食管癌根治术患者麻醉诱导后预置鼻咽通气道的效果

目的 评价鼻咽通气道用于食管癌手术患者麻醉苏醒期气道管理的效果。方法 将96例择期接受全身麻醉的食管癌根治术患者，随机分为研究组和对照组各48例。对照组转入PACU给予3 L/min面罩吸氧；研究组在麻醉诱导后置入鼻咽通气道，术毕转入PACU经鼻咽通气道给予3 L/min吸氧。观察并记录患者入手术室（T0）、入PACU时（T1）、拔除气管导管时（T2）、拔除气管导管后10 min （T3）、拔除气管导管后30 min （T4）、转出PACU时 （T5）脉搏氧饱和度，T0、T3、T5时患者动脉血气分析结果，PACU内患者躁动、恶心呕吐和喉痉挛等并发症。结果 两组血氧饱和度、氧分压和二氧化碳分压组间效应、时间效应、交互效应显著（均P＜0.05）,研究组T3、T4、T5血氧饱和度显著高于对照组，T3、T5的氧分压显著高于对照组，二氧化碳分压显著低于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论 食管癌根治术患者预置鼻咽通气道能降低麻醉恢复期低氧血症发生率，改善患者上呼吸道通气效果。     

不同频次唤醒护理对全身麻醉胸科腔镜手术后患者苏醒效果的影响

目的 探讨不同频次的唤醒护理对全身麻醉胸科腔镜手术后带气管导管转入麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)患者苏醒效果的影响。方法 采用便利抽样法,选取全身麻醉胸科腔镜手术后带气管导管转入气管导管观察的116例患者为研究对象,探讨不同频次(试验组A每5分钟、试验组B每10分钟、对照组等待患者自然苏醒)的唤醒护理对气管导管拔管时间、拔管后苏醒时间、总苏醒时间、拔管时呛咳反应、苏醒期躁动、拔管成功率、拔管后低氧血症和平均动脉压波动发生率的影响。结果 气管导管拔管时间三组比较差异有统计学意义,试验组A和试验组B显著短于对照组(均P<0.05);试验组A与试验组B差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。拔管后苏醒时间三组比较差异有统计学意义,试验组A显著长于对照组(P<0.05)。总苏醒时间三组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组气管导管拔管成功率和拔管后低氧血症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组A和试验组B拔管时呛咳反应、苏醒期躁动程度和拔管后平均动脉压波动发生率明显降低(均P<0.05)。结论 5 min和10 min频次的唤醒护理...     

苏醒室内病人低氧血症的意外

全麻后病人在苏醒室内,呼吸室内空气常发生低氧血症,已构成与麻醉有关的并发症及死亡率的危险因素。目前,术后常规行预防性吸氧,对无气管插管、自主呼吸的病人,通过鼻导管、鼻套管、面罩或氧幕给氧等。本研究对麻醉后苏醒室(PAR)内病人通过雾化氧幕给氧,并用脉搏血氧计连续监测氧饱和度以了解低氧血症的发生率、低氧程度及持续时间。     

使用麻醉气体吸附器缩短吸入麻醉苏醒时间的效果观察

目的：验证一次性使用麻醉气体吸附器(南京天奥产)的临床效果。方法：选取25例异氟醚吸入全麻病人，调节麻醉机潮气量8～10ml／kg、呼吸频率12bpm、氧流量lL／min，观察同一病人在使用与不使用吸附器两种情况下的麻醉气体呼出浓度从1％降至0的时间。结果：不用吸附器时呼出气麻醉药浓度下降至零的时间最快为20min，最慢为100min；用吸附器时，最快为3min，最慢为26min。同一病人不用吸附器与使用吸附器的时间差值最大为60min，最小为16min，平均24min。在通气量不变情况下，各例病人用舆不用吸附器，其呼气末二氧化碳分压和气道压力均无变化。结论：使用一次性麻醉气体吸附器能明显缩短吸入全麻的苏醒时间，可避免大流量氧冲洗所造成的机体低碳酸血症和手术室空气污染。     

呼气末二氧化碳分压判断气管导管位置的改进

气管插管后,以按压胸部呼出气体的呼气末二氧化碳分压(P_(ET)CO_2)判断导管位置,主观上认为比传统方法更敏感,本研究拟对此进行评价。 资料和方法 全身麻醉的病人193例,男105例,女88例,年龄2～78岁,ASAⅠ～Ⅲ级。均进行快速诱导,在面罩给氧3～5min后进     

