猪肺动脉干的形态学和生物力学特性

目的：探讨猪肺动脉干几何形态、显微结构成分与力学特性在增龄过程中的变化规律,为猪→人异种心脏移植吻合血管提供必要的资料。方法：应用组织学、计算机图像分析法以及生物软组织力学试验机,对猪肺动脉干进行计量形态学和力学试验。结果：猪肺动脉干的平均管径、壁厚、管腔面积、管壁面积与月龄间呈直线正相关关系,分别以1．08mm／月、0．09mm／月、14．4mm^2／月和7．31mm^2／月的速率增加。管壁中胶原纤维、弹性纤维、平滑肌的含量在增龄过程中未见明显变化。猪肺动脉干一维载荷下的材料常数和弹性模量随增龄虽有增加,但无统计学上的差异。结论：1～7月龄肺动脉干几何形态与月龄密切相关;显微结构成分含量和力学特性随月龄的变化不大。     

人升主动脉-主动脉弓的几何形态与显微结构

目的 为主动脉弓生物力学和血流动力学研究提供开矿学基础。方法应用组织学和计算机图像分析方法,对５例正常成人升主动脉－主动脉弓进行计量形态学研究。结果 获得了人升主动脉－主动脉弓几何形态和显微结构成分含量沿轴向和周向连续变化的完整数据。升主动脉根部结构成分以胶原纤维为主,左、右、后瓣环、窦壁的厚度和结构成分含量在血管财向无显著差异。结论 人主动脉弓几何形态与结构存在纤维和平滑肌显著,与其力学性质相符     

人和猪升主动脉、肺动脉干的形态学和生物力学特性的比较研究概况

动脉是一个弹性体 ,动脉的力学特性与形态、结构和功能密切相关。本文针对猪在异种心脏移植研究中的应用 ,分别综述了人和猪的升主动脉和肺动脉干的几何性状、显微结构成份和生物力学特性及其比较研究的根况。提出对人和猪主动脉、肺动脉的形态学和生物力学特性进行深入、详实的比较研究对指导心脏异种移植的基础研究和未来的临床实践也是至关重要和不可缺少的     

糖尿病大鼠主动脉的重建

目的　探讨糖尿病大动脉形态结构重建和功能重建的特征以及两者的内在联系。　方法　应用形态学、生物力学和计算机图像分析等方法 ,观察了糖尿病大鼠主动脉的几何形态、显微结构成分含量和在体顺应性。　结果　 (1)糖尿病大鼠主动脉的结构重建以血管肥厚为特征 ,平滑肌细胞的生长出现最早 ,继而出现胶原纤维面积进行性增大和弹性纤维面积减小 ;(2 )糖尿病时主动脉的顺应性大小改变出现较早 ,随着病程呈进行性下降 ;(3)糖尿病大鼠主动脉的顺应性与血管壁的 C/ E值显著相关。　结论　糖尿病时长期的高血糖环境 ,引起主动脉壁胶原纤维堆积和 C/ E值增大 ,导致了血管生物力学特性的改变 ,而顺应性可作为监测糖尿病血管功能的一项敏感指标。     

粮尿病大鼠主动脉的重建

目的 探讨糖尿病大动脉开矿结构重建和功能重建的特征以及两者的内在联系。方法 应用形态学、生物力学和计算机图像分析等方法，观察了糖尿病产主动脉的几何形态、显微结构成分含量和在体顺应性。结果 ⑴糖尿病大鼠主动脉的结构重建以血管肥厚为特征，平滑细胞的生长出现最早，继而出现胶原纤维面积进行性增大和弹性纤维面积减小；⑵尿病时主动脉的顺应性大小发迹出现较早，随着病程呈进行性下降；⑶糖尿在鼠主动脉的顺应性与血管     

实验性低血压大鼠腹主动脉的形态结构重建

目的研究低血压状态下腹主动脉重建的规律,探讨腹主动脉的应力生长关系。方法在大鼠在肾动脉起点以下缩窄腹主动脉,建立实验性低血压大民模型,按不同的时相点,在血管组织切片上,观察腹主动脉的几何形态指标及其显微结构成份的变化。结果低血压导致腹主动脉几何形态、平滑肌、胶原纤维及弹性纤维呈“负增长”状态。结论腹主动脉壁面积减小出现早,趋势最稳定,且在各个时相点之间“负增长”率及总“负增长”幅度最大,是低血压大鼠动脉重建的特征性几何形态学指标。在血管三种显微结构成分中,平滑肌对应力的反应最敏感,总“负增长”幅度最大,是影响腹主动脉重建的主要因素。     

