高渗盐水对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肾组织Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的影响

目的 探讨高渗盐水对缺血再灌注损伤肾组织Na+-K+-ATP酶活性的影响.方法 56只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(S组)、缺血再灌注组(IR组)和高渗盐水处理组(H组).肾缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立:左侧肾蒂夹闭45 min后松开,分别于再灌注4 h、6 h、12 h,测定左肾系数、血清肌酐(Cr)、左肾组织Na+-K+-ATP酶(Na+-K+-ATPase)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果 H组左肾系数、血清肌酐和丙二醛明显低于IR组,而左肾组织Na+-K+-ATP酶活性明显高于IR组.结论 高渗盐水预处理对实验SD大鼠缺血再灌注肾损伤有保护作用.     

丙泊酚预处理减轻肝脏缺血再灌注后急性肾损伤

目的观察肝脏缺血再灌注后急性肾损伤的发病机制及丙泊酚的保护作用。方法成年封闭群SD雄性大鼠40只,随机分为:假手术(Sham)组;缺血再灌注2 h(IR2)组;缺血再灌注6 h(IR6)组;丙泊酚2 h(P2)组;丙泊酚6h(P6)组。P组自缺血前30 min静脉输注丙泊酚1 mg/(kg.min),Sham组及IR组按0.1 ml/(kg.min)速率输注乳酸钠林格氏液,时间30 min。在相应的时间点处死动物,测定尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性。结果 IR组及P组大鼠缺血再灌注后BUN、Cr、TNF-α的水平较sham组明显升高,但P组再灌注2 h、6 h时均明显低于IR组。Sham组SOD水平与P组相比无明显差异。IR各组SOD值均显著降低,P组SOD值与IR组相比明显升高。在大鼠肝脏缺血/再灌注后,IR组MDA值较P组及Sham组均显著升高,P组MDA轻度升高,与Sham组相比无明显差异。IR组大鼠的Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性明显低于Sham组及P组。结论丙泊酚通过抑制炎症因子的分泌,减轻氧化应激损伤等机制,对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后肾脏的继发性损伤有明显的保护作用。     

神经肽Y在急性肾缺血再灌注损伤中的变化

目的探讨血浆神经肽Y（NPY）在急性肾缺血再灌注损伤时的变化规律。方法SD大鼠32只,随机分为对照组和缺血再灌注组,每组16只。建立大鼠急性肾缺血再灌注损伤模型,缺血再灌注后3h分别检测血浆NPY,血清尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）及观察肾组织的病理学变化。结果与对照组比较,缺血再灌注组血浆NPY,血清BUN、Cr、MDA水平显著升高（P〈0.05）,SOD水平显著降低（P〈0.05）;与对照组比较,缺血再灌注组肾组织病理损伤程度明显加重。结论大鼠急性肾缺血再灌注损伤血浆NPY水平与肾脏受损程度呈正相关,NPY可作为在急性肾缺血再灌注损伤中估计肾脏受损程度的主要检测指标之一。     

阻断p38MAPK信号通路对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

【目的】探讨阻断p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）信号通路对大鼠急性肾缺血再灌注损伤（IRI）的影响。【方法】sD大鼠24只,随机分为3组,每组8只。对照组（S组）：仅结扎右侧肾蒂,左肾蒂游离;缺血再灌注组（IR组）：结扎右侧肾蒂,夹闭左侧肾蒂60min后,开放灌注24h;p38MAPK抑制剂组（SB组）：静脉注射p38MAPK特异抑制剂SB203580（10mg／kg）,余同IR组。检测三组血清尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Cr）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白介素（IL）-I水平和p38MAPK蛋白表达、组织病理评分并比较。【结果】与S组比较,IR组血BUN、Cr、TNF—α、IL-1水平、p38MAPK蛋白表达量及组织病理评分均显著增加（P〈0．05）;上述指标SB组较IR组显著下降（P〈0．05）。【结论】SB203580能阻断p38MAPK信号通路,减少p38MAPK表达,抑制炎症细胞因子的释放,减轻肾缺血再灌注损伤。     

