应用快速免疫层析法检测恙虫病特异性IgM、IgG及总抗体

目的　建立快速免疫层析法检测恙虫病特异性IgM、IgG及总抗体 ,并对其敏感性和特异性进行评价。 方法　以胶体金标记纯化的基因工程重组抗原 ,在玻璃纤维上预包被金标记的纯化抗原 (Au -Ag)和鼠IgG ,在硝酸纤维素膜上检测线处包被羊抗人 μ链、羊抗人IgG或重组抗原 ;在对照线处包被羊抗鼠IgG ,组装成检测试纸。在试纸条的玻璃纤维上加待检血清 ,再滴加 2滴反应液。观察金标抗原释放后NC膜上检测线和对照线的反应情况 ,检测线和对照线同时出现红色条带判为阳性 ,仅对照线出现红色条带判为阴性 ,对照线未出现条带为无效试验。结果　间接免疫荧光法IFA检测IgG和金标免疫层析法检测IgM、IgG、总抗体的敏感性分别为 88 1% ,92 3% ,90 9%和 98 6 % ;特异性分别为 96 0 % ,94 7% ,94 7%和93 3%。结论　金标免疫层析法可替代传统方法用于检测恙虫病东方体特异性抗体。     

胶体金免疫层析试纸条对云南鼠疫现场材料的检测

目的评价检测鼠疫抗原及抗体胶体金免疫层析试纸条(G ICA及RG ICA)对现场材料的检测效果。方法采用G ICA分别对采自云南省的607份血清标本(查鼠疫抗体)及572份鼠脏器标本(查鼠疫抗原)进行检测,同时以血凝试验(IHA及R IHA)与酶联试验(ELISA及F1-ELISA)作为对照。结果(1)在对607份血清标本的检测中,G ICA、IHA及ELISA三种方法的符合率中度,而G ICA的敏感性比IHA与ELISA分别高111%和90%;(2)在对572份鼠脏器标本的检测中,RG ICA、R IHA及F1-ELISA三种方法的符合率中度,而RG ICA的敏感性比R IHA与F1-ELISA分别高100%和14.3%。结论检测鼠疫的G ICA及RG ICA特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速,有较大的推广应用价值。     

检测鼠疫抗体胶体金免疫层析试纸条的研制

目的建立快速、简易的检测鼠疫F1抗体的胶体金免疫层析法(G ICA)。方法(1)采用胶体金颗粒标记纯化F1抗原,并将标记物喷于玻璃纤维;同时将纯化F1抗原喷线固定于硝酸纤维素膜上,用于F1抗体的捕捉;按常规组装成检测鼠疫抗体免疫层析试纸条。(2)采用该试纸条与血凝法对同一份兔抗F1抗体进行检测,以评价该试纸条的敏感性。(3)采用该试纸条对44株非鼠疫菌的免疫鼠血清进行检测,以评价该试纸条的特异性。(4)采用该试纸条、血凝法及ELISA对607份血清标本进行检测,以评价该试纸条对现场材料的检测效果。结果(1)该试纸条可在15 m in之内完成检测;(2)在敏感性上,该试纸条对同一份免疫兔血清的检测较血凝法高一个滴度;(3)对被试的44株所选菌株的免疫鼠血清的检测均为阴性;(4)在对607份血清标本的检测中,免疫层析试纸条、血凝及ELISA三种方法的符合率中度,而免疫层析试纸条的敏感性分别比血凝与ELISA高111%和90%。结论以纯化的鼠疫F1抗原为基础建立的G ICA检测鼠疫F1抗体的方法特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速,无需特殊仪器设备,有较大的推广应用价值。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速检测鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗体

目的建立检测鼠疫耶尔森菌F1抗体的胶体金标记免疫层析方法。方法胶体金标记纯化鼠疫F1抗原,双抗原夹心法原理制成免疫层析检测试纸条,并对兔、羊、人和黄鼠血清进行检测评价。结果用80份不同动物种属的阴性血清进行检测,未出现非特异性反应,对5份恢复期病人血清、13份免疫兔血清和2份免疫羊血清检测也取得阳性结果,对于8份I HA临界阳性(滴度1∶20)的达乌尔黄鼠血清检出阳性6份。结论建立了可以用于现场快速检测鼠疫F1抗体的胶体金免疫层析方法。     

