建立用大鼠肝微粒体快速考察药物体外CYP3A1活性抑制的方法

目的研究酮康唑对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450同工酶3A1（CYP3A1）活性的作用,建立一种用大鼠肝微粒体快速考察药物体外CYP3A1活性抑制的方法。方法采集大鼠肝微粒体,随机分为对照组和药物处理组。酮康唑药物处理组分别加入不同浓度的酮康唑,对照组只加入培养液,混匀后放入37℃培养箱中孵育15 min,然后加入CYP 3A1底物睾酮,继续孵育10 min,最后加入内标物氢化可的松。用HPLC法测定睾酮经大鼠肝微粒体温孵后生成6-β羟基睾酮的量,代表CYP3A1的活性。结果各个处理组与对照组的比较差异均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）;提示在一定浓度范围内,大鼠同工酶CYP3A1的相对活性百分比随着酮康唑浓度的增加而逐渐减低,各处理组与对照组比较差异均有显著性意义（P〈0.5）。半数抑制浓度（IC50）值为3.25μg/ml。结论酮康唑对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450同工酶3A1的活性有强抑制作用,建立的通过大鼠肝微粒体快速考察药物体外CYP3A1探针抑制的方法重复性和稳定性均良好,为评价新药对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A1的活性的体外作用提供可靠的检测手段。     

大黄酸对大鼠肝细胞色素P4503A酶活性的抑制

（1. ［摘要］目的研究大黄酸对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450 3A（CYP3A）酶活性的影响。方法在体外大鼠肝微粒体孵育体系中加入底物睾酮和不同浓度的大黄酸,采用高效液相色谱仪测定睾酮的羟基化代谢产物6β羟基睾酮的含量,计算CYP3A酶活性来反映大黄酸对CYP3A酶的抑制效果。结果大鼠肝微粒体孵育体系中,大黄酸对CYP3A酶活性有抑制作用,其半数抑制浓度（IC50）和Ki值分别为36.74,20.73 μmol•L 1。结论在大鼠肝微粒体体外孵育系统中,大黄酸对CYP3A酶具有抑制作用。     

重组肝CYP3A4与CYP3A29细胞微粒体药物代谢动力学比较

目的 比较巴马小型猪CYP3A29和人CYP3 A4稳定表达重组肝癌细胞株微粒体的药物代谢特征,在分子水平为巴马小型猪作为临床前药物代谢实验动物提供科学依据.方法 以CYP3A特异性代谢底物硝苯地平、睾酮及其抑制药酮康唑为探针药物,将探针药物与重组CYP3A4、CYP3A29细胞微粒体在优化的微粒体浓度、药物浓度、孵育时间等条件下进行体外孵育,高效液相色谱法检测其药物代谢(抑制)动力学参数,并将二者进行比较分析.结果 巴马小型猪CYP3A29与CYP3A4在硝苯地平和睾酮代谢差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).酮康唑的抑制活性为:当代谢底物为硝苯地平时,酮康唑对CYP3A29和CYP3A4的半数抑制浓度分别为0.090,0.132 μmol·L-1(P＜0.05);当代谢底物为睾酮时,酮康唑对CYP3A29和CYP3A4的半数抑制浓度分别为0.056,0.032 μmol·L-1(P＜0.05).结论 重组CYP3A29与CYP3 A4细胞微粒体对硝苯地平和睾酮活性差异不显著;酮康唑对重组CYP3A29与CYP3A4细胞微粒体硝苯地平和睾酮代谢活性有差异.     

