双相情感障碍混合发作血清细胞因子水平研究

目的：比较双相情感障碍混合发作与躁狂发作及抑郁发作患者之间血清细胞因子的水平。方法：采用酶联免疫吸附法测定38例双相情感障碍混合发作患者（混合组）、54例躁狂发作患者（躁狂组）、47例抑郁发作患者（抑郁组）及38名正常人（对照组）血清白介素-1（IL-1β）、白介素-2（IL-2）及白介素-6（IL-6）的浓度;混合组患者于治疗前和治疗8周进行Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD-24）和Young躁狂量表（YMRS）评定。结果：混合组IL-1β浓度显著高于躁狂组及抑郁组（P〈0.01）,但与对照组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-2浓度与躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组之间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。混合组IL-6浓度显著高于躁狂组、抑郁组及对照组（P〈0.001）。混合组IL-6浓度治疗8周后较治疗前显著下降（t=3.372,P〈0.01）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（t=1.823,P〉0.05）。混合组治疗前后IL-6浓度差值与HAMD-24、YMRS减分率之间均无显著相关（r分别=-0.211、-0.100,P均〉0.05）。结论：双相情感障碍混合发作可能存在IL-6诱导的免疫功能异常,有不同于双相情感障碍躁狂发作及抑郁发作的生物学特征。     

双相障碍患者5-HTTLPR基因多态性与认知诱发电位的相关性

目的 探讨双相障碍患者的5-羟色胺转运体基因启动子区（5-HTTLPR）基因多态性分布 特征和认知功能损害的特点。方法 运用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）技术 测定100 例双相障碍患者（研究组）和100 名健康对照者（对照组）的5-HTTLPR基因多态性。运用事件 相关电位对所有被试者进行认知功能评定。运用HAMD（24 项版本）、Bech-Rafaelsen 躁狂量表（BRMS） 分别评定双相障碍患者抑郁相、躁狂相的严重程度。结果 两组5-HTTLPR 基因型频率和等位基因 频率差异均无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）;双相障碍患者躁狂相BRMS 评分与事件相关电位P3 潜伏期呈正 相关（r=0.321,P＜ 0.01）,而抑郁相HAMD 评分与事件相关电位N1、P2、N2、P3 潜伏期及波幅呈正相关 （r=0.637、0.379、0.472、0.572、0.433,P＜ 0.05）;双相障碍患者中携带LL基因型较SS 基因型更容易患躁 狂相（OR=2.471,P＜ 0.05）;无序多分类Logistic 回归模型综合分析,只有躁狂相P3 波幅进入回归方程 （P=0.033）,余变量均未进入。结论 5-HTTLPR 基因多态性与双相障碍的发病及事件相关电位无相关 性,双相障碍患者均存在认知功能损害,其中抑郁相认知功能损害较为显著,双相障碍患者中携带LL 基因型较SS 基因型可能更容易患躁狂相。     

双相障碍与脑源性神经营养因子外周血mRNA和蛋白表达相关性的研究

目的 探讨脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)外周血mRNA表达和血清蛋白水平与双相障碍、双相躁狂和双相抑郁的关系.方法 应用TaqMan探针及荧光实时定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应方法,检测并比较双相障碍组(61例)、双相躁狂组(29例)、双相抑郁组(32例)和对照组(61名)外周血白细胞BDNF基因的mRNA表达水平的差异;采用酶联免疫吸附方法测定血清BDNF浓度;应用17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD17)和Young氏躁狂量表(YMRS)评定患者抑郁症状严重程度和躁狂症状的严重程度,采用Pearson相关分析分析BDNF基因mRNA表达水平和血清蛋白浓度与HAMD17和YMRS评分的关系.结果 (1)双相障碍组BDNF基因mRNA相对表达水平(0.0077±0.0019)较对照组(0.0096±0.0028)下降(t=-3.74,P＜0.01);双相躁狂组(0.0081±0.0023)、双相抑郁组(0.0073±0.0024)与对照组3组间BDNF基因mRNA相对表达水平的差异有统计学意义(F=7.55,P＜0.01),且双相躁狂组和双相抑郁组均低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).(2)双相障碍组BDNF血清蛋白浓度低于对照组(t=-2.90,P＜0.01);双相躁狂组、双相抑郁组与对照组3组间BDNF血清蛋白浓度的差异有统计学意义(F=4.21,P＜0.05);双相躁狂组和双相抑郁组BDNF血清蛋白浓度均低于对照组(P均＜0.05),但双相躁狂组与双相抑郁组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)双相躁狂组BDNF基因mRNA表达水平及血清蛋白浓度与YMRS评分未见相关(P＞0.05),双相抑郁组BDNF基因mRNA表达水平及血清蛋白浓度与HAMD17评分未见相关(P＞0.05).结论 双相障碍与BDNF水平下调可能相关,这种下降贯穿于躁狂相和抑郁相,而且BDNF的变化不会因双相障碍患者极性的变化而处于两极状态.     

