神经生长因子对严重烫伤大鼠纹状体及海马NOS阳性神经元？…

应用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ酶组织化学方法，观察了大鼠烫伤后脑内ＮＯＳ阳性神经元素数目和阳性反应面积的变化及ＮＧＦ对其影响。结果显示：大鼠体表烫伤后３天，纹状体ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目明显增加，染色呈强阳性，阳性反应面积增加。海马的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数变化不明显，仅见阳性反应面积增加，ＮＧＦ可降低纹状体的ＮＯＳ阳性神经元数目、阳性反应面积，ＮＯＳ阳性神经元着色较淡；海马的ＮＯＳ阳性瓜面积减少，ＮＧＦ的作用与－Ｎ     

神经生长因子对严重烫伤大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

观察大鼠严重烫伤时海马神经元的病理变化,探讨ＮＧＦ对烫伤大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及其可能机制。ＳＤ大鼠侧脑室埋管,分成假烫组、烫伤组、烫伤＋ ＮＧＦ小剂量组、烫伤＋ ＮＧＦ大剂量组;大鼠在麻醉下造成３０％ ＴＢＳＡⅢ度烫伤,伤后３ ｄ,测定脑组织含水量,海马乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）和一氧化氮（ＮＯ）的含量;部分脑组织做病理切片,尼氏染色。烫伤后７２ ｈ,脑组织含水量增加,海马出现明显的病理变化,尼氏小体减少或消失,胞体肿胀;ＬＤＨ和ＮＯ的含量明显增加;给予ＮＧＦ后,能明显改善上述病理变化,并能降低脑组织含水量、海马ＬＤＨ 和ＮＯ的含量。烫伤可引起海马神经元损伤、海马组织ＮＯ含量升高;ＮＧＦ对烫伤后海马神经元的损伤有保护作用,并能降低ＮＯ含量。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制对戊四氮诱导大鼠点燃模型及该酶阳性神经元的影响

目的：探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在癫痫发病中的作用。方法：ｉｐ４０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１戊四氮３０ｍｉｎ前注射２５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１的Ｎ＾Ｇ－硝基－左旋－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ），连续２２ｄ，观察两组的行为改变及点燃率，同时对３组动物海马，大脑皮质一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的变化输入图像扫描仪，对其胞体平均灰度值进行比较。结果：Ｌ－ＮＮＡ可明显抑制戊四氮点燃模型；戊四氮点燃大鼠模型海马，大脑皮质神经元的ＮＯＳ活性显著增高。结论：ＮＯ参与了戊四氮点燃模型的形成。     

AVP_(4-8)增加海马组织内NGF mRNA和蛋白含量

本文采用了Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交和ＥＬＩＳＡ法，观察了神经肽ＡＶＰ４－８对大鼠海马组织中神经生长因子（ＮＧＦ）ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白水平的影响，结果显示：给大鼠皮下注射ＡＶＰ４－８１２ｈ后，海马组织中ＮＧＦｍＲＮＡ的水平明显高于生理盐水对照组。而给大鼠皮下注射精氨酸加压素（ＡＶＰ）和催产素（ＯＴ）对ＮＧＦｍＲＮＡ的水平均无显著影响。另外，用ＡＶＰ４－８孵育离体大鼠海马组织切片，能使ＮＧＦ蛋白表达量升高，且在４．５ｈ左右达到高峰。     

一氧化氮合酶抑制剂对戊四氮诱导大鼠点燃模型及该酶阳性神经元的影响

目的：探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在癫癎 发病中的作用．方法：ｉｐ ４０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１戊四氮 ３０ｍｉｎ前注射 ２５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１的 ＮＧ－硝基－左旋－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）,连续 ２２ｄ,观察两组的行为改变及点燃串,同时对 ３组动物海马,大脑皮质一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的变化输入图像扫描仪,对其胞体平均灰度值进行比较。结果：Ｌ－ＮＮＡ可明显抑制戊四氮点燃模型;戊四氮点燃大鼠模型海马,大脑皮质神经元的ＮＯＳ活性显著增高．结论：ＮＯ参与了戊四氮点燃模型的形成。     

一氧化氮与帕金森病大鼠模型神经损伤的研究

目的 研究一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在帕金森病（ＰＤ）大鼠模型神经损伤中的作用。方法 用高效液相色谱电化学法（ＨＰＬＣ－ＥＴ）及还原型辅酶Ⅱ（ＮＡＤＰＨ）黄递酶组化法观察ＮＯ在ＰＤ大鼠模型神经损伤中的作用。结果 神经型一氧化氮合成酶（ｎＮＯＳ）抑制剂７－硝基吲唑（７－ＮＩ）明显减少６－羟基多巴胺（６－ＯＨＤＡ）引起的纹状体多巴胺及其代谢产物的降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）；纹状体ＮＡＤＰＨ黄递酶阳性神经元可抵抗６－Ｏ     