麻醉苏醒室患者术后低氧血症的危险因素分析及护理对策

目的 降低麻醉苏醒室内全身麻醉患者术后低氧血症发生率,提高患者苏醒质量。 方法 以择期手术的1 028例全身麻醉患者为对象,监测、记录其术后转入麻醉苏醒室的血氧饱和度及基本信息、术中麻醉情况、各项检验指标等。进行回归分析,并建立全身麻醉患者术后低氧血症发生率的预测模型。 结果 21.79%患者发生低氧血症,回归分析显示年龄≥70岁、体重指数≥25、ASA分级Ⅱ级及以上、胸部手术是患者发生低氧血症的危险因素（均P＜0.05）。 结论 麻醉苏醒室术后患者低氧血症的发生率较高,高龄、肥胖、ASA分级Ⅱ级及以上及胸部手术患者应进行重点关注,以降低患者低氧血症发生率。     

两种麻醉方法在腹腔镜直肠癌根治术中的对比分析

目的探讨全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉对腹腔镜直肠癌手术患者的临床效果。方法将52例ASAI~II级的直肠癌患者随机分为全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉(实验组)和全身麻醉(对照组)各26例,在实施相应的麻醉后行腹腔镜下直肠癌切除术。观察患者术中血流动力学、呼吸功能、苏醒时间及苏醒质量评价。结果两组患者气道压(Paw),呼气末CO2分压(PETCO2)均升高;实验组术中血流动力学较对照组平稳;实验组苏醒时间及苏醒质量优于对照组。结论在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中使用全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉,患者多项生命体征平稳,苏醒时间短,苏醒质量好。     

急性主动脉夹层术后低氧血症肥胖患者的逐步肺复张治疗

目的评价逐步肺复张术改善肥胖急性A型主动脉夹层术后低氧血症患者的临床疗效。方法将行深低温停循环A型急性主动脉夹层术后出现低氧血症的66例肥胖患者随机分为两组各33例。观察组行肺复张治疗,采用压力控制模式,逐步增加压力支持和呼气末正压再逐步下调;对照组行常规肺复张治疗。比较两组患者干预前后的呼吸指标(氧分压、二氧化碳分压、氧合指数、SpO_2)、循环指标的变化和呼吸机使用时间、ICU滞留时间。结果观察组肺复张30min后氧分压、氧合指数、SpO_2显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01);且肺复张期间两组患者血流动力学平稳;观察组呼吸机使用时间和ICU滞留时间显著短于对照组(均P0.05)。结论肺复张治疗可有效改善肥胖急性A型主动脉夹层术后低氧血症患者的氧合状态,采用逐渐递增后逐渐递减压力支持和呼气末正压的方案能维持患者的血流动力学平稳。     

改良气管导管延长管用于脊柱手术患儿俯卧位下通气的效果分析

【摘要】目的探讨改良气管导管延长管用于脊柱手术患儿俯卧位下通气的效果。方法选择接受脊柱手术、在卧位下行全身麻醉的32例患儿为观察对象,年龄4~14岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,分为观察组及对照组各16例,观察组采用带钢丝加强型气管导管等材料制作延长管,实施气管导管的延长;对照组使用常规气管导管延长管。观察两组患儿压力控制通气模式下患儿潮气量（VT）、每分钟通气量（MV）、动态肺顺应性（Cdyn）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）和呼气末CO2分压（PETCO2）;比较两组的血气分析结果差异以及延长管与呼吸回路连接处脱落的情况差异。结果两组患儿的VT、SpO2、PETCO2、麻醉及手术持续时间均无统计学差异（P>0.05）,但观察组的MV及Cdyn显著大于对照组（P=0.028及0.021）。麻醉前与苏醒后两组患儿的pH、PaO2及PaCO2均无组间差异,且自身比较同样无统计学差异（P>0.05）。观察组及对照组分别有1及2例出现滑脱,滑脱例数构成无统计学差异（P=0.551）,但观察组滑脱时距离麻醉开始时间显著长于对照组。结论改良气管导管延长管有助于增加卧位脊柱手术患儿的每分钟通气量及动态肺顺应性,且增加延长管与呼吸回路接触的牢固性。     