围生期窒息新生儿生化指标检测分析

目的 探讨新生儿窒息后血液生化指标的变化及临床意义.方法 将68例窒息新生儿分为重度窒息组和轻度窒息组,于生后24 h采股静脉血检测TBIL、BUN、Cr、Glu、Ca2+、LDH、CK、CO2 -CP、Na+、Cl-,与30例无窒息的正常新生儿进行比较.结果 新生儿窒息后TBIL、Glu、Ca2+、CO2 -CP、Na+、Cl-水平显著下降,且与窒息程度呈正比;BUN、Cr、LDH、CK呈上升趋势.结论 新生儿窒息后血清胆红素、心肌酶谱、电解质及Glu、Ca2+、CO2-CP发生明显变化,可作为各脏器功能受损的早期指标,较全面的生化指标检测有利于指导治疗及预后判断.     

异丙酚对肝缺血-再灌大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的研究肝缺血/再灌注(I/R)后对远隔器官肾脏的损伤作用,探讨异丙酚的抗肾脏损伤作用。方法SD大鼠72只,随机分为3组:正常对照组、I/R组、异丙酚保护组。肝缺血60 min再灌注2 h、4 h后,检测血清尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)及肾组织病理学变化。结果与基础值比较,I/R组血中BUN、Cr水平显著增加,4 h组高于2 h组(P<0. 05),而异丙酚组则低于I/R组。结论异丙酚能减少肝I/R对肾脏的损伤作用。     

p38MAPK和JNK在大鼠肾缺血-再灌注损伤模型中的表达及意义

目的 观察p38MAPK、JNK在肾缺血-再灌注损伤大鼠肾组织中的表达和活化,从而探讨p38MAPK、JNK信号转导通路与肾缺血-再灌注损伤的关系.方法 用缺血1 h再灌注1 h 制备缺血-再灌注模型,20只健康雄性SD大鼠[体质量(200±20)g]随机分为假手术组(n=10)、缺血-再灌注损伤组(n=10).检测肾组织丙二醛(MDA)浓度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)浓度.观察肾组织光镜、电镜下的形态学变化,用RT-PCR技术检测两组肾组织p38MAPK、JNK mRNA的表达情况,Western印迹法观察p38MAPK、JNK的活化情况.结果 缺血-再灌注损伤后,大鼠肾功能和肾小管上皮细胞明显受损,BUN、Cr、MDA浓度均高于假手术组(P<0.01),SOD活性低于假手术组(P<0.01),p38MAPK、JNK磷酸化蛋白在假手术组呈少量散在表达或不表达,缺血-再灌注损伤后磷酸化p38MAPK、JNK呈阳性表达(P<0.01).p38MAPK、JNK mRNA在缺血-再灌注损伤组的表达较假手术组显著增高(P<0.01).结论 肾缺血-再灌注可增加p38MAPK、JNK的磷酸化水平及p38MAPK、JNK mRNA的转录水平,p38MAPK、JNK可能在肾缺血-再灌注损伤中起到至关重要的作用.     

七氟醚预处理大鼠肾缺血-再灌注损伤中HSP70的表达及保护机制

目的 观察七氟醚预处理大鼠肾缺血-再灌注损伤模型中HSP70的表达变化,探讨其保护作用机制.方法 72只SD雄性大鼠随机分为对照组(C组)、缺血-再灌注组(I/R组)、七氟醚预处理组(S组),每组各三个时相(4、12、24 h).所有大鼠于实验结束时测定肾组织过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)水平及血清肌酐(Cr)、尿素氮(BUN)水平.观察肾组织病理变化,免疫组化法检测大鼠肾组织热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)的表达情况.结果.与C组比较,I/R组和S组HSP70表达均显著增加(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,S组HSP70表达在12 h达到高峰,并且显著高于I/R组;C组NF-κB几乎不表达,I/R组NF-κB表达显著增加(P<0.05),并且随再灌注时间的延长而增加;S组再灌注4、12、24 h NF-κB表达显著低于I/R组(P<0.05).与C组比较,I/R组和S组MDA显著升高而SOD显著降低(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,S组SOD显著升高而MDA显著降低(P<0.05);与C组比较,随再灌注时间的延长,I/R组和S组BUN、Cr均显著升高;与I/R组比较,S组12、24 h BUN、Cr均显著低于I/R组;S组肾损伤的病理变化较I/R组显著减轻.结论.七氟醚预处理能诱导肾缺血-再灌注大鼠模型HSP70的表达增强和提早表达,减弱NF-κB活化,增加肾缺血-再灌注后氧自由基的清除能力,实现对肾缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用.     

