鼻咽通气道在老年腹部手术患者麻醉恢复期的应用

目的 观察鼻咽通气道用于老年腹部手术患者,在麻醉恢复期维持上呼吸道通畅的有效性及可行性.方法 择期全麻患者120例,年龄65～75岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为鼻咽通气道(A组),口咽通气道(B组),手法托颌组(C组),每组40例.术毕拔除气管导管后,随即A组置入鼻咽通气道,B组置人口咽通气道,C组手法托颌,三组均用面罩吸氧(氧流量2 L/min).记录A、B组置入口/鼻通气道时间及一次置管成功率,观察三组拔除气管导管前(To)、拔管后/置入通气管(C组手法托颌)后5 min(T1)、10 min(T2)、20 min(T3)的SpO2、PaCO2、HR、SBP、DBP,T3后即对三组进行舒适度VAS评分.结果 T2、T3时B、C组PaCO2、SBP明显高于、HR明显快于A组(P＜0.05),VAS评分A组明显高于B、C组(P＜0.05).结论 鼻咽通气道维持麻醉恢复期老年腹部手术患者的上呼吸道通畅效果较为理想,且患者耐受性佳.     

呼气末二氧化碳分压监测在全麻拔管后苏醒期患者中的应用

目的 探讨呼气末二氧化碳分压监测在全身麻醉拔管后苏醒期患者中的应用效果。方法 选取全身麻醉手术结束拔除气管导管转入麻醉后苏醒室观察的320例患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各160例。对照组常规单孔鼻导管吸氧3 L/min并持续监测心电图、呼吸、无创血压、血氧饱和度;观察组在对照组基础上持续监测呼气末二氧化碳分压数值和波形的变化并及时给予护理干预。比较两组低氧血症发生情况、高碳酸血症和呼吸暂停检出率、面罩加压给氧率和苏醒时间。结果 观察组低氧血症程度、面罩加压给氧率显著低于对照组,高碳酸血症、呼吸暂停检出率显著高于对照组,苏醒时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 对麻醉后苏醒期拔除气管插管的患者,呼气末二氧化碳分压监测可及时发现呼吸暂停、高碳酸血症等呼吸异常事件,降低低氧血症的发生率,提高麻醉苏醒的安全性,缩短苏醒时间。     

鼻咽通气道用于肥胖患者麻醉恢复期气道管理的效果

目的 评价鼻咽通气道用于肥胖患者麻醉恢复期气道管理的效果.方法 全麻术毕患者80例,年龄48～72岁,ASA Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,体重指数>30 kg/m~2,随机分为2组(n=40):鼻咽通气道组(Ⅰ组)和口咽通气道组(Ⅱ组).待患者呼吸恢复(呼吸频率≥10次/min,潮气量≥5 ml/kg)后,拔除气管导管,Ⅰ组即刻经鼻腔置入鼻咽通气道,Ⅱ组经口腔置入口咽通气道,置入通气道后均以面罩给氧(氧流量3 L/min)至苏醒,脉搏血氧饱和度<90%时采取补救措施.于置入通气道后1 min(T_1)、5 min(T_2)、10 min(T_3)和20 min(T_4)时记录呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度、心率、收缩压和舒张压,并记录置入通气道后20 min内并发症的发生情况.结果 置入通气道后,两组患者吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度、心率、收缩压和舒张压均维持在正常范围.与Ⅱ组比较,Ⅰ组各时点脉搏血氧饱和度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T_(3.4)时呼吸频率、心率、收缩压和舒张压降低,躁动、恶心呕吐和喉痉挛的发生率降低(P<0.05).结论 与口咽通气道相比,鼻咽通气道维持肥胖患者全麻恢复期上呼吸道通畅的效果相同,但诱发的应激反应较低、并发症发生较少.     

