人与猪胆总管的弹性模量及其在异种肝移植中的意义

目的：探讨人与猪胆总管弹性模量的关系，为猪到人异种肝移植提供理论依据。方法：获得5例成年人尸体和50例3～12月龄湖北白猪的胆总管，在软组织生物力学试验机上测定胆总管的压力-直径关系，计算出增量弹性模量（Einc）、压力．应变弹性模量（邱）和容积弹性模量（西）。横断取材，冰冻切片，HE法染色，用计算机图像分析系统测量其管径和壁厚。结果：人与各月龄组猪胆总管的Einc（F=502．08，P=0．00）、Ep（F=137．42，P=0．00）和Ev（F=134．59，P=0．00）差异有统计学意义；7～10月龄猪胆总管的弹性模量与成人的相近（P〉0．05），而3～6月龄及11、12月龄猪的弹性模量比成人的大（P〈0．01）。结论：7～10月龄猪胆总管的生物力学特性与成人的比较接近，故在猪到人异种肝移植时，选用7～10月龄猪的肝脏作为供体材料，也许能提高移植肝的存活率。     

人与猪肝门静脉生物力学特性的比较研究

目的：比较研究人与猪肝门静脉生物力学特性的异同，为猪→人异种肝移植提供理论依据。方法：取人与不同月龄猪肝门静脉，利用软组织生物力学试验机测量压力一直径关系数据，推导出其弹性模量和顺应性。结果：猪肝门静脉的弹性模量随月龄的增大和血管内压力的升高而增大；顺应性则随月龄的增大而下降。与人肝门静脉相比，6月龄猪肝门静脉的弹性模量和顺应性与人相近。结论：6月龄猪肝门静脉的力学特性与成人相近，在行猪→人异种肝移植时，人与6月龄猪肝门静脉的吻合是可行的。     

猪升主动脉几何形态与显微结构的增龄性变化

目的:探讨猪升主动脉几何形态与显微结构成分在增龄过程中的变化规律,为猪→人异种心脏移植吻合血管提供必要的形态学基础。方法:应用组织学和计算机图像分析方法,对42例1～7月龄猪升主动脉进行计量形态学研究。结果:猪升主动脉的管径、壁厚、管腔面积、管壁面积与月龄间呈高度直线正相关关系(r分别为0.98、0.98、0.99、0.99,各P值均<0.001),它们分别以1.54mm月、0.15mm/月、28.26mm~2/月和12.28mm~2/月的速率增加。管壁中胶原纤维含量随之增加(P<0.05);弹性纤维含量以2、3月龄最高,而后维持在相对恒定水平,平滑肌的含量在增龄过程中未见明显变化(P>0.05)。结论:与人类相似,猪升主动脉几何形态、显微结构成分含量与年龄密切相关。     

猪肝门静脉生物力学特性的增龄性变化

目的研究猪肝门静脉的生物力学特性与月龄间的关系，为猪→人异种肝移植提供力学资料。方法 取不同月龄猪肝门静脉，利用软组织力学试验机测量压力-直径关系数据，推导出其弹性模量和顺应性。结果 猪肝门静脉的弹性模量随猪的月龄的增大和血管内压力的升高而增大；顺应性则随猪的月龄的增大而下降。结论 猪肝门静脉的力学特性随增龄发生变化，在实施猪→人异种肝移植时应选择与人肝门静脉力学特性相匹配的月龄猪作为供体。     

门静脉高压症猪门静脉的生物力学特性及其临床意义

目的:建立猪门静脉高压症模型,探讨门静脉高压症时门静脉的生物力学特性。方法:采用2月龄湖北白种猪,用四氯化碳、苯巴比妥、乙醇,配合高脂、低蛋白、低胆碱饮食进行混合饲养。通过脾静脉插管测压,取门静脉在生物软组织力学试验机上测定其压力-直径关系,横断取材,冰冻切片,H E法染色,用计算机图像分析系统测量其几何形态学指标。结果:实验组门静脉压为(4.17±1.03)kPa,对照组为(1.51±0.79)kPa(P<0.01),实验组门静脉的Einc、Ep和EV均随压力的上升而增大,在相同压力下明显大于对照组的Einc、Ep和EV。在0～4 kPa压力范围内实验组门静脉的顺应性(C)显著低于对照组,而在4～8 kPa的高压时两者顺应性差异并不明显(P>0.05)。结论:门静脉高压症时,门静脉的生物力学特性均发生了明显变化。肝移植时,移植材料间的生物力学特性也应考虑。     