自发性高血压大鼠胸主动脉的结构重建及力学特性

选取自发性高血压大鼠ＳＨＲ在高血压形成前后的不同时相点,采用组织形态学方法结合计算机图像分析,对ＳＨＲ大鼠胸主动脉几何形态及纤维结构进行了形态定量学研究,测定了ＳＨＲ胸主动脉零应力状态张开角的变化及压力－直径关系。结果表明,随着血压增高,ＳＨＲ主动脉几何形态及各种显微结构指标均显著增大;高血压形成和发展阶段,ＳＨＲ主动脉零应力状态张开角增大;高血压主动脉结构重建例如管壁增厚,胶原纤维不成比例地增加     

自发性高血压大鼠胸主动脉的

选取自发性高血压大鼠SHR在高血压形成前后的不同时相点,采用组织形态学方法结合计算机图像分析,对SHR大鼠胸主动脉几何形态及纤维结构进行了形态定量学研究,测定了SHR胸主动脉零应力状态张开角的变化及压力-直径关系。结果表明,随着血压增高,SHR主动脉几何形态及各种显微结构指标均显著增大;高血压形成和发展阶段,SHR主动脉零应力状态张开角增大;高血压主动脉结构重建例如管壁增厚,胶原纤维不成比例地增加可能导致主动脉可扩张性降低;主动脉的结构重建和力学特性的改变构成了高血压心血管并发症的重要基础。     

自发性高血压大鼠主动脉结构重建

本文采用组织形态学方法和计算机图象分析,研究了４－５５周自发性高血压大鼠胸主动脉几何形态及显微结构成分的重建。结果显示：随着血压增高和年龄增长,ＳＨＲ主主显微结构成分的重均比ＷＫＹ大鼠显著,说明压力因素对血管重建起重要作用。ＳＨＲ主 动脉肥厚为研。高血压早期以血管平滑肌细胞肥大和ＶＳＭＣ面积增加为主,高血压老龄期则以胶原纤维积聚为特征。ＶＳＭＣ及细胞外基质的变化构成了ＳＨＲ主动脉重建的重要过程。     

人与猪胆总管几何形态和顺应性的比较

目的 探讨人与猪胆总管几何形态及顺应性的关系,为猪到人异种肝移植提供理论依据. 方法 取5例成年人尸体和50例3～12月龄湖北白猪的胆总管,在软组织生物力学实验机上测定胆总管的压力-直径关系.计算出顺应性.横断取材,冷冻切片,HE染色,用计算机图像分析系统测量其管径和管壁厚度. 结果 3～6月龄猪胆总管的管壁比成人的薄,其直径比成人的小(P<0.01),7～10月龄猪胆总管的壁厚和直径与成人的相近(P>0.05).3～6月龄及11、12月龄猪胆总管的顺应性明显小于成人(P<0.01),7～10月龄猪胆总管的顺应性与成人的相近(P>0.05). 结论 7～10月龄猪胆总管的几何形态和顺应性与成人的相近,从生物力学方面考虑,7～10月龄的猪肝作为人异种移植肝供源是可能的.     

The Flow Field along the Entire Length of Mouse Aorta and Primary Branches

There is a spatial disposition to atherosclerosis along the aorta corresponding to regions of flow disturbances. The objective of the present study is to investigate the detailed distribution of hemodynamic parameters (wall shear stress (WSS), spatial gradient of wall shear stress (WSSG), and oscillatory shear index (OSI)) in the entire length of C57BL/6 mouse aorta with all primary branches (from ascending aorta to common iliac bifurcation). The detailed geometrical parameters (e.g., diameter and length of the vessels) were obtained from casts of entire aorta and primary branches of mice. The flow velocity was measured at the inlet of ascending aorta using Doppler flowprobe in mice. The outlet pressure boundary condition was estimated based on scaling law. The continuity and Navier–Stokes equations were solved using three-dimensional finite element method (FEM). The model prediction was tested by comparing the computed flow rate with the flow rate measured just before the common iliac bifurcation, and good agreement was found. It was also found that complex flow patterns occur at bifurcations between main trunk and branches. The major branches of terminal aorta, with the highest proportion of atherosclerosis, have the lowest WSS, and the relatively atherosclerotic-prone aortic arch has much more complex WSS distribution and higher OSI value than other sites. The low WSS coincides with the high OSI, which approximately obeys a power law relationship. Furthermore, the scaling law between flow and diameter holds in the entire aorta and primary branches of mice under pulsatile blood flow conditions. This model will eventually serve to elucidate the causal relation between hemodynamic patterns and atherogenesis in KO mice.     