参附注射液对全身麻醉恢复期患者的催醒作用

目的观察参附注射液（SFI）对全身麻醉恢复期患者的催醒作用。方法86例静吸复合全身麻醉下择期腹部手术成年患者，ASAI或Ⅱ级，术毕未醒且无自主呼吸，送入麻醉恢复室（PACU）行机械通气。随机分为两组（n=43），麻醉后催醒组（SFI组）入PACU后即刻于10min内静脉输注含SFI 1ml／ks的乳酸钠林格液100ml，自然苏醒组（对照组）给予等量乳酸钠林格液。记录患者的呼唤反应恢复时间（呼唤患者姓名至自动睁眼的时间）、机械通气时间、吸氧时间、拔管时间和在PACU停留时间，记录给SFI前、给SFI后5、15、45min时平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR），并测定上述时点静脉血血浆B-内啡肽浓度。结果与对照组比较，SFI组呼唤反应恢复时间、机械通气时间、吸氧时间、拔管时间、在PACU停留时间缩短；MAP与HR组间及组内比较差异无统计学意义；与给SFI前比较，SFI组给SFI后5、15min时血浆B-内啡肽浓度升高，且高于对照组（P＜0．05或0．01）。结论SFI能够加快全身麻醉患者恢复。     

腹部手术患者吸入七氟醚与异氟醚麻醉恢复的比较

目的比较腹部手术患者吸入七氟醚与异氟醚麻醉恢复的情况。方法全麻下行开腹手术患者40例,随机分为2组（n=20）：七氟醚组（S组）及异氟醚组（Ⅰ组）。麻醉诱导后行气管插管,机械通气。诱导后吸入纯氧,氧流量2 L/min,30min后调整为1 L/min。手术开始前,调整吸入麻醉药的呼气末浓度为1.0 MAC。麻醉维持：吸入七氟醚或异氟醚,间断静脉注射罗库溴铵和芬太尼,维持血压和心率波动幅度不超过基础值30%。缝皮结束时,停止吸入七氟醚或异氟醚,纯氧流量调整为5 L/min。记录睁眼时间（停止吸入麻醉药到睁眼的时间）、拔除气管导管时间（停止吸入麻醉药到拔除气管导管的时间）、Aldrete评分达到9分时间（从停止吸入麻醉药计时）及麻醉后恢复室（PACU）停留时间。记录吸入麻醉药用量。结果与Ⅰ组比较,S组睁眼时间、拔除气管导管时间、Aldrete评分达到9分时间及PACU停留时间缩短（P〈0.05）,吸入麻醉药的总用量和单位时间用量差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论与异氟醚比较,吸入七氟醚患者麻醉恢复较快,且麻醉恢复质量较好。     

基于循证的气管插管全麻导管拔除管理方案的构建与应用

目的提高麻醉护士拔管护理的规范性和麻醉护理质量。方法检索数据库,获取临床实践指南、证据汇总、推荐实践、系统评价等证据等级较高的文献,拟定气管导管拔除方案初稿,通过专家会议法对方案进行补充修正,最终确立PACU全麻患者气管导管拔除护理管理方案并应用于102例麻醉苏醒拔管患者,并与应用前的104例患者比较拔管效应。结果方案应用后,拔管后患者的呼吸系统异常情况发生率显著低于应用前,患者报告咽喉痛程度及对PACU有记忆率显著高于应用前(P0.05,P0.01);PACU麻醉护士除拔管后严密观察病情外,其余行为明显改善(均P0.01)。结论以循证为依据构建的PACU全麻患者气管导管拔除护理管理方案切实可行,可以提高临床麻醉护理质量。     

麻醉状态下拔除气管导管-置入鼻咽通气道预防高血压患者拔管反应的效果

目的 评价麻醉状态下拔除气管导管-置入鼻咽通气道预防高血压患者拔管反应的效果.方法 择期全麻下行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的高血压患者80例,随机分为气管导管组(Ⅰ组)和气管导管-鼻咽通气道组(Ⅱ组),每组40例.两组麻醉诱导气管插管后行机械通气,术中靶控输注异丙酚(血浆靶浓度3～4 μg/L)和舒芬太尼(血浆靶浓度0.2～0.4 ng/L)维持麻醉,维持脑电双频指数40～50.术毕调整异丙酚血浆靶浓度至1 μg/L、舒芬太尼靶浓度至0.1 ng/L,待呼吸恢复后停止输注,Ⅱ组拔除气管导管,置入鼻咽通气道辅以面罩给氧,待患者完全苏醒后拔除;Ⅰ组待患者完全苏醒后拔除气管导管;于麻醉诱导前即刻(T_0)、置入鼻咽通气道后即刻(T_1)、2 min(T_2)、拔除后即刻(T_3)、2 min(T_4)时记录收缩压(SP)、舒张压(DP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO_2),记录拔管过程中血液动力学指标的最大值(SP_(max)、DP_(max)及HR_(max)),计算拔管前后的差值(△SP、△DP及△HR),并测定血浆肾上腺素(AD)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)浓度,观察呛咳、躁动的发生情况.结果 与T_0时比较,Ⅰ组T_(3,4)时SP、DP、HR、血浆AD及NE浓度升高,Ⅱ组T_(1,3,4)时SP和DP,T_(2,3)时HR降低(P<0.05);与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组T_(2～4)时SP、DP、HR、血浆AD及NE浓度降低,SP_(max)、DP_(max)、HR_(max)及△SP、△DP、△HR降低.拔管反应发生率降低(P<0.05).结论 麻醉状态下拔除气管导管-置入鼻咽通气道可有效预防高血压患者全麻恢复期的拔管反应.     

