阿奇霉素分散片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的研究阿奇霉素分散片健康人体的药动学与生物等效性。方法20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂各500mg,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法（LC-MS）测定血药浓度。以DAS2.0软件计算其药动学参数,考察其生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂阿奇霉素AUC0-168分别为（8.98±1.74）μg·h·mL^-1和（8.75±1.60）μg·h·mL^-1,Cmax分别为（0.81±0.14）μg·mL^-1和（0.80±0.14）μg·mL^-1,t^1/2分别为（48.16±11.10）h和（51.1±7.60）h,Tmax分别为（1.80±0.86）h和（1.82±0.92）h,受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为（103.4±20.2）%。结论阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中的阿奇霉素及其人体药动学研究

目的:建立高效液相-质谱法(HPLC-MS)测定人血浆中阿奇霉素的浓度,用于研究阿奇霉素片的人体药动学。方法:采用HPLC-MS法测定18名健康志愿者单剂量口服阿奇霉素片受试和参比制剂各500 mg后的血药浓度,计算药动学参数,以判定生物等效性。结果:阿奇霉素的线性范围为10~1 000μg.L-1,日内、日间精密度均<10%。受试制剂和参比制剂的Cm ax分别为(594.9±195.7)和(586.3±186.5)μg.L-1;Tm ax为(2.02±0.91)和(1.70±0.80)h;T1/2为(29.20±8.38)和(27.28±7.62)h;AUC0~t为(4 736±1 317)和(4 567±1 129)μg.h.L-1。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(104.0±14.6)%。结论:本研究建立的方法快速灵敏,适用于阿奇霉素人体药动学研究,统计学结果表明2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素分散片药物动力学与生物利用度研究

目的 研究阿奇霉素分散片健康人体的药物动力学与生物等效性。方法高效液相色谱．质谱法（LC-MS）测定20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉口服阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂和参比制剂的药时数值。以DAS2．0软件计算其药动学参数，考察其生物等效性。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数：tmax分别为（2．1±0．8）h和（3．1±2．2）h；Cmax分别为（433．5±138．1）μg/L和（425、7±184．3）μg／L；AUC0-120h分别为（4231±1198）μg·L^-1·h^-1和（3881±1154）μg·L^-1·h^-1；AUC0～∞分别为（460911207）μg·L^-1·h^-1和（4287±1268）μg·L^-1·h^-1。以AUC0-120h计算，受试阿奇霉素分散片和参比阿奇霉素分散片比较的人体相对生物利用度为（119．6±52．9）％。结论两种不同厂家的阿奇霉素分散片具有生物等效性。     

枸橼酸他莫昔芬胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:研究枸橼酸他莫昔芬胶囊在人体的相时生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性受试者,采用双周期交叉、自身对照试验设计,分别单剂量口服枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试和参比制剂各40 mg,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定其血药浓度,应用DAS软件计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果:枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(53.5±14.4)h和(51.7±8.9)h;tmax分别为(3.9±0.9)h和(4.0±1.1)h;Cmax分别为(108.1±19.8)μg·L-1和(101.3±16.5)μg·L-1;AUC0-72分别为(3 073.7±439.1)μg·h·L-1和(3148.8±373.7)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(5 074.8±1 082.2)μg·h·L-1和(5 121.2±902.0)μg·h-1.方差分析结果表明,2种制剂的主要药动学参数之间差异无显著性.枸橼酸他莫昔芬受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(97.9±10.8)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制刑具有生物等效性.     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

国产盐酸丁螺环酮片的人体相对生物利用度

目的:研究盐酸丁螺环酮片的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(15mg)受试制剂和参比制剂,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果:受试及参比制剂的主要药动学参数Tmax分别为(0.87±0.18)h与(0.81±0.09)h,Cmax分别为(25.2±8.0)μg.L-1与(25.1±7.9)μg.L-1,AUC0?t分别为(52.7±17.9)μg.h.L-1与(51.9±17.2)μg.h.L-1,AUC0?∞分别为(55.1±18.2)μg.h.L-1与(54.9±17.0)μg.h.L-1,T1/2分别为(2.8±0.5)h与(2.8±0.4)h。两种制剂主要药动学参数比较差异无显著性(P>0.05),受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(102.7±5.9)%。结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