双相障碍与单相抑郁患者雌二醇和催乳素水平对照研究

目的探讨双相障碍、单相抑郁患者与健康人群之间雌二醇、催乳素水平差异以及性激素水平与躁狂、抑郁症状之间的相关性。方法选取2014年1月-2015年5月收住北京回龙观医院的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)双相情感障碍、抑郁发作诊断标准的患者99例(男性55例,女性44例)。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表24项版(HAMD-24)、蒙哥马利-艾森贝格抑郁量表(MADRS)评估抑郁症状,采用贝克-拉范森躁狂量表(BRMS)评估躁狂症状;选取与患者组性别、年龄及受教育程度相匹配的42例健康人作为对照组。采用化学发光免疫分析法检测研究对象周围血中雌二醇、催乳素水平。结果催乳素水平在双相障碍组、单相抑郁组以及健康对照组之间差异有统计学意义(F=6.575,P0.05),而三组雌二醇水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),催乳素水平与BRMS评分呈正相关(r=0.361,P=0.033),雌二醇水平与抑郁症状及躁狂症状评分相关均不显著(P0.05)。结论心境障碍患者存在性激素水平的改变;性激素水平与情感症状严重程度存在相关性。     

奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗双相障碍躁狂发作患者的对照研究

目的：比较奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法：70例双相障碍躁狂发作患者随机分为奥卡西平组和碳酸锂组各35例,分别给予奥卡西平和碳酸锂治疗8周。以Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表（BRMS）、临床疗效总评量表-病情严重程度（CGI-SI）以及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效及不良反应。结果：两组治疗后BRMS、CGI-SI评分均较治疗前显著下降（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;两组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;两组不良反应均为轻度。结论：奥卡西平治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效与碳酸锂相当,不良反应轻。     

双相障碍抑郁发作喹硫平碳酸锂rTMS联合治疗的疗效

目的分析喹硫平、碳酸锂、经颅磁刺激技术(transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗双相障碍抑郁发作的临床疗效。方法选取我院诊断为双相障碍抑郁发作患者90例,随机分为联合组(喹硫平、碳酸锂联合rTMS治疗)和药物组(喹硫平、碳酸锂治疗)。比较2组治疗前和治疗后第1、2、4、8周末HAMD-17、倍克-拉范森躁狂量表(Beeh-Rafaelsen Mania Rating scale,BRMS)和临床疗效总评量表(Clinical Global Impression,CGI)评分。结果 2组治疗后第1、2、4、8周末的HAMD-17评分、BRMS评分和CGI评分逐渐降低(P0.05);联合组治疗后第1、2、4、8周末的HAMD-17评分、BRMS评分和CGI评分低于药物组(P0.05)。结论采用喹硫平、碳酸锂药物联合rTMS治疗双相障碍抑郁发作,疗效优于单用药物治疗。     

丙戊酸合并重复经颅磁刺激治疗双相障碍躁狂发作

目的:探讨右侧前额叶皮质重复经颅磁刺激(r TMS)治疗双相障碍躁狂发作的疗效和安全性。方法:33例符合《美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版》双相障碍躁狂发作诊断标准的患者随机分为研究组17例和对照组16例,两组均给予丙戊酸钠缓释片;在此基础上,研究组给予20 Hz r TMS真刺激,对照组给予伪刺激,每天1次,共10次。采用躁狂量表(BRMS)、治疗中出现的症状量表(TESS)于治疗前和治疗5、10 d分别评估临床疗效及不良反应。结果:治疗前及治疗5 d,BRMS评分两组差异无统计学意义(t=1.439,t=-0.204;P>0.05);治疗10 d,研究组BRMS评分明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-4.558,P=0.000)。未观察到明显不良反应。结论:心境稳定剂合并右前额皮质r TMS治疗双相障碍躁狂发作患者有效、安全。     

不同发作类型双相障碍患者自知力及服药态度比较

目的比较躁狂发作、抑郁发作及混合状态的双相障碍住院患者出院前的自知力及服药态度,以了解不同发作类型双相障碍的自知力及服药态度在出院前的差异,为出院后制定康复方案提供参考。方法连续入组罗定市第三人民医院2014年5月-2016年12月收治的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的双相障碍住院患者266例,其中躁狂发作116例,抑郁发作94例,混合状态56例。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)、杨氏躁狂评定量表(YMRS)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)及服药态度清单(DAI)在出院当天分别评定精神症状、自知力及服药态度。采用单因素方差分析比较三组HAMD-17、YMRS、ITAQ及DAI评分。结果 HAMD-17、YMRS评分组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05)。ITAQ、DAI评分组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=6.205、5.481,P=0.002、0.005),两两比较结果显示,抑郁发作组及混合状态组ITAQ、DAI评分均高于躁狂发作组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);抑郁发作组及混合状态组ITAQ、DAI评分比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论不同发作类型的双相障碍住院患者出院前的自知力及服药态度存在差异,躁狂发作患者的自知力及服药态度较抑郁发作及混合状态患者差。     