不同剂量右美托咪定用于全麻烧伤切痂植皮手术对患者应激指标及炎性因子的影响

目的：探讨不同剂量右美托咪定用于全麻烧伤切痂植皮手术对患者应激指标及炎性因子的影响。方法：选取102例烧伤切痂植皮手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析，选取时间为2018年5月-2020年5月，均予以右美托咪定麻醉，按照其麻醉剂量的不同分为低剂量组（0.25μg/kg）、中剂量组（0.5μg/kg）、高剂量组（1.0μg/kg），各34例。对比麻醉诱导前（T1）、拔除气管导管前15min(T2)、拔除气管导管即刻（T3）、拔除气管导管后15 min(T4)的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）；比较入室时（Ta）、气管插管即刻（Tb）、拔除气管导管即刻（Tc）、拔除气管导管后60min(Td)的肾上腺素（E）、皮质醇（Cor）、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、白介素-6(IL-6)水平，以及观察镇静评分、躁动评分及麻醉时间。结果：重复测量方差分析显示，三组HR、MAP、E、Cor、TNF-α、IL-10、IL-6的时点、组间、交互比较均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。单因素方差分析显示，T1时刻，三组HR、MAP比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;...     

控制通气下经纤维支气管镜小儿气道异物取出术

目的介绍控制通气下实施经纤维支气管镜小儿气道异物取出术的作用。方法年龄9个月～12岁的小儿患者32例,在全身麻醉三通喉罩（TLMA）气道控制通气下经纤维支气管镜气管、支气管异物取出术。术中连续监测收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、潮气量（VT）、气道峰压（P础）和呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）。微泵连续输注丙泊酚、维库溴铵、瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。记录麻醉前5min（To）、插入TLMA通气即时（T1）、通气3rain（T2）、通气5min（T3）、通气10min（L）、通气15min（75）和手术即将结束时（T6）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）;记录T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6时间点的潮气量（VT）、气道峰压（Ppnck）和呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）;于T0,T2,T4,T5,T6时间点采集桡动脉血液进行血气分析。记录麻醉、手术效果和过程。结果全部32例手术顺利完成,手术时间3～26min,平均7．5min：通气时间22．43min,平均27min。术后恢复良好,无明显并发症。结论控制通气下实施经纤维支气管镜小儿气道异物取出术安全可靠,效果良好,并发症少。     

支撑喉镜下CO2激光治疗声门下息肉的麻醉管理

目的 探讨非气管插管高频喷射通气（High-Frequency Jet Ventilation,HFJV）全凭静脉麻醉方法应用于声门下息肉激光切除的可行性。方法42例ASAⅠ级～Ⅱ级声门下息肉手术患者,采用瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉。在置入支撑喉镜前气管插管,机械控制通气,置入支撑喉镜即刻拔除气管插管,应用内径2．5mm,外径3．0mm的金属导管于声门下5cm处HFJV。术中持续监测并记录诱导前、气管插管机械控制通气后5min、置入支撑喉镜即刻、HFJV后1min、HFJV后5min、HFJV后10min、HFJV后15min的心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、心电图（ECG）和脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）;在置入支撑喉镜拔除气管插管即刻和HFJV后15min采集足背动脉血进行血气分析。记录术毕患者苏醒情况、麻醉时间和手术时间。结果麻醉时间（30．1±3．8）min,手术时间（7．9±2．6）min,术中各时间点HR、MAP与支撑喉镜置入即刻相比差异有统计学意义（R＜0．01）,但与诱导前相比差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;术中所有患者保持SpO2≥99％;HFJV后15minPaCO2较拔除气管插管即刻升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,但均低于70mmHg。结论非气管插管HFJV全凭静脉麻醉可安全用于声门下息肉激光切除。     

不同麻醉方式对血液流变学的影响

麻醉对外科手术患者术中及术后早期血液流变学产生一定的影响,这可能与围手术期血栓形成等因素有一定的关联.而不同麻醉方式对血液流变学的影响不同,现就此进行综述,为临床麻醉方式的选择提供一定的参考.     