Post-Vagotomy Mechanical Characteristics and Structure of the Thoracic Aortic Wall

This study assessed the long-term effect of vagotomy on the structure and passive mechanical characteristics of the thoracic aorta under a wide range of stresses in vitro. Eight healthy Landrace pigs underwent bilateral vagotomy distal to the origin of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and 10 pigs were sham-operated. Three months post-surgery, the aorta was excised and specimens from the ascending aorta, arch, and descending thoracic aorta were subjected to histomorphometrical evaluation and uniaxial tensile-testing until failure. Elastic modulus-stress data were plotted and submitted to regression analysis. Structural remodeling after vagotomy was characterized as vascular growth in the ascending aorta and arch, and as thinning in the descending thoracic aorta. In the aortic segments of vagotomized animals, the area density of elastin and collagen was increased, but smooth muscle density was decreased. Similar differences in regression parameters and failure strength between groups were found in all aortic segments, indicating that the vessel wall was stiffer and stronger in vagotomized animals. In the clinical setting, disease states or drugs blocking the regulatory role of the vagi nerves on the aortic wall may have undesirable consequences on the mechanical performance of the thoracic aorta, and therefore on hemodynamic homeostasis.     

Morphological Changes in the Mandible of Male Mice Associated With Aging and Biomechanical Stimulus

Degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) associated with aging can affect mandibular shape and reduce growth potential when stimulated by functional appliance therapy. This study was designed to evaluate the morphological changes in the mandibles of male mice associated with aging and biomechanical stimulus. Every 3 days over the course of 1 month, the lower incisors were trimmed by 1 mm to induce mandibular advancement (MA) when the animal was feeding. The left mandibles of the 23 experimental and 27 control animals were subsequently dissected, and digital images were obtained to analyze nine linear/angular measurements. Because mandibular morphology depends on the maintenance of condylar cartilage, the surfaces of the condylar cartilage and the ascending ramus of the mandible were also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The linear measurements of the mandible showed changes according to age in the control group and a growth response in the mandibular condyle in 7‐ and 15‐month‐old mice after MA. Moreover, SEM analysis revealed depressions in the anterior region of the condylar cartilage and inclined vascular grooves in the ascending ramus in the 7‐ and 15‐month‐old experimental mice. Although the growth potential is reduced in mice after 6 months of age, the results showed that continuous growth of the mandible occurs after maturation, except in the condyle, and that biomechanical stimulus of the TMJ of male mice leads to condylar growth. These results suggest that mature and old individuals can favorably respond to maxillary functional orthopedic therapy. Anat Rec, 292:431–438, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

正常皮肤中单核巨噬细胞和树枝状细胞的分布规律

目的：观察正常真皮内的单核-巨噬细胞和树枝状细胞的分布、排列规律，探讨单核-巨噬细胞在皮肤免疫防御中的作用。方法：正常皮肤8例，取面部、躯干、四肢近端、四肢远端、手掌和足跖6个部位皮肤，进行纵行与水平切片。CD1a和CD68单克隆抗体染色，观察朗格汉斯细胞（LC）和单核．巨噬细胞的分布形态和密度。结果：真皮浅层CD68阳性细胞呈网状分布，其密度为361-562个／mm^2。真皮内血管周围及附属器周围亦见CD68阳性细胞。真皮深层CD68阳性细胞多为树枝状，散在分布于粗大的胶原纤维之间。不同解剖部位真皮浅层CD68阳性细胞密度分别为：四肢远端562个／mm^2，腹部517个／mm^2，面部509个／mm^2，手掌507个／mm^2，四肢近端472个／mm^2，足跖361个／mm^2。真皮浅层CD68阳性细胞在手掌和足跖部位高于相应部位的表皮内CD1a和CD68细胞。结论：在真皮浅层形成数层单核．巨噬细胞网，此网在接近真表皮交界处较致密。真皮内单核-巨噬细胞的这种分布形式说明这些细胞在真皮内有明确的方向性，其防御的方向是穿透表皮进入真皮的入侵物。     