猪肝动脉的弹性模量与性别的关系

目的探讨猪肝动脉弹性模量与性别的关系,为猪到人异种肝移植提供理论依据。方法取23例4、7月龄雌性、雄性、去势湖北白猪的肝动脉,将其按从近心端到远心端的方向分成近、中、远3段,各段置于4℃冰箱中待用。在软组织生物力学试验机上测定中段动脉的压力-直径关系,计算出增量弹性模量(Einc)、压力-应变弹性模量(Ep)和容积弹性模量(Ev)。结果 7月龄各组肝动脉的弹性模量有显著性差异(P0.01):雌性组最低,雄性组居中,去势组最高;7月龄各组与4月龄各组的弹性模量相比显著减小(P0.05)。结论 7月龄不同性别猪肝动脉弹性模量存在差异,从生物力学方面考虑,在猪到人异种肝移植时,应选择性别相匹配的猪肝脏作为供体材料,使移植材料肝动脉间的弹性模量尽可能相近,降低肝动脉并发症,有可能提高移植肝的存活率。     

猪肺动脉干的形态学和生物力学特性

目的：探讨猪肺动脉干几何形态、显微结构成分与力学特性在增龄过程中的变化规律,为猪→人异种心脏移植吻合血管提供必要的资料。方法：应用组织学、计算机图像分析法以及生物软组织力学试验机,对猪肺动脉干进行计量形态学和力学试验。结果：猪肺动脉干的平均管径、壁厚、管腔面积、管壁面积与月龄间呈直线正相关关系,分别以1．08mm／月、0．09mm／月、14．4mm^2／月和7．31mm^2／月的速率增加。管壁中胶原纤维、弹性纤维、平滑肌的含量在增龄过程中未见明显变化。猪肺动脉干一维载荷下的材料常数和弹性模量随增龄虽有增加,但无统计学上的差异。结论：1～7月龄肺动脉干几何形态与月龄密切相关;显微结构成分含量和力学特性随月龄的变化不大。     

人和猪升主动脉、肺动脉干的形态学和生物力学特性的比较研究概况

动脉是一个弹性体 ,动脉的力学特性与形态、结构和功能密切相关。本文针对猪在异种心脏移植研究中的应用 ,分别综述了人和猪的升主动脉和肺动脉干的几何性状、显微结构成份和生物力学特性及其比较研究的根况。提出对人和猪主动脉、肺动脉的形态学和生物力学特性进行深入、详实的比较研究对指导心脏异种移植的基础研究和未来的临床实践也是至关重要和不可缺少的     

人与猪肝门静脉壁的细胞核密度的形态定量比较研究

目的比较研究人与猪肝门静脉细胞核密度间的异同,为猪与人异种肝移植提供理论依据。方法取人与不同月龄猪肝门静脉,常规有蜡包埋、切片,苏术精-伊红染色,桔黄G染平滑肌,光镜观察及计算机图像分析。结果猪肝静脉壁的细胞核数密度、面密度均随月龄的增加而降低。6月龄猪肝门静脉壁的细胞核数密度、面密度与人相近。结论猪肝门静脉壁的细胞核数密度、面密度随增龄发生变化,在行猪→人异种肝移植时,人与6月龄猪肝门静脉的吻合是可行的。     

猪胸主动脉的零应力状态研究及其临床意义

目的　探讨猪胸主动脉的生物力学特性变化。方法　取 1～ 9月龄猪的胸主动脉各 6例 ,从每例标本的中段处将血管切为短圆环 ;将 7月龄猪胸主动脉分为上、中、下段 ,每段再分为 5个短圆环。将各血管沿其径向剪开 ,测量张开角的大小、壁厚和周长 ,并依周长计算出等效内径。结果　猪胸主动脉张开角由 1月的 (42 .1 7± 4 .0 6)°上升到 7月的 (76.2 2± 4 .4 0 )°,在 7月龄后达到稳定。对 7月龄猪胸主动脉自上而下分析则发现张开角由 (99.73± 6.79)°降至 (42 .0 9± 7.4 0 )°。壁厚 等效内径值随月龄增加而减小 ,于 7月龄后保持于 0 .1 8左右。结论　猪胸主动脉张开角、等效内径和壁厚随月龄的增加而增大 ;随着X L的增加各项指标均逐渐减小 ,血管的内外径在 7月龄后成比例生长。为猪→人异种血管移植和血管的病理改变后修复与功能重建提供依据     

