矽肺致肺功能障碍的病例对照研究

采用病例对照设计,选择169名男性矽肺病人作观察,96名无矽肺的接尘矿工为对照.对所有研究对象进行问卷调查,并测定肺通气功能,参考各指标的实测和预测值之比对肺功能障碍进行分型.方差分析显示病例组各项肺功能参数值显著低于对照组,FEV1.0、FEV1.0/FVC、MEF75%的实测值占预测值百分比在Ⅰ期与Ⅱ+Ⅲ期矽肺组中差异有显著性.矽肺病人以限制性和混合性通气功能障碍为主.非条件Logistic回归显示各期矽肺、中重度吸烟、接尘工龄＞30年是矿工肺功能障碍的危险因素.提示随矽肺晋级,肺功能障碍发生率增加;导致矿工肺功能障碍的危险因素还有吸烟、长期接尘、患有矽肺相关并发症等.     

肺通气功能测定在矽肺致残程度鉴定中的作用

目的：以肺通气功能测定，鉴定矽肺患者的致残程度。方法：对310例矽肺患者肺通气功能资料作分析。结果：随着矽肺期别增加肺通气功能指标（VC、FEV1、FEV1／FVC、MVV）明显下降，　RV／TLC％增加，尤以Ⅲ期矽肺组更为明显．通气功能障碍以限制性和气道阻塞性的混合性损害为主。随着矽肺期别增加，通气功能异常率增高，肺气肿发生率增加。结论：肺通气功能可客观地评价矽肺患者劳动能力丧失的程度，在致残程度鉴定中占有重要地位，其中FEV1和RV／TLC％两项指标意义更为突出。     

53例宝石工矽肺肺功能分析

目的探讨宝石工矽肺肺功能受损情况.方法对53例宝石工矽肺患者和94名对照组分别做肺功能测定分析.结果宝石工矽肺患者肺功能各项指标(VC、FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、PEF、FEE25-75FEF25、FEF50、FE75、MVV)均明显低于对照组(P＜0.01);Ⅰ期矽肺病人肺功能指标除最大呼气流速(PEF)外均明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期病人(P＜0.05);Ⅱ期肺功能指标高于Ⅲ期的有:最大呼气中段流速(FEF25-75)、最大呼气25%肺活量的瞬间流速(FEF25)、最大呼气50%肺活量的瞬间流速(FEF50)、最大呼气75%肺活量的瞬间流速(FEF75)、通气功能和小气道功能异常率分别为58.49%和54.72%,对照组为0和6.38%(P＜0.01);混合性通气功能损害占70.97%.结论宝石工矽肺患者肺功能损伤明显,且随矽肺期别增加而加重,损伤类型以混合性为主.     

尘肺患者肺通气功能分析

目的观察尘肺患者肺通气功能的损害情况。方法对200例尘肺患者、100例0^＋者和80例X线胸片正常的接尘工人进行肺通气功能测试。结果0^＋及Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者的用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气量（FEV1.0）、FEV1．0／FVC％、最大通气量（MVV）、25％-75％用力呼气中期流速（FEF25%-75%）均低于对照组，Ⅱ期患者的FVC、FEV1.0、FEV1.0／FVC％、MVV、FEF25%-75%显低于Ⅰ期及0^＋，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）；Ⅰ、Ⅱ期尘肺肺功能损害均以混合性通气功能障碍为主，发生率分别77．6％和90．5％。与〈60岁组比较，60岁以上尘肺患者各项肺功能指标均下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论尘肺患者肺功能损害以混合性通气功能障碍为主，无尘肺的0^＋者有肺功能损害。     

工程兵矽肺患者肺通气功能研究

本研究对89名工程兵矽肺患者的肺通气功能进行了测定分析,同时选择34名接触铸工尘的无尘肺工人为对照,确定六项指标(FVC、FEV、PEF、MMF、V_(50)及V_(25))进行分析。矽肺组各期(Ⅰ期的V_(25)除外)与对照组比较,差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。在矽肺各期之间仅Ⅰ期与Ⅲ期差异有显著意义(P<0.05),Ⅰ期与Ⅱ,Ⅱ与Ⅲ期差异均无显著意义(P>0.05)。说明矽肺组与对照组相比,肺功能明显降低,而矽肺各期之间并无随期别增高,肺功能明显降低的趋势。吸烟与否,对矽肺患者的肺功能是有一定影响的,影响最大的是PEF、其次分别是FEV_1、MMF和V_(50)。工程兵矽肺患者肺通气功能障碍主要表现为混合性,其次分别为限制性和阻塞性。本研究还指出。V_(25)对工程兵矽肺是否敏感尚需进一步探讨。     

62例矽肺患者肺通气功能分析

[目的]探讨矽肺患者肺通气功能的损害情况。[方法]对62例矽肺和70例X射线胸片正常的接尘工人做肺通气测量并进行比较。[结果]各期矽肺的用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1．0），FEV1.0／FVC百分比，呼气中期流量（FEF25％～75％）、最大通气量（MVV）均低于对照组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期矽肺的肺通气功能异常率分别为71．4％、84．6％和100％，高于对照组；矽肺伴有并发症者各项肺功能指标均下降。[结论]Ⅰ期矽肺者肺通气功能损害以阻塞型为主，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者肺通气损害以混合型为主。各期矽肺患者肺通气功能损害明显，肺通气功能随矽肺期别的升高而降低。     