Systolic stretching of the ascending aorta

IntroductionLongitudinal stretching of the aorta due to systolic heart motion contributes to the stress in the wall of the ascending aorta. The objective of this study was to assess longitudinal systolic stretching of the aorta and its correlation with the diameters of the ascending aorta and the aortic root.Material and methodsAortographies of 122 patients were analyzed. The longitudinal systolic stretching of the aorta caused by the contraction of the heart during systole and the maximum dimensions of the aortic root and ascending aorta were measured in all patients.ResultsThe maximum dimension of the aortic root was on average 34.9 ±4.5 mm and the mean diameter of the ascending aorta was 33.9 ±5.4 mm. The systolic aortic stretching negatively correlated with age (r = –0.49, p < 0.001) and the diameter of the tubular ascending aorta (r = –0.44, p < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the stretching and the dimension of the aortic root (r = –0.11, p = 0.239). There was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference in the longitudinal aortic stretching values between patients with a normal aortic valve (10.6 ±3.1 mm) and an aortic valve pathology (8.0 ±3.2 mm in all patients with an aortic valve pathology; 7.5 ±4.3 mm in isolated aortic stenosis, 8.5 ±2.9 mm in the case of isolated insufficiency, 8.2 ±2.8 mm for valves that were both stenotic and insufficient).ConclusionsSystolic aortic stretching negatively correlates with the diameter of the tubular ascending aorta and the age of the patients, and does not correlate with the diameter of the aortic root. It is lower in patients with an aortic valve pathology.     

介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的应用解剖

目的 介入治疗股骨头缺血性坏死提供解剖学基础.方法 选用经乳胶灌注防腐成人下肢标本20侧及新鲜成人下肢标本2侧,观察股深动脉的起点方位及分支类型,测量股深动脉及各分支长度和外径以及各分支起始部的角度.结果 股深动脉主要从股动脉后方(36.4％)和后外侧方(36.4％)发出,旋股内侧动脉从股深动脉发出(72.7％),从股动脉发出(27.3％).各主要血管的长度为:股深动脉(19.22±10.19) mm,其根部距腹股沟韧带的距离为(38±11.78)mm;旋股内侧动脉(12.56±6.17) mm;旋股外侧动脉(13.93±11.04) mm.各主要血管的外径为:股深动脉(5.20±1.57)mm,旋股内侧动脉(3.64±0.99) mm,其升支(2.66±0.99)mm;旋股外侧动脉(4.48±1.19) mm,其升支(2.12±0.59) mm.旋股内侧动脉升支以与主干成接近90°的夹角;旋股外侧动脉与其升支间约呈115.82°夹角.结论 熟悉股动脉应用解剖,有利于完善这种治疗方法.     

Feasibility study of a direct endo-aortic clamp balloon

We have developed a new end-aortic clamp balloon catheter intended to be inserted directly into, thereby occluding, the ascending aorta. We examined the performance of this catheter in a canine model. We evaluated the extent of migration tolerance of the catheter under cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion in 12 mongrel dogs, weighing 20 kg, under general anesthesia. After institution of cardiopulmonary bypass, this catheter was inserted into the ascending aorta, and the balloon was inflated to occlude the ascending aorta. After the canine heart was arrested following the administration of cardioplegic solution, balloon migration was examined over a period of 3 hours, with hourly increases in perfusion pressure from 50 mm Hg to 80 mm Hg and finally to 100 mm Hg. After the migration test, ascending aortic wall sections, where the balloon was inflated, were examined microscopically. At internal balloon pressure of 300 to 400 mm Hg, migration occurred at perfusion pressure of > or =90 to 100 mm Hg. No histological differences were observed with use of the balloon catheter, compared with an extra-aortic clamp forceps. Based on these results, this device is safe, feasible, and can adequately occlude the ascending aorta during cardiopulmonary bypass. We conclude that this device is effective in patients weighing 20 kg.     

Ectopic "high" origin of both coronary arteries from the left aortic wall: anatomic and postmortem angiographic findings

Anatomic and postmortem angiographic findings of a previously unreported case of ectopic origins and unusual courses of the right coronary (RC) artery and the left coronary (LC) artery were demonstrated. This specimen was unique among 450 angiographies and 60 corrosion castings of the human hearts examined in this study. The ostium of the RC artery was pocket-like, located in the left aortic wall at roughly 180 degrees to the long axis of the ascending aorta and 19 mm above the rim of the sinotubular junction (SJ). Initially, the RC runs to the right and downward, passing high in the cleft between the aorta and the pulmonary trunk, thereby avoiding a possible compression from them. The ostium of the LC faced upward and originated from the left aortic wall 7 mm above the SJ. The LC ran to the left and downwards for 16 mm until its division. Histologically, the first 11 mm of the RC were elastic. This observation, together with its high course between the great vessels, combined to make this case benign. The best x-ray projections to show the characteristic findings of the present case were anteroposterior and lateral, which were of practical importance for the correct determination and interpretation of this case. The cardiac surgeon should be aware that high cannulation will be required to locate the RC to avoid accidentally cross-clamping or transecting the vessel during surgery where this anomaly may be encountered.