小儿全麻术后低氧血症的监测与氧治疗

观察７２例小儿全麻术后的脉搏血氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）变化，发现术毕患儿拔除气管导管或保留气管导管转入ＩＣＵ后均有不同程度的低氧血症发生，其ＳｐＯ２≤９０％者１８例占２５％。将低氧患儿与非低氧患儿进行比较，发现年龄、胸内手术和术中芬太尼用量对术后低氧血症的发生有明显影响（Ｐ＜０．０５），经吸氧后ＳｐＯ２均能很快回升并保持在正常水平。认为氧疗是防治小儿全麻术后低氧血症的重要措施，尤其应注意术毕运送患儿途中亦应常规吸氧。对年龄小，胸腹大手术，麻醉未醒患儿应延迟拔除气管导管。     

Midazolam does not reduce emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in children

Background: Behavioral disturbance in children following sevoflurane anesthesia is a relatively frequent event. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a higher dose of preoperatively administered rectal midazolam compared with a lower would alleviate this phenomenon. Furthermore the impact of these two doses of midazolam on sedation at induction of anesthesia was compared. Methods: A total of 115 children presenting for minor surgery under anesthesia were included in the study. The children were randomized to receive rectally either 1 mg·kg⁻¹ midazolam (group H) or 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ midazolam (group L). General anesthesia was induced with propofol or sevoflurane and maintained with 1.5% sevoflurane in the inspiratory limb. Prior to the start of surgery a regional block was performed to ensure adequate pain relief. Behavior on emergence was assessed using a three point scale. In case of severe agitation propofol was administered IV. Results: The children in group H were significantly better sedated preoperatively (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in emergence behavior: 42.1% of children in group H compared with 36.2% of children in group L exhibited severe agitation requiring sedation with propofol (P = 0.37). However, regardless of the preoperative dose of midazolam more children under the age of 36 months (61.4%) were severely distressed at emergence compared with older children (16.7%) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: A higher dose of 1 mg·kg⁻¹ rectal midazolam results in much better sedated children on induction of anesthesia than 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹. This, however, does not result in a reduced incidence of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia. Regardless of the premedication negative behavioral changes occur more frequently in children younger than 3 years of age.     

全麻复苏的功能神经网络研究进展

全麻复苏是全身麻醉的重要组成部分,随着神经科学在麻醉领域的深入研究,全麻复苏并非药物代谢的被动过程,其涉及脑内众多功能神经网络的主动活化和相继激活,最终促进意识恢复。然而,苏醒延迟、术后谵妄以及躁动的发生机制依旧不明,而解决此类问题的关键是充分理解全麻复苏的神经网络动态演变过程。本文结合新近研究,综述基底前脑、下丘脑、中脑腹侧被盖区、蓝斑核、乳头结节、臂旁核、中缝背核以及各核团所分泌的主要神经递质在复苏中的网络作用机制,为临床开展意识研究提供理论基础,同时为深入研究苏醒延迟、术后认知功能障碍等问题提供新思路。     

非心脏胸科手术患者异常苏醒的危险因素

目的探讨非心脏胸科手术患者异常苏醒(苏醒期谵妄和苏醒延迟)的危险因素。方法选择全凭静脉麻醉下择期行非心脏胸科手术患者160例,男119例,女41例,年龄18~80岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,麻醉维持BIS值在30~60。在气管导管拔除后、达PACU后10min和出PACU时采用Riker镇静躁动量表(SAS)评估苏醒程度,SAS评分≥5分为苏醒期谵妄,SAS评分≤2分且持续时间达正常苏醒者清醒时间平均值+3倍标准差者为苏醒延迟。结果 66例(41.3%)患者发生苏醒期谵妄;17例(10.6%)患者发生苏醒延迟。BMI25.0kg/m2(OR=0.825,95%CI 0.747~0.911,P0.001)增加苏醒期谵妄的危险;老年(OR=0.766,95%CI 0.642~0.914,P=0.003)、BMI18.5kg/m2(OR=1.769,95%CI 1.224~2.557,P=0.002)和术中低血压(OR=0.123,95%CI0.018~0.833,P=0.032)增加苏醒延迟的危险。结论高BMI是苏醒期谵妄的危险因素;老年、低BMI和术中低血压是苏醒延迟的危险因素。     

A comparison of emergence delirium scales following general anesthesia in children

