭合器双伞,确认牢固及无明显房水平分流后释放闭合器。结果17例房间隔缺损患者封堵成功,1例失败。房间隔缺损最大径为8～32mm［平均(19.3±6.3)mm］。缺损各方向边缘最短者距主动脉后壁无缘,距上腔静脉3.5mm,距下腔静脉6.0mm,距二尖瓣根部6.0mm。超声引导下封闭房间隔缺损用时约2～3min。结论经胸小切口开窗置入闭合器是一种介入性房间隔缺损治疗的新术式,该方法闭合房间隔缺损的适应证可能更广泛。     

经腹部超声心动图在孕早期胎儿先天性心脏病诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨经腹部超声心动图在孕早期胎儿先天性心脏病（CHD）诊断中的应用价值。 方法对2012年6月至2015年4月在南京军区福州总医院产前检查的1 288例高危孕妇孕早期（孕13周）胎儿行超声心动图检查,分析孕早期胎儿CHD超声表现及其特征,追踪所有入选孕妇的妊娠过程及胎儿临床结局。 结果经腹部超声心动图在1288例胎儿中诊断CHD 16例（1.2%,16/1288）,其中复杂型CHD 11例,单纯型CHD 5例。孕早期胎儿CHD超声心动图表现：（1）法洛四联症2例,超声心动图显示主动脉轻度增宽,未见明显骑跨,室间隔缺损,肺动脉狭窄,远端显示不清。（2）左心发育不良综合征2例,孕13周超声心动图显示左心明显缩小,右心扩大,二尖瓣闭锁,室间隔缺损,主动脉轻度狭窄伴血流速度加快,肺动脉增宽。（3）大动脉共干I型2例,超声心动图显示心底部仅见1条大血管,未见明显分支血管,并见室间隔缺损。（4）完全型房室间隔缺损4例,超声心动图显示心内膜正常十字交叉结构消失,房室共瓣。（5）单心室1例,超声心动图未见室间隔回声,仅见一单心室。（6）主动脉缩窄1例,孕13周超声心动图显示心内结构正常,主动脉内径正常;孕16周超声心动图显示左心偏小,主动脉峡部轻度狭窄。（7）室间隔缺损4例,超声心动图显示室间隔连续中断,断端边缘回声增强。1例小的室间隔缺损误诊,漏诊室间隔缺损和永存左上腔静脉各1例。超声诊断CHD后孕妇选择终止妊娠11例,出生5例,随访结果与产前诊断均相符。 结论经腹部超声心动图可早期诊断多数胎儿CHD,尤其表现为四腔心异常的CHD,但对CHD异常大血管起源、分支及走向的显示存在一定困难,有待中孕期进一步确诊,早孕期经腹部超声心动图检查有重要临床应用价值。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.