青霉素对体外培养鼠脑γ－氨基丁酸能神经元及胶质细胞的影响

以免疫细胞化学方法观察了分离培养４天、１０天鼠大脑皮层、海马ＧＡＢＡ能神经元以及ＧＦＡＰ免疫反应阳性星形胶质细胞对大剂量致痫剂青霉素（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｉｎ，ＰＥＮ）的反应。结果大剂量ＰＥＮ（３００μ／ｍｌ培养液）可引起培养海马及皮层γ－氨基丁酸（γ－ａｍｉｎｏｂｕｔｙｒｉｃａｃｉｄ，ＧＡＢＡ）能神经元数目明显减少，星形胶质细胞显著增生，且尤以海马胶质细胞增生明显。提示：（１）脑内尤其海马区星形胶质细胞增生与癫痫发生、发展有一定的关系；（２）传统致痫剂ＰＥＮ可能是通过抑制ＧＡＢＡ能神经元功能、刺激星形胶质细胞增生，从而导致癫痫发作     

学习和记忆对大鼠背海马结构内C—FOS表达的影响

采用避暗回避反应实验和免疫组织化学相结合的方法，选用五个时间点对Ｃ－ＦＯＳ在大鼠背海马结构的表达进行了观察。结果表明，训练后１５ｍｉｎ，大鼠背海马各区ＦＯＳ样免疫阳性神经元数量开始增加，训练后１小时峰值，记忆唤醒也可诱导大鼠背海马各区Ｃ－ＦＯＳ的表达，提示学习和记忆过程与背海马内Ｃ－ＦＯＳ的表达密切相关。     

一氧化氮与蛛网膜下腔出血后缺血性脑损害关系和银杏叶制剂的保护作用

目的探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）与蛛网膜下腔出血（ＳＡＨ）后缺血性脑损害的关系和银杏叶制剂（ＧＢＥ）的保护作用。方法应用非开颅大鼠模型，对ＳＡＨ组和ＧＢＥ组测量基底动脉（ＢＡ）管径并观察２４ｈ内微区脑血流量（ＣＢＦ）和颅内血清ＮＯ水平动态改变，３ｄ后对海马ＣＡ１区行病理检查。结果ＳＡＨ后ＣＢＦ和血清ＮＯ降低，ＢＡ痉挛，海马ＣＡ１区神经元明显受损。ＧＢＥ使上述改变减轻。结论ＳＡＨ时血清ＮＯ减少是导致缺血性脑损害的重要因素，ＧＢＥ通过影响ＮＯ病理性改变而减轻缺血性脑损害     

青霉素对体外培养鼠脑γ—氨基丁酸能神经元及胶质细胞的影响

经免疫细胞化学方法观察了分离培养４天，、１０天鼠大脑皮层、海马ＧＡＢＡ能神经元以及ＧＦＡＰ免疫反应阳性星形胶质细胞对大剂量致痫剂青霉素的反应。结果大剂量ＰＥＮ可引起培养海马及皮层γ－氨基丁酸能神经元数目明显减少，星形胶质细胞显著增生，且尤以海马胶质细胞增生明显。提示：（１）脑内尤其海马区星形胶南细胞增生与癫痫发生，发展有一定的关系。（２）传统致痫剂ＰＥＮ可能是通过抑制ＧＡＢＡ能神经元功能、刺激星形     

脑室内注射乙酰胆碱受体抗体IgG对大鼠神经元凋亡及一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的研究乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AchRab)对大鼠脑内神经元的损害及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在损害中所起的作用，探讨重症肌无力(MG)中枢神经系统损害的机制。方法将AchRab IgG或健康人的IgG注入大鼠侧脑室。HE染色、TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡；免疫组化方法观察大鼠皮质、海马及杏仁核神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达变化。结果2周后实验组皮质、海马及杏仁核凋亡细胞明显增多，对照组仅见少量凋亡。实验组皮质、海马及杏仁核nNOS神经元数目明显减少。实验组及对照组脑内细胞均来见iNOS表达。结论AchRab脑内注射可诱导神经元凋亡；损伤皮质。海马及杏仁核nNOS神经元；但未能诱导脑内细胞iNOS表达。神经元凋亡损害参与了AchRab对中枢神经损害的机制；nNOS神经元的减少，可能与MG认知功能障碍有密切关系；而神经元的损伤可能与NO的毒性作用无关。     