中国汉族人群双相障碍不同疾病状态下的氧化应激损害

目的探索双相障碍患者的氧化应激指标水平,特别是不同的疾病状态是否存在差异。方法纳入53例双相障碍I型患者和59例正常对照组,患者组躁狂发作34例,抑郁发作19例。收集患者临床资料,采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表17项版(HAMD-17)和贝克-拉范森躁狂量表(BRMS)评定症状严重程度。所有受试者抽取清晨空腹外周静脉血,检测生化指标超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPx)和丙二醛(Malonaldehyde,MDA)水平。结果控制体质指数(BMI)后,1患者组的MDA(F=8.362,P0.01)和GPx(F=4.550,P=0.013)水平均较正常对照组高。2将患者组分为躁狂发作组和抑郁发作组,MDA水平三组间总体差异有统计学意义(F=6.079,P0.01),躁狂发作组和抑郁发作组均较正常对照高(P0.01)。GPx活性三组间总体差异有统计学意义(F=3.355,P=0.022),抑郁发作组比正常对照组高(P=0.012)。3将患者组分为有精神病性症状组和无精神病性症状组,MDA水平三组间总体差异有统计学意义(F=5.646,P=0.001)。有精神病性症状组和无精神病性症状组均比正常对照组高(P0.05或0.01)。GPx活性三组间总体差异有统计学意义(F=4.356,P0.01),有精神病性症状组较正常对照组高(P0.01);4未见发病年龄、住院次数、病程、HAMD和BRMS评分分别与SOD、GPx活性及MDA水平显著相关(P均0.05)。结论双相障碍患者发作期有氧化应激系统失衡,可能和某些临床特征相关。     

双相Ⅰ型障碍不同疾病状态认知功能与氧化应激相关分析

目的探讨双相Ⅰ型障碍患者不同疾病状态下认知功能与氧化应激生化指标的相关关系。方法纳入双相Ⅰ型障碍的稳定期患者83例、躁狂期患者42例、抑郁期患者21例及正常对照115名,采用中文版重复性神经心理测查系统(repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status,RBANS)评估认知功能,检测外周血生化指标超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)、总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)水平。结果双相稳定期组、躁狂期组、抑郁期组的即刻记忆、言语功能、注意、延时记忆评分及认知总分均低于对照组(P0.01);躁狂期组、抑郁期组的视觉广度评分低于对照组(P0.01),注意评分与认知总分均低于稳定期组(P0.01);抑郁期组患者的延时记忆评分低于稳定期组(P=0.04)。躁狂期组、抑郁期组患者的MDA水平高于稳定期组(P0.05);躁狂期、抑郁期、对照组NO水平高于稳定期组(P0.05),CAT水平低于稳定期组(P0.05)。双相稳定期组的视觉广度(r=-0.50,P=0.04)、注意(r=-0.67,P0.01)、延时记忆(r=-0.61,P=0.01)与GSH-PX均呈负相关,延时记忆与T-AOC呈负相关(r=-0.54,P=0.03);双相躁狂期组的言语功能与SOD呈负相关(r=-0.46,P=0.01);双相抑郁期组的即刻记忆与NO呈正相关(r=0.61,P=0.02),延时记忆与CAT呈正相关(r=0.67,P=0.01),言语功能(r=-0.76,P0.01)、认知总分(r=-0.59,P=0.03)与GSH-PX呈负相关。结论双相障碍患者存在不同程度的认知功能下降及氧化应激改变,部分抗氧化酶系统与认知功能具有相关性。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Relationship Between Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and Age and IQ in Preschool and School-Age Children and Adolescents with Autism and with ADHD

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders - Relationships between sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and age and IQ were investigated in children with autism and/or ADHD covering broader age and IQ...     

Synaptic plasticity and learning and memory: LTP and beyond.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic activity is by far the most popular and widely researched model of synaptic plastic changes that might occur during learning. Numerous recent reports, however, have not found a correlation between the inducibility of LTP in the hippocampus and the ability of animals to learn hippocampus-dependent tasks. For example, some experiments with gene deletion (knockout) mice strains have shown that in some strains LTP is not inducible in the dentate gyrus, in area CA3, or CA1, but the animals are still able to learn spatial tasks. This apparent mismatch has rejuvenated the discussion concerning whether LTP is a good model for mechanisms that underlie memory formation in the nervous system. This review analyzes the conditions under which LTP is induced or learning takes place and suggests reasons for the mismatches that can occur and what we can learn from them. High-frequency stimulation protocols and in vitro assays cannot be seen to resemble natural firing patterns or conditions found in the brain. More physiological experimental conditions, especially in vivo recording in awake animals, could lead the way to the development of improved models of learning mechanisms that better correlate with learning abilities of animals.