联合椎管内麻醉时硬膜外注药升高阻滞平面的机制研究

探讨联合椎管内麻醉时硬膜外注药升高阻滞平面的机制。方法：３０例下肢矫形手术患者均采用蛛网膜下隙与硬膜外联合穿刺针行Ｌ２－３穿刺,蛛网膜下隙注入等比重的０．７５％布比卡因１．５ｍｌ后硬膜外置管。患者随机分成三组,每组１０例：硬膜外不给药（Ａ组）,蛛网膜下腔注射药后１５、２０、２５分钟经硬膜外导管给予２％利多卡因各３ｍｌ（Ｂ组）或生理盐水各３ｍｌ（Ｃ组）。结果     

Regional versus general anesthesia in high-risk surgical patients: The need for a clinical trial

Regional anesthesia is often preferred over general anesthesia for patients with cardiovascular disease because of presumed decreased risk of perioperative myocardial ischemia. However, few studies have addressed this issue directly. To determine whether the type of anesthesia is independently associated with myocardial ischemia, records of 134 patients undergoing peripheral vascular grafting under general or regional anesthesia were examined. There were no significant differences preoperatively between groups in ASA class, age, sex, or prevalence of angina, diabetes, or hypertension. Twelve patients developed myocardial ischemia or infarction within 7 days of operation; 11 of these 12 patients had received regional anesthesia (p < 0.015). The association between anesthetic approach and perioperative myocardial ischemia or infarction remained after adjustment for preoperative factors associated with ischemia or with type of anesthesia. General anesthesia does not appear to be associated with increased risk of myocardial ischemia, and stringent recommendations to avoid it in this population may be unfounded. A clinical trial is needed to define more clearly the risks and benefits of different types of anesthesia in high-risk patients.     

Effect of Time on Clinical Efficacy of Topical Anesthesia

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time on the clinical efficacy of topical anesthetic in reducing pain from needle insertion alone as well as injection of anesthetic. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-mouth, clinical trial which enrolled 90 subjects, equally divided into 3 groups based upon time (2, 5, or 10 minutes) of topical anesthetic (5% lidocaine) application. Each group was further subdivided into 2: needle insertion only in the palate or needle insertion with deposition of anesthetic (0.5 mL 3% mepivacaine plain). Each subject received drug on one side and placebo on the other. Subjects recorded pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). The results showed that for needle insertion only, 5% lidocaine reduced pain as determined by a significant difference in mean VAS after 2 minutes (20.1 mm, P < .002), 5 minutes (15.7 mm, P < .022), and 10 minutes (13.7 mm, P < .04), as analyzed by paired t tests. For needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, a significant difference in mean VAS was noted only after 10 minutes (14.9 mm, P < .031), yet pain scores for both topical anesthetic and placebo were elevated at this time point resulting in no reduction in actual pain. Time of application did not result in a significant difference in effect for either needle insertion only or needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, as analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In conclusion, topical anesthetic reduces pain of needle insertion if left on palatal mucosa for 2, 5, or 10 minutes, but has no clinical pain relief for anesthetic injection.     

Finland's first anaesthesia revealed by newspapers

Background: According to the literature on the history of anaesthesia, Finland's first anaesthesia was given on March 8, 1847 for a ligature of an aneurysm of the subclavian artery. It has, however, not been possible to verify the date with certainty. We therefore wanted to find out whether newspapers might give additional information and how this exceptionally important medical invention had been received by the Finnish newspapers.
Methods: Microfilms of the 10 newspapers which appeared in Finland in 1847 were studied at the Helsinki University library.
Results: The first report which made reference to English newspapers was published on February 10 by "Borgå Tidning". On March 6, "Helsingfors Tidningar" wrote that two anaesthesias had already been given in Helsinki; the first of them for a difficult varicose veins operation and the second for an exarticulation of a shoulder. But there was no information regarding the dates of the operations. Fortunately, both operations had been recorded in the patient diary of the clinic, although without any information about the anaesthesia. According to the diary, Johan August Örn was operated for varicose veins on February 16 and Anders Gustaf Henrikson had his right arm exarticulated on March 3. Both patients recovered. In total, only six pieces of news on anaesthesia were found.
Conclusions: Finland's first anaesthesia was given on February 16, 1847, which is three weeks earlier than had been previously assumed.     