Distribution of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in the substantia nigra of rats with liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: Nitrogen monoxide plays an important role in the physiological activity and pathological process of striatum in substantia nigra, and the nitric oxide synthase in substantia nigra may have characteristic changes after liver cirrhosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the distribution and forms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) positive neurons and fibers in substantia nigra of rats with liver cirrhosis. DESIGN: A comparative observational experiment. SETTINGS: Beijing Friendship Hospital; Capital Medical University. MATERIALS: Twenty 4-month-old male Wistar rats (120–150 g) of clean grade, were maintained in a 12-hour light/dark cycle at a constant temperature with free access to standard diet and water. Cryostat microtome (LEICA, Germany); All the reagents were purchased from Sigma Company. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Department of Anatomy (key laboratory of Beijing city), Capital Medical University from July 2000 to March 2002. The rats were randomly divided into normal group (n =10) and liver fibrosis group (n =10). Rats in the liver fibrosis group were subcutaneously injected with 60% CCl4 oil at a dose of 5 mL/kg for the first time, and 3 mL/kg for the next 14 times, twice a week, totally 15 times. Liver fibrosis of grades 5–6 was taken as successful models. Whereas rats in the normal group were not given any treatment. Four months after CCl4 treatment, all the rats were anesthetized to remove brain, and frontal frozen serial sections were prepared. The expressions of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in substantia nigra of rats were observed under inverted microscope. The number and gray scale of cell body of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in substantia nigra were detected with NADPH-diaphorase staining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① Number and gray scale of cell body of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in substantia nigra; ② Expressions of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in substantia nigra. RESULTS: All the 20 rats were involved in the analysis of results. ① The nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in substantia nigra were obviously fewer in the liver cirrhosis group than in the normal group (P < 0.01), and the gray scale of the positive cell body was higher in the liver cirrhosis group than in the normal group (P < 0.05). ② Abundant nitric oxide synthase positive neurons were observed in substantia nigra of normal rats, the cell body of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons was clear and transparent, with short own cloudy processes. In substantia nigra of rats with liver cirrhosis, the body of nitric oxide synthase positive neurons were observed shrink obviously, less fibrin than normal. CONCLUSION: Rats with liver cirrhosis may suffer from the physiological dysfunction of neurons due to lack of fibers. The nitric oxide synthase positive neurons in substantia nigra can shrink and reduce.     

帕金森病大鼠模型神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)阳性神经元的实验研究

目的 观察研究帕金森病(PD)大鼠模型纹状体神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)阳性神经元，探讨一氧化氮(NO)在PD发病机制中所起作用。方法 应用立体定向技术建立6-OHDA毁损的大鼠PD模型，通过多巴胺受体激动剂阿扑吗啡(APO)测试大鼠旋转行为，免疫组化方法观察黑质酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元和纹状体nNOS阳性神经元的变化。结果 大鼠6-OHDA损毁侧黑质TH阳性神经元数目较对侧明显减少，双侧纹状体nNOS阳性神经元数目无显著差异。结论 6-OHDA对TH阳性神经元有损伤作用，而NOS阳性神经元对其具有抵抗作用。NO可能参与了PD发病机制。     

大鼠脑片体外缺血状态纹状体中一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元的时相变化及意义

无糖无氧人工脑脊液模拟脑缺血状态，用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶反应观察大鼠离体脑片纹状体中一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元的时相变化及神经损伤。结果显示：在缺血损伤严重的纹状体，一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元缺血早期明显增多并深染，１ｈ后显著减少，提示纹状体的一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元本身存在有限的抗损伤能力。     

偏侧帕金森病猴模型黑质和纹状体一氧化氮合酶表达的变化

目的探讨偏侧帕金森病（PD）猴模型黑质和纹状体一氧化氮合酶（NOS）表达的变化。方法对3只恒河猴经单侧颈内动脉注射1-甲基4-苯基1，2，3，6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）制备成偏侧PD猴模型后，应用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸-黄递酶（NADPH．d）组化染色方法观察偏侧PD猴黑质和纹状体NOS阳性神经元表达的变化，并与正常猴比较。结果偏侧PD猴MPTP毁损侧的黑质和纹状体的NOS阳性神经元数目较毁损对侧和正常猴明显增加（均P〈0．01），毁损对侧的黑质和纹状体NOS阳性神经元数目与正常猴比较差异无统计学意义。结论偏侧PD猴黑质和纹状体NOS阳性神经元增多，由此引起一氧化氮（NO）合成和释放增多，可能对黑质和纹状体神经元的变性和死亡起重要作用。     

Either nitric oxide or nerve growth factor is required for dorsal root ganglion neurons to survive during embryonic and neonatal development