Phagocytosis, chemiluminescence, and cell volume of alveolar macrophages from neonatal and adult pigs

Broncho-alveolar cells lavaged from the lungs of 1- and 7-day-old piglets and adult pigs were examined to determine their alveolar macrophage content, cell size, and ability to phagocytyze emulsified oil droplets and to chemiluminesce in response to opsonized zymosan particles. Alveolar macrophages were identified by specific cytochemical stains and differential cell counts as being 95%, 97%, and 90% of the cell populations, respectively. The cell volume of macrophages from 1-day-old pigs was 383 +/- 40 microns3; while the cell volumes from 7 day and adult pigs were 1,660 +/- 265 and 1,411 +/- 310 microns3. Alveolar macrophage from 1-day-old piglets possessed little ability to engulf oil droplets; however, macrophages from 7-day-old piglets phagocytized these opsonized droplets at a rate equivalent to alveolar macrophages obtained from adult pigs. The phagocytosis of oil droplets by both 7-day and adult alveolar macrophages manifested similar characteristics. Both rates can be described by saturation kinetics, and while temperatures from 37 degrees to 30 degrees C had little effect, the rate declined rapidly between 30 degrees and 16 degrees C. Alveolar macrophages from 1-day-old piglets displayed a lower magnitude of chemiluminescence than cells from 7-day-old and adult pigs and did not always respond to zymosan exposure. On the other hand, 7-day-old and adult pig alveolar macrophages were quite similar in their ability to chemiluminesce. Increasing extracellular glucose from 1 to 20 mM induced a concomitant increase in chemiluminescence. The findings suggest that functionally competent alveolar macrophages emerge in the pig lung approximately 1 week after birth.     

Histopathologic and ultrastructural studies of disseminated cytomegalovirus infection in strain 2 guinea pigs

Inbred strain 2 guinea pigs developed severe disseminated disease during acute experimental guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) infection. A high mortality rate (100%) resulted, with most animals dying between 10 and 14 days after high dose (7.5 X 10(5) TCID50) virus inoculation. Infectious virus was recovered from many tissues, including spleen, lungs, liver, pancreas, heart, adrenals, kidneys, and salivary glands. The rate of GPCMV isolation from these tissues ranged from 50 to 100%. Gross lesions were observed in the spleen, liver, and lungs. On histologic examination, lesions were also seen in many other organs, including heart, pancreas, kidneys, adrenals, brain, intestines, and salivary glands. Intranuclear viral inclusions were present in many cell types of various organs. Under electron microscopic examination, cells with viral inclusions were easily found in the spleen, and liver, but less readily in the lungs, kidneys, salivary glands, and other organs. Most of the intranuclear inclusions consisted of electron-dense fibrils (10 nm diameter), viral nucleocapsids (100 nm), and tubular structures (60 nm diameter). Dense bodies and enveloped dense virions containing single or multiple capsids were present in the cytoplasm of many infected cells. The morphologic developments of GPCMV in these visceral tissues of strain 2 guinea pigs resembled those seen in GPCMV-infected cultured guinea pig cells but differed from those observed in the infected salivary gland duct cells. Strain 2 guinea pigs are a useful animal model for studying disseminated infection in CMV-associated human diseases.     

Topographic anatomy of bronchial arteries in the pig: a corrosion cast study

The anatomy of porcine bronchial circulation has not been fully described. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extrapulmonary topographic anatomy of bronchial arteries in pig. Ten pigs weighing 15-25 kg were studied. Between one and four bronchial arteries were found in each pig. The bronchoesophageal artery (BEA), tracheobronchial artery (TBA), inferior bronchial artery (IBA) and accessory bronchial artery (ABA) were present in 10/10, 8/10, 6/10 and 2/10 animals, respectively. The trunk of BEA had a diameter of about 3 mm, a length of 1-7 mm, and originated from the anterior and medial aspect of the descending thoracic aorta at the level between the 2nd and 4th thoracic vertebrae (T2-T4) in all animals. The extrapulmonary topographic anatomy of bronchial arteries in pigs exhibits similarities to that of humans. BEA is the main blood supplier of the porcine tracheobronchial tree with a relatively constant location of origin and a sufficient size for anastomosis. These characteristics render BEA the ideal vessel for bronchial revascularization in pigs.     