Background: Emergence delirium (ED) is of increasing interest since the introduction of short‐acting volatiles such as sevoflurane. Methods: We compared the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED), Watcha and Cravero scales for assessing the presence of ED in 117 of 118 consecutive children <18 years recovering from general anesthesia. The primary measure was the worst score for ED as assessed on each scale and for each patient during their PACU stay. An experienced anesthetist observer also made a subjective assessment of the presence of ED. Results: A PAED score of ≥10 detected ED in 37 children (32%), while the Watcha detected 30 (26%) and Cravero 41 (35%). Twenty‐five patients (21%) fulfilled criteria for ED in all three scales as did all eight patients assessed by the experienced pediatric anesthetist observer. Median PAED scores (interquartile ranges) for patients assessed as having ED or not respectively were for Watcha, 12 (11,14), 7 (4,8); for Cravero, 11 (9,13), 7 (4,8); and for the experienced anesthetist observer, 14.5 (13.5,16.5), 7 (6,10). Conclusions: All three scales correlated reasonably well with each other but have individual limitations in their potential to assess whether ED is present. In the absence of developing an improved research tool to assess ED, a PAED score >12 appears to provide greater sensitivity and specificity than a PAED score ≥10. However, the Watcha scale is a simpler tool to use in clinical practice and may have a higher overall sensitivity and specificity than the other scales.     

Quality of recovery from two types of general anesthesia for ambulatory dental surgery in children: a double-blind, randomized trial

Background:  Pediatric dental procedures are increasingly performed under general anesthesia because of the inability to cooperate, situational anxiety, or other behavioral problems. Volatile anesthetics have been associated with emergence delirium in children, whereas the use of propofol for anesthetic maintenance has been shown to reduce the incidence of emergence delirium after other types of surgeries. The aim of this study is to compare a sevoflurane-based anesthetic with a propofol-based technique as it relates to the incidence of emergence delirium and the quality of recovery after pediatric dental surgery, in patients who present with risk factors for perioperative behavioral issues.
Methods:  We prospectively collected data of 179 pediatric patients scheduled for ambulatory dental surgery using a double-blind and randomized trial design. Subjects were anesthetized following standardized protocols for either a sevoflurane- or a propofol-based technique. The incidence of emergency delirium, as measured by the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score, was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), number of nursing interventions in the recovery room, time to discharge readiness, and parental satisfaction.
Results:  We found no difference in the incidence of emergence delirium after both types of anesthesia. However, use of sevoflurane significantly increased both the risk of PONV and the number of postoperative nursing interventions. Discharge criteria were met about 10 min earlier in patients anesthetized with sevoflurane. Parental satisfaction was equally high with both anesthesia regimens.
Conclusions:  A propofol-based anesthetic technique did not lead to a lower incidence of emergence delirium after dental surgery in children but did result in significantly less PONV and fewer postoperative nursing interventions.     

Isoflurane is associated with a similar incidence of emergence agitation/delirium as sevoflurane in young children--a randomized controlled study

BACKGROUND: Children may be agitated or even delirious especially when recovering from general anesthesia using volatile anesthetics. Many trials have focused on the newer agents sevoflurane and desflurane but for the widely used isoflurane little is known about its potential to generate agitation. We investigated the emergence characteristics of small children after sevoflurane or isoflurane with caudal anesthesia for postoperative pain control. METHODS: After institutional approval and parental consent, anesthesia was randomly performed with sevoflurane (n = 30) or isoflurane (n = 29) in children at the age of 3.8 +/- 1.8 years during surgical interventions on the lower part of the body. After induction, all children received caudal anesthesia with bupivacaine (0.25%, 0.8 ml x kg(-1)). Postoperatively, the incidences of emergence agitation (EA) and emergence delirium (ED) were measured by a blinded observer using a ten point scale (TPS; EA = TPS > 5 ED = TPS > 7) as well as vigilance, nausea/vomiting and shivering. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable with respect to demographic data, duration of surgery and duration of anesthesia. There were also no differences in the period of time from the end of surgery until extubation, duration of stay in the PACU, postoperative vigilance and vegetative parameters. Incidence of EA was 30% (9/30) for sevoflurane and 34% (10/29) for isoflurane during the first 60 min in the PACU (P = 0.785). Likewise, the incidence of ED was not different between the groups (20% and 24%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In our randomized controlled study, we found no difference in the incidence of EA or ED between sevoflurane and isoflurane. Therefore, the decision to use one or the other should not be based upon the incidence of EA or ED.