石棉肺的肺功能分析

目的探讨石棉肺的肺功能改变特点。方法以某温石棉厂134名男性工人为接触组,同一地区不接触粉尘,且劳动强度与接触组大体相似的某仪表厂135名男性工人为对照组,对其肺功能测定和胸部X线检查结果进行对比分析。结果协方差分析结果显示,在控制了累积吸烟量等混杂因素的影响后,与对照组相比,无石棉肺组FVC和FEV1显著下降,I期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降、Kco显著升高,Ⅱ期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降（P〈0．05）;而与无石棉肺组相比,I期石棉肺组FVC显著下降、Kco显著升高,Ⅱ期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降（P〈0．05）。偏相关分析结果显示,在控制了接尘年限和累积吸烟量等混杂因素的影响后,石棉肺期别与FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％呈显著负相关,与Kco呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）;与DLeo呈负相关,但差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论早期石棉肺主要表现为限制性肺通气功能障碍,随着石棉肺进一步发展,除肺限制性损害程度加重外,亦呈现阻塞性肺功能损害。     

工程兵矽肺患者肺功能与X线胸片表现关系分析

目的　探索工程兵矽肺患者肺功能与其胸片X线表现的关系。方法　选择 112例工程兵矽肺患者就其肺功能与胸片X线表现的关系进行统计分析。结果　Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者中通气功能限制性和阻塞性障碍较多 ,分别占 75 %和 5 0 % ,Ⅲ期以混合性障碍为主占 70 % ;肺功能损伤Ⅰ、Ⅱ期以轻度为主 ,分别占 71%和 5 0 % ,Ⅲ期以中、重度为主 ,占 90 % ;肺功能损伤程度及肺功能损伤分型与矽肺阴影的肺区分布的数量有关。结论　随着矽肺阴影分布范围的增加以及期别的增高 ,肺损伤程度加重 ,肺功能障碍分型也逐渐由限制性 /阻塞性向混合性通气功能障碍转变。     

吸烟对矽肺患者肺功能影响的动态研究

目的探讨吸烟对矽肺患者肺功能变化的动态影响特点。方法选择某钢铁厂已确诊的60例矽肺患者,分为吸烟组(36人)与非吸烟组(24人),对其肺功能进行了10年动态研究,用常规方法测定肺功能。结果吸烟组与非吸烟组VC、FVC、FEV1均为进行性下降,FEV1/FVC均增加,除非吸烟组FEV1(P>0.05)外差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或0.05)。吸烟组患者VC、FVC、FEV1实测值的年平均下降值皆高于非吸烟组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组弥散量和残气功能指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。吸烟与矽肺患者呼吸困难、咳嗽、胸痛的严重程度没有关联(P>0.05)。结论长期吸烟可使矽肺患者肺功能进一步损害,但也可能会被病情所掩盖。     

耐火陶瓷纤维对作业工人肺通气功能的影响

[目的]探讨耐火陶瓷纤维对作业工人肺通气功能的影响. [方法]选择从事耐火陶瓷纤维生产和加工的265名作业工人作为接触组,273名仅接触噪声的作业工人作为对照组,进行肺通气功能检查,指标为用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气量(FEV 1.0)、一秒率(第一秒用力呼气量占用力肺活量百分率,FEV 1.0/FVC),均以实测值占预计值的百分比(FVC％、FEV1.0％、FEV1.0/FVC％)表示.接触组分别按纤维计数浓度＜0.1、0.1～0.5、＞0.5 f/mL,按总粉尘质量浓度＜1、1～5、＞5 mg/m3分为低、中、高水平.低纤维低总尘亚组81人、中纤维中总尘亚组123人、中纤维高总尘亚组30人、高纤维高总尘亚组31人. [结果]接触组作业工人FVC％、FEV1.0％和FEV 1.0/FVC％的均数均低于对照组(P＜0.05);高纤维高总尘亚组作业工人FVC％和FEV1.0％的下降较其他3个亚组更为明显(P＜0.05),不同接触工龄亚组间各指标差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).接触组限制性、阻塞性和混合性肺通气功能障碍检出率为58.9％、4.5％和3.8％,与对照组的检出率10.9％、5.1％和4.0％比较,仅限制性肺通气功能障碍检出率的差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05).限制性肺通气功能障碍与纤维计数浓度、接触工龄具有关联性(P＜0.05),与总粉尘质量浓度、是否吸烟无关联性(P＞0.05). [结论]接触耐火陶瓷纤维可导致以限制性通气功能障碍为主的肺通气功能损害,限制性通气功能障碍检出率与纤维累计接触水平存在正相关关系,与纤维计数浓度的关联性优于总粉尘质量浓度.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.