血塞通注射液对鼠肝CYP3A体外抑制作用研究

目的：研究血塞通注射液对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A酶活性的体外抑制作用。方法：在大鼠肝微粒体体外孵育体系中加入CYP3A酶的底物睾酮和不同体积的血塞通注射液,用高效液相色谱法测定睾酮的羟化代谢产物6β-羟基睾酮的生成量反映CYP3A酶的活性。酮康唑为阳性对照药。结果：在大鼠肝微粒体体外孵育体系中,血塞通注射液对CYP3A酶的IC50和Ki值分别为血塞通注射液原液的0．87％和0．43％。结论：血塞通注射液在体外对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A酶活性有抑制作用,符合混合型抑制模型。     

灯盏细辛注射液对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A的抑制作用

目的：研究灯盏细辛注射液对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A酶活性的抑制作用。方法：在体外大鼠肝微粒体孵育体系中加入底物睾酮和不同体积的灯盏细辛注射液,用高效液相色谱法测定睾酮的羟化代谢产物6β-羟基睾酮的生成量反映CYP3A酶的活性。酮康唑用作阳性对照药。结果：在体外孵育体系中,灯盏细辛注射液对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A酶活性有抑制作用,IC50和Ki值分别为0.40%和0.24%（V/V）。结论：体外给药灯盏细辛注射液对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A酶活性有抑制作用,符合混合型抑制模型。     

伊曲康唑对健康成人肝细胞微粒体细胞色素P450同工酶1A2、3A4活性的作用

目的观察伊曲康唑对健康成人肝细胞微粒体细胞色素P450同工酶1A23、A4活性的作用,为临床上安全有效地联合用药提供实验依据。方法采用健康成人肝细胞微粒体,分为对照组和伊曲康唑处理组。处理组分别加入0.1、0.2、1.0、2.0、10.0、20.0 mg.L-1的伊曲康唑1mL,对照组仅加入培养液,孵育15 min后再加入CYP450同工酶1A2和3A4的相应底物(分别为非那西丁和睾酮)再孵育20min。反应终止后用高效液相色谱仪测量代谢产物(分别为对乙酰氨基酚与6β-羟基睾酮)的生成量代表1A2和3A4的活性。结果细胞色素P450同工酶1A2的相对活性百分比各处理组与对照组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),而同工酶3A4的相对活性百分比随伊曲康唑质量浓度增加逐渐减小,各处理组与对照组比较差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。细胞色素P450同工酶3A4的相对活性百分比减小到对照组50%时(IC50)伊曲康唑的质量浓度为0.16 mg.L-1。结论伊曲康唑在临床应用血药质量浓度范围内,对健康成人肝细胞微粒体细胞色素P450同工酶1A2的活性无显著影响,然而对细胞色素P450同工酶3A4的活性有抑制作用。     

Cocktail 探针药物法评价辣椒素对大鼠CYP450亚型的影响

目的：采用cocktail 探针药物法研究辣椒素在体外对大鼠肝微粒体CYP 450四种亚型的影响。方法：分为试验组和对照组,试验组采用大鼠肝微粒体孵育体系、探针药物和系列浓度的辣椒素（对照组仅加入缓冲液）共同孵育20 min,反应终止后用HPLC方法检测代谢产物的生成量以代表酶的活性。采用Graphpad prism 5.0计算辣椒素对各亚型的IC50值。将辣椒素与大鼠肝微粒体分别预孵育0,5,10,15,20,30 min,计算不同预孵育时间下各亚型的相对活性百分比。结果：辣椒素对大鼠肝微粒体CYP1A2、CYP2C11、CYP2E1和CYP3A2的IC50值分别为36.21,17.19,51.64,18.86μmol·L-1。预孵育没有增强辣椒素对CYP450的抑制作用。结论：辣椒素在体外对大鼠肝微粒CYP1A2、CYP2C11、CYP2E1和CYP3A2具有抑制作用,且未呈现出预孵育时间依赖性。     