急性缺血再灌注肾损伤过程中Mg2+及K+协同胰岛素的对抗效应

目的:在肾移植术后可能发生急性缺血再灌注性肾损伤.作者前期实验表明在肾缺血再灌注期间注射胰岛素可减轻缺血再灌注肾损伤,在此基础上,在胰岛素溶液中加入天冬氨酸钾镁,观察Mg2 ,K 协同胰岛素对家兔急性肾缺血再灌注损伤的影响,并分析其可能机制.方法:实验于2002-02/04在泸州医学院生理实验室完成,动物实验方法符合动物伦理学要求.①实验材料及方法:选用健康成年日本大耳白兔27只,按随机数字表法分为3组(n=9),即缺血再灌注组、缺血再灌注胰岛素处理组及对照组,前两组采用钳夹肾动脉法建立急性肾缺血再灌注肾损伤模型,缺血再灌注胰岛素处理组再灌注的同时给予胰岛素溶液,含胰岛素3 U/kg,葡萄糖1.5 g/kg,K 4 mg/kg,Mg2 1.7 mg/kg.②实验评估:分别观察3组动物缺血再灌注2 h,48 h后,血清尿素氮、血糖、血清及肾组织中丙二醛含量以及肾组织超微结构变化.结果:23只动物进入结果分析.①肾缺血再灌注48 h后,缺血再灌注组血清尿素氮含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),缺血再灌注胰岛素处理组与对照组差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).②缺血再灌注组血清及肾组织中丙二醛含量显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),缺血再灌注胰岛素处理组丙二醛含量显著低于缺血再灌注组(P＜0.05).③缺血再灌注2 h后,3组动物血糖均较术前增高,但以缺血再灌注组增高更为显著,与对照组比较差异具有显著性意义(P＜0.05),缺血再灌注胰岛素处理组与对照组差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).④对照组肾组织超微结构正常,缺血再灌注组肾组织呈变性和坏死改变,缺血再灌注胰岛素处理组肾组织轻度变性.结论:Mg2 ,K 可协同胰岛素减轻家兔急性缺血再灌注性肾损伤,其作用途径可能和降低血糖、抗自由基损伤、改善能量代谢、减轻钙超载、防止低血钾等因素有关.     

miRNA－92a在缺血再灌注肾损伤中的表达变化

目的 观察miRNA-92a在缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤4h、24h后小鼠肾组织的表达变化,探讨肾脏缺血损伤后血管生成的可能机制.方法 采用双侧夹闭小鼠肾蒂的方法 制备急性缺血再灌注肾损伤模型,术后灌注24h后收集血清和肾脏标本,分别检测肾功能及观察肾组织病理学改变.实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(real-time RT-PCR)的方法 检测小鼠I/R损伤4h和24h组中miRNA-92a的表达水平.结果 (1)采用血清肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(UN)评估肾功能,肾脏I/R 24h组与假手术组(sham)比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);HE染色观察肾组织病理改变明显,肾缺血再灌注模型成功.(2)而I/R4h和24h后,miRNA-92a的表达上调,其上调倍数分别为3.23±0.74,1.53±0.33 (P<0.05).结论 小鼠I/R损伤中miRNA-92a表达显著上调,miRNA-92a可能参与缺血再灌注肾组织损伤的血管再生的调控过程.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."