快速检测流感病毒抗原方法的建立

目的建立有效、简便的胶体金免疫层析方法（G ICA）快速检测流感病毒感染抗原方法。方法分别对1145例急性呼吸道疾病住院患者应用G ICA法检测患者鼻咽部分泌物的流感病毒A、B（FluA、B）抗原,并同时用IFA法作对照,对G ICA法做出评价。对以上患者分别应用鼻、咽拭子法和鼻咽部细导管负压吸引法两种不同方法采集患者鼻咽部分泌物,均经G ICA法快速检测分泌物标本中的Flu A、B抗原,对两种不同采集方法的结果做出评价。结果以上两种检测方法及采集方法所得结果,均有较好的一致性,之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论鼻、咽拭子采集法配合G ICA法是简便、快捷、敏感的检测流感病毒抗原的好方法。     

胶体金免疫层析法快速诊断鼠疫的实验研究

目的建立一种快速、简易的检测鼠疫F1抗原的胶体金免疫层析法(GICA).方法采用直径为20nm胶体金颗粒,标记F1单克隆抗体,并将标记物以6μL/cm喷于玻璃纤维;将另1株F1单克隆抗体与羊抗鼠IgG以1μL/cm喷线固定于硝酸纤维素膜上,装配后以4mm/条切割制成免疫层析检测试条.分别用粗制F1抗原和EV菌对该试纸条的敏感性进行测定,同时用44株鼠疫近缘菌及昆明小鼠、黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、大足鼠的正常血清等标本进行特异性检测.结果本试纸条可在15min之内完成实验,检测粗制F1抗原的浓度可达0.5ng/mL,最小检出EV菌菌量为10万个;本方法的特异性为100%.结论 GICA检测鼠疫F1抗原特异性强、灵敏度高、简便快速,无需特殊仪器设备,有广泛应用价值.     

胶体金免疫层析法与双单克隆抗体夹心ELISA检测鼠疫F1抗原的比较

目的比较胶体金免疫层析法（GICA）和双单克隆抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验（DMcAbS-ELISA）检测鼠疫F1抗原的敏感性和特异性。方法用GICA试纸条和DMcAbS-ELISA平行检测308份强毒鼠疫耶尔森菌感染鼠脏器标本和327份对照鼠标本,用RIHA微量法同时检测作为参照。结果327份对照鼠鼠疫细菌学检验及GICA,DMcAbS-ELISA和RIHA的F1抗原检测均为阴性,GICA,DMcAbS-ELISA和RIHA在108cfu/mL水平上未发现与近缘假结核耶尔森菌有交叉反应;308只感染鼠样本细菌培养阳性284只,24只样本未分离到鼠疫菌;F1抗原检测GICA阳性287份,DM-cAbS-ELISA阳性280份,RIHA阳性276份,GICA阳性检出率最高93.19%,与DMcAbS-ELISA和RIHA比较,差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=5.14,9.09;P=0.016,0.001）;GICA与DMcAbS-ELISA符合率97.73%（Kappa=0.845）;GICA和DMcAbS-ELISA与RIHA符合率分别是96.43%和98.70%（Kappa=0.774,0.926）;284份细菌培养阳性鼠标本F1抗原检测GICA阳性率是98.59%,高于DMcAbS-ELISA和RIHA,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4.17,5.14;P=0.031,0.016）;24份细菌培养阴性实验鼠标本F1抗原检测：GICA检出7份阳性,阳性率29.17%,DMcAbS-ELISA检出6份阳性,阳性率25%,RIHA检出3份阳性,阳性率12.5%,GICA高于DMcAbS-ELISA和RIHA,但差异无统计学意义（χ^2=2.25,0;P=0.125,1.000）。结论GICA检测鼠疫F1抗原敏感特异,快速简便,优于DMcAbS-ELISA和RIHA,是鼠疫快速诊断中有应用价值的检测技术。     