胆道手术全麻-硬膜外复合麻醉围拔管期心血管反应的临床观察

目的 探讨全麻-硬膜外复合麻醉对胆道手术病人围拔管期心血管反应的影响。方法 ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期胆道手术患者40例,随机分成两组：Ⅰ组20例,采用单纯全麻;Ⅱ组采用全麻复合硬膜外麻。观察并记录两组术前、拔管前5 m in、拔管、拔管后5 m in的SBP、DBP、HR。结果Ⅰ组在围拔管期各时点、Ⅱ组在拔管时SBP、DBP、HR较术前显著升高（P〈0.01）;组间比较,Ⅱ组围拔管期各时点SBP、DBP、HR均低于与Ⅰ组（P〈0.01）,全麻用药量也少于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）。结论 全麻-硬膜外复合麻醉有利于维持胆道手术病人围拔管期血流动力学的相对稳定。     

Semi-automated,slow subcutaneous infusion anesthesia (SIA) with diluted mixtures of prilocaine and ropivacaine

In recent years it has been found that local anesthesia, which often suffices for surgery of the skin and superficial structures, can be adequately administered using large amounts of highly diluted anesthetic solutions combined with epinephrine. This has considerably increased application of local anesthesia in plastic surgery. Using one or more conventional infusion pumps for slow subcutaneous infusion anesthesia (SIA), we injected mixed anesthetic solutions painlessly and automatically into the subcutaneous layer. The local anesthetics used were equivalent mixtures of prilocaine and ropivacaine (Xylonest and Naropin); these were diluted with original Ringers solution containing epinephrine (1:1,000,000) in 500-ml bottles. The concentrations of the mixtures varied between 0.3% and 0.06% depending on the requirements of surgery. Routinely available 18- to 30-gauge needles were used. The speed of injection varied between 30 ml and 1500 ml per hour depending on the location, the requirements of surgery, and the needle size. Volumes usually ranged from 2 ml to 1000 ml depending on the concentrations. The maximum dose was approximately 4 mg of prilocaine and 2 mg/kg of ropivacaine, which is the maximum tolerated dose. Regardless of secondary disorders, all patients scheduled for skin and lymph node operations under local anesthesia underwent surgery using this kind of anesthesia, including those for the nose and ear region. No suprarenin was added for nerve blocks of the fingers and penis. This technique was used in 20,310 major and minor skin operations in 11,810 patients ranging in age from 0.5 years (510 children under 14 years) to 95 years (mean age 55 years; 49% females, 51% males), including all types of local flaps and grafts. There were no complications whatsoever from local anesthesia. The technique proved safe and comfortable even for children and very sensitive patients. The median duration of postoperative anesthesia was 4.3 h (maximum 23 h). We found that experience is required for correct selection of the needle position, the flow rate, and the volume.     

A survey of pediatric caudal extradural anesthesia practice

Background:  Caudal extradural blockade is one of the most commonly performed procedures in pediatric anesthesia. However, there is little information available on variations in clinical practice.
Objectives:  To perform a survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland who undertake caudal anesthesia.
Methods:  An 'online' World Wide Web questionnaire collected information on various aspects of clinical practice. The survey ran from April to June 2008.
Results:  There were 366 questionnaires completed. The majority of respondents had >5 years of pediatric experience and performed up to ten caudal extradural procedures a month. The commonest device used was a cannula (69.7%) with 68.6% using a 22G device. There was a trend toward the use of a cannula in those anesthetists with <15 years experience, while those with >15 years experience tended to use a needle. Most anesthetists (91.5%) did not believe that there was a significant risk of implantation of dermoid tissue into the caudal extradural space. The majority used a combination of clinical methods to confirm correct placement. Only 27 respondents used ultrasound. The most popular local anesthetics were bupivacaine (43.4%) and levobupivacaine (41.7%). The most common additives were clonidine (42.3%) and ketamine (37.5%). The caudal catheter technique was used by 43.6%. Most anesthetists (74%) wear gloves for a single shot caudal injection.
Conclusions:  This survey provides a snapshot of current practice and acts a useful reference for the development of enhanced techniques and new equipment in the future.