抗艾滋病中药复方ZYSH对茚地那韦的代谢性增效作用

目的:本文研究抗艾滋病中药复方ZYSH对人肝微粒体CYP3A4的活性抑制和对茚地那韦体外代谢的增效作用,及其对茚地那韦在SD大鼠体内暴露量的增加。方法:中药复方ZYSH总浸膏用磷酸缓冲液(PBS)稀释后与混合人肝微粒体预孵育15 min,加入探针底物睾酮和辅酶β-NADPH孵育30 min,用LC-MS/MS定量检测6β-羟基睾酮的生成,计算ZYSH对CYP3A4的抑制率(IC50)。5 mg.mL-1和10 mg.mL-1的ZYSH在与人肝微粒体共同孵育15 min后加入茚地那韦和β-NADPH分别孵育0,15,30,60,90和120min,检测复方对茚地那韦体外代谢的影响。SD大鼠体内灌胃给予ZYSH 7 d,再经灌胃给予茚地那韦,检测茚地那韦的血药浓度,观察复方ZYSH对茚地那韦的体内暴露的影响。结果:复方ZYSH能明显抑制CYP3A4的活性,IC50为3.21 mg.mL-1。5 mg.mL-1和10 mg.mL-1的ZYSH在体外能明显抑制茚地那韦的代谢,其t1/2由47.5 min变为184和1 404 min,微粒体对茚地那韦的固有清除率由对照组的36.6 mL.min-1.kg-1分别改变为9.4和1.2 mL.min-1.kg-1。灌胃给予ZYSH 7 d后茚地那韦在SD大鼠体内AUC明显增加,为对照组的2.1倍。结论:复方ZYSH能够抑制人肝微粒体CYP3A4的活性,通过代谢性相互作用减缓茚地那韦的体外代谢,增加大鼠体内暴露量。     

体外探讨五味子乙素对大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A的影响及其作用机制

目的通过体外药物代谢实验探讨五味子乙素对CYP3A活性的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法以大鼠肝微粒体为载体,选取咪达唑仑为药物"探针",建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测五味子乙素对肝微粒体代谢咪达唑仑的影响,体外给药测定其IC50值以及相关酶动力学参数,并推测其可能的作用机制。结果孵育体系内源性物质不干扰测定,方法快捷、稳定、灵敏度高。结果显示五味子乙素呈剂量依赖性抑制体外肝微粒体咪达唑仑代谢,其IC50为5.50g.L-1,据此计算其Ki为4.32mol·L-1。结论五味子乙素体外抑制大鼠肝微粒体CYP3A活性,其作用机制为可逆性抑制,属于非竞争性抑制类型。     

刺五加注射液对大鼠肝CYP3A活性的影响

目的:考察刺五加注射液对大鼠肝细胞色素P4503A活性的影响。方法:制备大鼠空白肝微粒体,加入刺五加注射液孵育,HPLC法测定咪达唑仑浓度,计算咪达唑仑代谢速率评价刺五加注射液体外对大鼠CYP3A酶的影响。大鼠随机分为对照组和实验组,分别尾静脉注射生理盐水和刺五加注射液,连续7 d,制备肝微粒体,进行孵育反应,评价刺五加注射液体内对大鼠CYP3A的影响。结果:刺五加注射液体外对大鼠CYP3A酶具有抑制作用,测得刺五加注射液抑制CYP3A酶的IC50为5.00 mL/100mL。大鼠连续7 d静脉注射刺五加注射液,使探针药物咪达唑仑的代谢减少了21.11%。结论:刺五加注射液对大鼠CYP3A的活性有抑制作用。     

Characterization of human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of perospirone

In vitro studies were carried out to identify the major contribution of CYP2C8, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 to the metabolism of perospirone (cis-N-[4-[4-(1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboximide monohydrochloride dehydrate), a novel antipsychotic agent, using human liver microsomes and expressed P450 isoforms. Quinidine (a specific inhibitor of CYP2D6) did not markedly affect the metabolism of perospirone, whereas quercetin (an inhibitor of CYP2C8) and ketoconazole (an inhibitor of CYP3A4) caused a decrease in the metabolism with human liver microsomes in a concentration dependent fashion. With 10 microM quercetin, the metabolism of perospirone was inhibited by 60.0% and with 1 microM ketoconazole almost complete inhibition was apparent. Anti-CYP2C8 and anti-CYP2D6 antisera did not exert marked effects, whereas anti-CYP3A4 antiserum caused almost complete inhibition. With expressed P450s, K(m) and V(max) values were 1.09 microM and 1.93 pmol/min/pmol P450 for CYP2C8, 1.38 microM and 5.73 pmol/min/pmol P450 for CYP2D6, and 0.245 microM and 61.3 pmol/min/pmol P450 for CYP3A4, respectively. These results indicated that the metabolism of perospirone in human liver was mainly catalysed by CYP3A4, and to a lesser extent CYP2C8 and CYP2D6 were responsible because kinetic data (K(m) and V(max)) of CYP2C8 and CYP2D6 suggested catalytic potential.     