伊曲康唑胶囊在健康人高脂饮食后的药动学及生物等效性

研究了伊曲康唑胶囊在健康人高脂饮食后的药动学和生物等效性.以进口胶囊为参比制剂,国产胶囊为受试制剂,24名健康受试者高脂饮食后随机交叉口服受试制剂和参比制剂100 mg.以氯雷他定为内标,采用HPLC-UV法测定伊曲康唑的血药浓度.结果显示高脂饮食后受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数为:cmax(145.9±57.1)和(156.4±64.5)μg/L,AUC0→t(2 153.8±805.1)和(2 194.4±898.0)μg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞(2 507.5±876.9)和(2 536.4±991.0)μg·h·L-1,tmax(4.7±1.2)和(4.9±1.2)h.受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.1±11.2)%,表明两制剂具有生物等效性.     

左羟丙哌嗪口崩片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的:建立HPLC-荧光法测定人血浆中左羟丙哌嗪浓度,研究左羟丙哌嗪口崩片的人体生物利用度和生物等效性.方法:健康男性志愿者20名,随机交叉单剂量17服左羟丙哌嗪17崩片和参比制剂左羟丙哌嗪胶囊,以HPLC法测定血药浓度,DAS软件计算药动学参数与生物等效性.结果:单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂后的主要药动学参数Gmax分别为(326.5±106.4)μg·L-1和(289.5±101.0)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.48±0.17)h和(0.57±0.19)h;t1/2分别为(3.6±1.3)h和(3.5±1.3)h;AUCo-t分别为(1 089.3±274.7)/μg·h·L-1和(1 164.9±310.2)μg·h·L-1;AUCo-∞分别为(1 158.3±300.5)μg·h·L-1和(1 241.6±297.5)μg·h·L-1;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(95.6±7.3)%.结论:左羟丙哌嗪口崩片和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的人体相对生物利用度研究

目的研究阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂在正常人体内的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,将24名男性健康志愿受试者随机分为3组,分别单次口服阿奇霉素供试制剂与参比制剂。采用HPLC法测定经时血药浓度。用DAS药动学程序处理试验数据,并对试验结果进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的相对生物利用度为:104.1%±10.2%和99.9%±9.8%;阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂供试品和参比品的药时曲线下面积(AUC0→T)分别为:23.27±4.52μg·h·ml-1、23.33±5.76μg·h·ml-1、23.31±7.70μg·h·ml-1;AUC0→∞分别是31.25±5.13μg·h·ml-1、30.59±6.54μg·h·ml-1、29.78±8.15μg·h·ml-1;达峰时间(Tmax)分别为:2.17±0.38h、2.03±0.55h、2.21±0.48h;达峰浓度(Cmax)分别是:1.260±0.109μg·ml-1、1.310±0.138μg·ml-1、1.298±0.087μg·ml-1。结论经统计学分析,制剂间药动学参数差异无显著性意义,阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的生物等效性研究

目的:研究阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂在正常人体内的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法:采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,将24名男性健康志愿受试者随机分为3组,分别单次口服1 g阿奇霉素供试制剂与参比制剂。采用HPLC法测定阿奇霉素血药浓度。用DAS药动学程序处理试验数据,并对试验结果进行方差分析和双单侧t检验。结果:阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂供试品和参比品的药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0→T))分别为:(23.27±4.52)μg·h·ml~(-1),(23.33±5.76)μg·h·ml~(-1),(23.31±7.70)μg·h·ml~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)分别是(31.25±5.13)μg·h·ml~(-1),(30.59±6.54)μg·h·ml~(-1),(29.78±8.15)μg·h·ml~(-1);达峰时间(t_(max))分别为:(2.17±0.38)h,(2.03±0.55)h,(2.21±0.48)h;达峰浓度(C_(max))分别为:(1.260±0.109)μg·ml~(-1),(1.310±0.138)μg·ml~(-1),(1.298±0.087)μg·ml~(-1)。阿奇霉素胶囊及片剂的相对生物利...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.