During early embryonic (E12) development almost all dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). At this stage, the axons of these neurons are rudimentary and have not made contact with peripheral tissue targets. As their axons establish contact with peripheral targets such as the skin, the number of neurons expressing nNOS decrease that correspond to increased immunoreactivity for nerve growth factor (NGF) in the skin, and its high affinity receptor, tyrosine kinase A (trkA) in both skin and DRG neurons. During late postnatal development, very few DRG neurons express nNOS; however, axotomy or NGF deprivation of cultured DRG neurons induce nNOS and NOS blockade causes neuronal death. In contrast, NGF-deprived embryonic and neonatal DRG neurons die by apoptosis, while NOS blockade has no effect. Overall, these observations suggest that NGF and nitric oxide (NO) interact during embryonic and postnatal development to facilitate neuronal selection and survival. The roles of NO, NGF and its receptor trkA in DRG neurons during different stages of development are discussed.     

The organization of the descending ventral pallidal projections in the monkey

We studied the distribution and light- and electron-microscopic morphology of neurons in the hippocampal formation containing nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and thus likely to release nitric oxide, a freely diffusible neuromediator implicated in long-term potentiation. Only a small fraction of hippocampal neurons contained NOS or its marker, NADPH diaphorase. Most of the positive neurons were in the pyramidal layer of the subiculum, stratum radiatum of Ammon's horn, and subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. Positive neurons were also conspicuous in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the pyramidal layer of CA3, sparse in the pyramidal layer of CA2 and CA1, and almost absent from presubiculum and parasubiculum. Numerous positive fibers were seen, especially in stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare of Ammon's horn. Double staining experiments demonstrated that nearly all NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons in the hippocampus also contained γ-aminobutyric acid. On the basis of their morphology, distribution, and inhibitory neurotransmitter content, most NOS-positive cells in the hippocampus are probably local circuit neurons. These data suggest that nitric oxide in CA1 may function as a paracrine agent, rather than a spatially precise messenger, in long-term potentiation. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Specific pattern of nitric oxide synthase expression in glial cells after hippocampal injury

In the central nervous system (CNS), nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be involved in a variety of functions including synaptic plasticity, long term potentiation, and neurotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the mouse CNS, following surgical injury to the hippocampus. NOS expression was assessed by histochemical detection of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-diaphorase) activity and immunohistochemistry of the inducible NOS (iNOS). Two days after injury to the CA1 hippocampal field, NADPH-diaphorase activity was detected in pyramidal and granular neurons and also in glial cells in the hippocampus, in contrast to the non-injured one where NADPH-diaphorase staining was observed only in a few interneurons. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry combined with immunolabelling for GFAP and F4/80 demonstrated that these glial cells were astrocytes and microglia. This pattern of NOS expression is induced specifically after a hippocampal injury since lesion to the prefrontal or cerebellar cortex leads to NOS activity only in monocytes/macrophages like cells. Despite the large expression of NOS detected by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry after lesioning the hippocampus, immunostaining for iNOS was confined to microglia. The fact that induction of high levels of NOS activity are detected in glial cells after a lesion to the hippocampus could be accounted for by the sensitivity of this structure to a high release of glutamate. GLIA 22:329–337, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

自发性高血压大鼠脑缺血后脑区一氧化氮的变化

目的：研究自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）脑缺血后大脑皮质、海马、纹状体和小脑组织中一氧化氮（NO）的变化。采用放射免疫法和荧光分光光度法检测脑组织中一氧化氮合酶（NOS）和亚硝酸盐（NO2）的含量。结果显示SHR脑缺血10min,各脑区NOS和NO2,的含量均明显高于假手术组（P<0．01或P＜005）。说明了SHR脑缺血早期脑组织NO的生成增加．提示用特异的NO生成抑制剂类药物,可能有助于脑缺血的治疗。     

电刺激三叉神经节对蝶腭神经节内一氧化碳合酶和血管活性肠肽阳性神经元的影响

目的：观察实验性偏头痛大鼠副交感神经蝶腭神经节内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）和血管活性肠肽（VIP）阳性神经元的变化。方法：12只雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组（均n=6）。实验组为电刺激三叉神经节建立的偏头痛大鼠模型。对照组仅作手术而不刺激三叉神经节。用组织化学的方法观察蝶腭神经节内NOS阳性神经元的变化,用免疫荧光法观察蝶腭神经节内V1P阳性神经元的变化。结果：实验组和对照组大鼠的蝶腭神经节内均有NOS和VIP阳性神经元,但实验组NOS和VIP阳性神经元均较对照组显著增加（P〈0．01）。结论：电刺激三叉神经节可以通过三叉-副交感神经反射系统,显著升高蝶腭神经节中NOS和VIP神经元的数目。偏头痛发病过程中脑膜及颅内大血管的剧烈扩张很可能与蝶腭神经节中NOS和VIP神经元增加有关。