探针药物咪哒唑仑有限采样法预测抑制状态大鼠肝脏CYP3A代谢活性的研究

本研究以细胞色素P450(CYP)3A探针药物咪哒唑仑的系统清除率(CL_s)为指标，评价有限采样法(LSS)预测肝脏CYP3A抑制状态的可行性。采用系列剂量的CYP3A选择性抑制剂酮康唑预处理大鼠，静脉注射咪哒唑仑(MDZ)后若干时间点收集血浆样品并检测MDZ浓度，经逐步回归分析和Jack-knife验证建立LSS模型。对经相同处理的另一随机群体进行验证分析，评价该LSS模型方程的准确性和重现性。通过绘制Bland-Altman散点图对由两点(60和90 min)或三点(30、60和90 min，或30、60和120 min)血浆药物浓度建立的LSS预测模型得到的CL_s估计值(CL_est)与二房室模型拟合值(观察值，CL_obs)进行偏差分析并计算95%可信区间，表明两种方法得到的CL_s具有较好的一致性，LSS法预测误差小，特别是两点LSS预测模型更为准确且简便。结果表明：以咪哒唑仑清除率为指标，采用有限采样法评价大鼠肝脏CYP3A抑制状态下的代谢活性是一种准确而简便的方法，为今后推广到临床评价肝脏代谢功能从而制定和调整治疗药物的给药方案提供了理论依据和实验室证据。     

Identification of the human cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the in vitro metabolism of artemisinin

AIMS: The study aimed to identify the specific human cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes involved in the metabolism of artemisinin. METHODS: Microsomes from human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed with individual CYP450 cDNAs were investigated for their capacity to metabolize artemisinin. The effect on artemisinin metabolism in human liver microsomes by chemical inhibitors selective for individual forms of CYP450 was investigated. The relative contribution of individual CYP450 isoenzymes to artemisinin metabolism in human liver microsomes was evaluated with a tree-based regression model of artemisinin disappearance rate and specific CYP450 activities. RESULTS: The involvement of CYP2B6 in artemisinin metabolism was demonstrated by metabolism of artemisinin by recombinant CYP2B6, inhibition of artemisinin disappearance in human liver microsomes by orphenadrine (76%) and primary inclusion of CYP2B6 in the tree-based regression model. Recombinant CYP3A4 was catalytically competent in metabolizing artemisinin, although the rate was 10% of that for recombinant CYP2B6. The tree-based regression model suggested CYP3A4 to be of importance in individuals with low CYP2B6 expression. Even though ketoconazole inhibited artemisinin metabolism in human liver microsomes by 46%, incubation with ketoconazole together with orphenadrine did not increase the inhibition of artemisinin metabolism compared to orphenadrine alone. Troleandomycin failed to inhibit artemisinin metabolism. The rate of artemisinin metabolism in recombinant CYP2A6 was 15% of that for recombinant CYP2B6. The inhibition of artemisinin metabolism in human liver microsomes by 8-methoxypsoralen (a CYP2A6 inhibitor) was 82% but CYP2A6 activity was not included in the regression tree. CONCLUSIONS: Artemisinin metabolism in human liver microsomes is mediated primarily by CYP2B6 with probable secondary contribution of CYP3A4 in individuals with low CYP2B6 expression. The contribution of CYP2A6 to artemisinin metabolism is likely of minor importance.     