Autoantibody Induced by Experimental Ocular Onchocerca Infection: Identification and Cháracterization of Autoantigens

Hartley guinea pigs were injected with Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae (Mf) as a model for human infection with Onchocerca volvulus. Subconjunctival injection of guinea pigs with O. lienalis Mf results in penetration of Mf to the central cornea, and formation of acute inflammatory reactions resembling those of human onchocerciasis around dead Mf. Sera from these animals contain IgG autoantobodies directed against at least two components of 3M KCl extracts of guinea pig cornea and liver. Components with apparent molecular weights of 94-99 and 110-120 kilodaltons (kD) were recognized in both cornea and liver extracts, while 100, 74 and 34 kD components were recognized in liver extracts only. Components of 140 kD and 84 kD were recognized in cornea extracts only. The guinea pig liver extract cross-reacted with homogenate antigens from O. lienalis Mf, while the guinea pig cornea extract did not. Autoantibody-mediated inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to immunopathologic processes in onchocerciasis.     

Septicaemia and arthritis in pigs experimentally infected with Pasteurella multocida capsular serotype A

Twenty-five caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (CDCD) pigs and 18 specific pathogen-free pigs, aged 8 to 14 weeks, were inoculated intranasally or intratracheally with Pasteurella multocida capsular serotype A, isolated from a severe pneumonic lesion in a growing pig. The pigs were killed for necropsy on day 6 or 14 post-inoculation (PI) or, in the case of the only fatally infected animal, examined at the time of death. One CDCD pig, inoculated intratracheally with 5 ml of a bacterial suspension containing 1.7x10(9) colony-forming-units/ml, died of septicaemia on day 1 PI. Histological lesions such as severe pleuropneumonia, thrombi in glomerular capillaries, haemorrhage of the spleen, and abscesses in the tonsillar crypts were observed. The organism was recovered from a number of sites and its antigens were detected immunohistochemically in the pneumonic lesions, blood vessels of the tissues, and tonsillar crypts in the dead pig. Pneumonia, pleural adhesions and suppurative arthritis in the extremital joints were observed grossly in 3/29, 8/29 and 7/29 intratracheally inoculated pigs, respectively. In intranasally inoculated pigs, no macroscopical abnormalities were seen; histologically, however, exudative bronchopneumonia and fibrinous pleurisy were observed in 9/14 and 4/14 pigs, respectively. No significant changes were seen in the tissues of uninfected control pigs. The organism was recovered from the lesions and P. multocida type A antigen was demonstrated immunohistochemically. The organism was rarely recovered from the liver, spleen or lymph nodes (bronchopulmonary or mesenteric). The results suggest that P. multocida capsular serotype A alone can cause not only pneumonia in pigs but also septicaemia or arthritis.     

Autoantibody induced by experimental ocular Onchocerca infection: identification and characterization of autoantigens

Hartley guinea pigs were injected with Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae (Mf) as a model for human infection with Onchocerca volvulus. Subconjunctival injection of guinea pigs with O. lienalis Mf results in penetration of Mf to the central cornea, and formation of acute inflammatory reactions resembling those of human onchocerciasis around dead Mf. Sera from these animals contain IgG autoantibodies directed against at least two components of 3M KC1 extracts of guinea pig cornea and liver. Components with apparent molecular weights of 94-99 and 110-120 kilodaltons (KD) were recognized in both cornea and liver extracts, while 100, 74 and 34 kD components were recognized in liver extracts only. Components of 140 kD and 84 kD were recognized in cornea extracts only. The guinea pig liver extract cross-reacted with homogenate antigens from O. lienalis Mf, while the guinea pig cornea extract did not. Autoantibody-mediated inflammatory mechanisms may contribute to immunopathologic processes in onchocerciasis.