胶体金免疫层析法诊断鼠疫的特异性试验

目的研究胶体金免疫层析法用于鼠疫快速诊断的特异性。方法采用胶体金免疫层析测试条和鼠疫反向间接血凝试验(RIHA)平行检测。结果检测鼠疫菌F1抗原具有很强的特异性,不与包括小肠结肠炎和假结核耶尔森等其他细菌发生交叉免疫反应。结论该方法简便、快速、敏感,适合现场鼠疫监测。     

胶体金免疫层析测试条快速诊断鼠疫应用研究

目的观察胶体金免疫层析测试条快速诊断鼠疫的效果。方法用胶体金免疫层析抗体(抗原)测试条与鼠疫间接血凝试验(IHA)/反向间接血凝试验(RIHA)两种方法平行检测鼠疫的抗体(或抗原)。结果通过对实验感染动物、青海鼠疫疫源地内鼠疫患者(尸体)及染疫动物等396份样品的检测,两种方法符合率为100%。结论胶体金免疫层析法操作简单、方便、快速,适用于现场应用和鼠疫的快速诊断。     

鼠疫快速诊断技术及其应用研究

目的寻找和确定引起特异性不足的因素,实施科学的对策加以解决,真正实现鼠疫的快速诊断技术并以此为基础构建新一代的检测技术。方法(1)研制高质量的鼠疫F1抗原的单克隆抗体,考虑到位点问题要求尽可能多的、针对不同位点的高效价瘤株,构建稳定的“抗体源;”(2)利用获得的高效瘤株通过纯系小鼠生产抗体或用无蛋白细胞培基生产抗体;(3)对抗体进行纯化并使其达到“免疫纯水平”并建立提取、纯化工艺,最终建立稳定的低成本的无交叉“抗体源;”(4)纯化抗原至“免疫纯水平”或“电泳纯水平”,建立提取、纯化工艺,最终建立稳定低成本的无交叉“抗原源;”(5)对新一代快速检测技术进行实验室和现场评价,对特异性即实验的准确性做出评价。结果(1)确定了影响鼠疫免疫学诊断技术特别是间接红细胞凝集试验(IHA及R IHA)特异性不足的两大因素:a.技术落后,试验中采用的载体不适导致了相当数量的假性凝集;b.技术方法中使用的抗原、抗体严重不纯,尤其是制备抗体时免疫动物“自身抗体”的掺入是造成交叉反应更重要的因素;(2)研制并开发出分泌抗鼠疫F1单克隆抗体(F1-M cAb)的杂交瘤株164株,并从其中筛选出针对不同位点的高效瘤株6株,经活性鉴定及配对试验形成了4个组合,具高效价和高活性;(3)使用制备电泳技术将鼠疫F1抗原提纯至电泳纯水平;(4)将鼠疫F1-M cAb提纯至免疫纯水平;(5)引进、消化了具有先进水平的胶体金标免疫层析技术;(6)使用电泳纯的鼠疫F1抗原及免疫纯的鼠疫F1-M cAb构建了能自人和动物血液中直接检测鼠疫特异抗体的金标免疫层析技术(G ICA)和能自人和动物脏器或穿剌物中直接检测鼠疫F1抗原或鼠疫病原的反向金标免疫层析技术(RG ICA);(7)由于采用了纯化的抗原、抗体,提高了标记效果,其敏感性超过IHA和R IHA,阳性检出率在排除了假阳性和交叉反应后依然高出血凝约5%左右;(8)上述两项技术实验室内经44株非鼠疫菌抗血清和90株非鼠疫菌交叉测定、中和试验以及蛋白印迹鉴定(W estern b lotting)均证实反应特异,基本消除了传统技术存在的非特异反应;(9)经4省(区)不同宿主动物3 168份(其中血清材料2 265份,脏器材料903份)现场标本验证,与实验室取得了一致的结论。结论胶体金免疫层析测试条较好地解决了特异性之难题,有效地避免了其它病原微生物导致的以及酸、碱和嗜异性凝集素、低温条件等造成的假性凝集,同时也有效地消除了由于抗原、抗体不纯,特别是实验动物自然感染其它病原产生的“自身抗体”导致的交叉反应,该技术操作简便,特别适合现场和边远地区应用,对比传统技术该法不需专业性操作,不需仪器设备,因而乡村医生可自行进行操作并做出诊断。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.