大鼠肝微粒体法测定3种中药对CYP3A4 亚型的作用

［摘要］目的建立肝微粒体测定法,观察中药制剂对CYP3A4 亚型的作用。方法取大鼠肝脏,制备肝微粒体,分别优化肝微粒体体外温孵系统的反应时间、蛋白浓度及探针药物咪达唑仑的浓度;高效液相色谱 质谱联用（HPLC MS MS）法测定大鼠肝微粒体中咪达唑仑的浓度,计算咪达唑仑的活性;在肝微粒体体外温孵系统中分别加入不同浓度的血脂康胶囊、通心络胶囊、枣仁安神胶囊内容物及对照药物酮康唑,测定其半数抑制浓度（IC50）及抑制常数（Ki）。结果肝微粒体体外温孵系统的反应条件为0.4 g&;#8226;L 1大鼠肝微粒体,4 μmol&;#8226;L 1咪达唑仑溶液,37 ℃温育5 min。酮康唑、血脂康胶囊、通心络胶囊的IC50分别为（3.4±0.2）,（25.1±0.3）,（56.2±0.3） mg&;#8226;L 1,枣仁安神胶囊的IC50﹥150 mg&;#8226;L 1;酮康唑、血脂康胶囊、通心络胶囊的Ki分别为（1.7±0.1）,（25.0±0.2）,（50.0±0.3） mg&;#8226;L 1。结论建立了中药制剂对CYP3A4亚型作用的大鼠肝微粒体研究模型。血脂康胶囊和通心络胶囊对大鼠CYP3A4亚型有较弱的抑制作用。     

有限采样法评价肝脏CYP3A代谢活性的实验研究

目的:以细胞色素P450(CYP)3A探针药物咪哒唑仑(MDZ)的系统清除率(Cls)为指标,评价有限采样法(LSS)预测肝脏CYP3A抑制状态下代谢活性的可行性。方法:采用系列剂量的CYP3A选择性抑制剂酮康唑预处理大鼠,静脉注射MDZ后在若干时间点收集血浆样品并检测MDZ浓度,经逐步回归分析和Jack-knife验证建立LSS模型。对经相同处理的另一随机群体进行验证分析,评价该LSS模型方程的准确性和重现性。结果:由两点(60、90min)或三点(30、60、90min或30、60、120min)血浆药物浓度建立的LSS预测模型所得到的Cls估计值(Clest)与实际计算值(Clobs)之间具有良好的相关性,误差小,特别是两点LSS模型则更为简便。结论:本研究结果表明,以MDZCls为指标,采用LSS评价大鼠肝脏CYP3A抑制状态下的代谢活性是一种准确而简便的方法,为今后推广到临床评价肝脏代谢功能从而制定和调整治疗药物的给药方案提供了理论依据和实验室证据。     

Roles of cytochrome P450 3A enzymes in the 2-hydroxylation of 1,4-cineole,a monoterpene cyclic ether,by rat and human liver microsomes

1. Oxidation of 1,4-cineole, a monoterpene cyclic ether, was studied in rat and human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450 or CYP) enzymes expressed in insect cells in which human P450 and NADPH-P450 reductase cDNAs have been introduced. On analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, 2- exo -hydroxy-1,4-cineole was identified as a principal oxidation product of 1,4-cineole catalysed by rat and human P450 enzymes. 2. CYP3A4 was a major enzyme involved in the 2-hydroxylation of 1,4-cineole by human liver microsomes, based on the following lines of evidence. First, 1,4-cineole 2-hydroxylation activities catalysed by human liver microsomes were inhibited by ketoconazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A activities, and an anti-CYP3A4 antibody. Second, there was a good correlation between CYP3A4 contents and 1,4-cineole 2-hydroxylation activities in liver microsomes of eighteen human samples examined. Finally, of 10 recombinant human P450 enzymes examined, CYP3A4 had the highest activity for 1,4-cineole 2-hydroxylation. 3. Liver microsomal 1,4-cineole 2-hydroxylation activities were induced in rat by pregnenolone 16 α-carbonitrile and dexamethasone and extensively inhibited by ketoconazole, indicative of the possible roles of CYP3A enzymes in this reaction. 4. Kinetic analysis showed that V max / K m for 1,4-cineole 2-hydroxylation catalysed by liver microsomes was higher in a human sample HL-104 (4.6 μM -1?min -1) than those of rat treated with pregnenolone 16 α-carbonitrile (0.49 μM -1?min -1) and dexamethasone (0.36 μM -1?min -1). 5. 1,8-Cineole, a structurally related monoterpene previously shown to be catalysed by CYP3A enzymes, inhibited 1,4-cineole 2-hydroxylation catalysed by human liver microsomes, whereas 1,4-cineole did not inhibit 1,8-cineole 2-hydroxylation activities. Both compounds caused inhibition of testosterone 6 β -hydroxylation by human liver microsomes, the former compound being more inhibitory than the latter. 6. These results suggest that 1,4-cineole and 1,8-cineole, two plant essential oils present in Citrus medica L. var. acida and Eucalyptus polybractea, respectively, are converted to 2-hydroxylated products by CYP3A enzymes in rat and human liver microsomes. It is unknown at present whether the 2-hydroxylation products of these compounds are more active biologically than the parent compound.     

中国人肝微粒体细胞色素P450 2A6的体外代谢特征

目的:观察人肝微粒体CYP2A6动力学特征.方法:采用生化分析法,体外研究化学异物对CYP2A6酶活性的影响.测定香豆素7-羟化酶的动力学参数.同时分析CYP2A6与Ⅱ相酶UGT之间的相关性.结果:CYP2A6活性差异8.8倍,K_m和V_(max)分别为0.25-1.56μmol·L~(-1)、1.41-8.70μmol·min~(-1)·g~(-1).匹鲁卡品、二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐、利福平明显抑制CYP2A6活性,IC_(50)值分别为 5.31μmol·L~(-1)、156.35μmol·L~(-1)和38.81μmol·L~(-1).α-萘黄酮、磺胺苯吡唑、醋竹桃霉素、酮康唑、泼尼松龙和阿奇霉素对香豆素7-羟化反应几乎无影响.CYP2A6与UGT_2之间存在显著相关性(r=0.9453,P<0.05).结论:中国人细胞色素P4502A6酶活性及动力学参数存在个体差异,CYP2A6与UGT_2之间有显著相关.除匹鲁卡品有CYP2A6选择性抑制作用外,利福平和二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸盐也明显抑制CYP2A6活性.     

Cytochrome P450 2C8 and CYP3A4/5 are involved in chloroquine metabolism in human liver microsomes

Chloroquine has been used for many decades in the prophylaxis and treatment of malaria. It is metabolized in humans through the N-dealkylation pathway, to desethylchloroquine (DCQ) and bisdesethylchloroquine (BDCQ), by cytochrome P450 (CYP). However, until recently, no data are available on the metabolic pathway of chloroquine. Therefore, the metabolic pathway of chloroquine was evaluated using human liver microsomes and cDNA-expressed CYPs. Chloroquine is mainly metabolized to DCQ, and its Eadie-Hofstee plots were biphasic, indicating the involvement of multiple enzymes, with apparent Km and Vmax values of 0.21 mM and 1.02 nmol/min/mg protein 3.43 mM and 10.47 nmol/min/mg protein for high and low affinity components, respectively. Of the cDNA-expressing CYPs examined, CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4/5 exhibited significant DCQ formation. A study using chemical inhibitors showed only quercetin (a CYP2C8 inhibitor) and ketoconazole (a CYP3A4/5 inhibitor) inhibited the DCQ formation. In addition, the DCQ formation significantly correlated with the CYP3A4/5-catalyzed midazolam 1-hydroxylation (r = 0.868) and CYP2C8-catalyzed paclitaxel 6alpha-hydroxylation (r = 0.900). In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that CYP2C8 and CYP3A4/5 are the major enzymes responsible for the chloroquine N-deethylation to DCQ in human liver microsomes.