儿童吸气性喉喘鸣的病因分析

目的 探讨儿童吸气性喉喘鸣的发生原因,提高儿童吸气性喉喘鸣的诊治率.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月至2007年1月深圳市儿童医院住院的吸气性喉喘鸣患儿共378例,男245例,女133例;年龄12 h～30个月,中位年龄4个月.全部病例均行胸部X线摄片检查,218例进行了胸部CT扫描、电子喉镜、直接喉镜、纤维支气管镜等检查.结果 急性喉炎140例,喉软化117例,急性喉气管支气管炎54例,声带麻痹18例,先天性气管软化9例,先天性喉蹼8例,先天性喉裂6例,喉囊肿6例,喉乳头状瘤6例,急性会厌炎4例,先天性声门下狭窄3例,气管支气管异物3例,甲状舌管囊肿1例.除先天性气管软化9例,先天性喉裂6例,先天性声门下狭窄3例,声带麻痹18例,仅给予对症治疗外,复发性喉乳头状瘤尚在治疗中,其他病例均获痊愈.结论 儿童吸气性喉喘鸣病因复杂,以急性喉炎和喉软化最为多见.由炎症引起的喉喘鸣经保守治疗可获痊愈,电子喉镜检查是喉喘鸣患儿必要的检查手段,有时需配合胸部CT和纤维支气管镜检查.     

喉显微外科技术在严重新生儿上气道梗阻中的应用

目的 探讨严重新生儿上气道梗阻病因、临床特征及喉显微外科手术疗效,以提高新生儿阻塞性呼吸困难的诊治水平。 方法 采用观察性研究,分析16例咽喉相关的严重上气道梗阻新生儿临床资料。 结果 共纳入患儿16例(男9例、女7例),出生后7~28 d出现临床症状,包括吸气性呼吸困难、喉喘鸣、三凹征等。其中先天性喉软化症6例、下咽及舌根囊肿3例、喉部血管瘤2例、喉入口畸胎瘤1例、先天性喉蹼1例、双声带麻痹1例、继发性声门下狭窄1例、插管后喉粘连1例。16例患儿均给予相应显微外科治疗,手术顺利。顺利拔管患儿15例,仅1例喉软化症患儿拔管后仍有明显呼吸困难,行气管切开。 结论 严重新生儿上气道梗阻多与咽喉病变相关,需早期行局部及全身检查明确病因及诊断,对有手术指征者积极采取微创手术治疗,可挽救患儿生命,取得满意疗效。     

新生儿喉软骨软化及相关疾病

喉软骨软化患儿主要表现为吸气性喉喘鸣,易呛奶等,症状出现时间由生后数天至数月不等。对于新生儿,往往合并其他喉部病变或上呼吸道感染以及肺炎等炎症性疾病。由于以往很少注重寻找除外其他器质性病变的客观依据,该病误诊率可达50％。本文就我科门诊行电子鼻咽镜检查的63例喉喘鸡新生儿进行分析,希望在诊断喉软骨软化的同时尽量避免其他疾病的漏诊。     

新生儿重度上呼吸道梗阻的病因分析

目的了解新生儿重度上呼吸道梗阻的原因。方法回顾性分析47例发生重度吸气性呼吸困难的新生儿的临床表现、直接喉镜、CT、上消化道造影等检查结果及治疗经过。结果47例中先天性疾病占87．2％（41／47）：先天性喉喘鸣15例，占31．9％，其中6例伴有胃食管反流；上呼吸道先天性囊肿14例（舌根囊肿10例，会厌囊肿3例，喉囊肿1例），占29．8％，其中有13例曾被误诊为先天性喉喘鸣；先天性总气管狭窄3例；先天性喉蹼2例；声带麻痹2例；皮耶-罗宾综合征3例；猫叫综合征2例。急性膜性喉气管支气管炎6例。47例中3例放弃治疗，44例经吸氧、药物治疗后呼吸困难缓解，其中曾行气管插管、吸痰37例次，行直接喉镜、支撑喉镜手术19例次。结论新生儿重度上呼吸道梗阻病因以先天性疾病为主，对这类患儿应及时进行相关检查，尽早明确病因，迅速解除梗阻，以降低新生儿死亡率和预防不良后遗症的发生。     

喉源性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的临床观察

目的 探讨喉源性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的病因、临床表现和治疗特点。方法 回顾分析13例经治疗喉原发病使OSAHS获得有效治疗而确诊为喉源性OSAHS的病例,总结分析其病因、临床表现和治疗特点。结果 造成喉源性OSAHS发病原因包括双侧声带麻痹、喉乳头状瘤、会厌肿瘤、会厌软化等,主要由声门和会厌病变引起喉内呼吸道狭窄所致;此类患者多不肥胖,声门病变导致OSAHS者多数存在轻度呼吸困难,经治疗喉原发病,OSAHS获得了很好疗效。结论 喉腔疾病可以导致喉源性OSAHS的发生,临床上喉源性OSAHS并非罕见,治疗喉原发病可以使喉源性OSAHS得到有效治疗。     

新生儿及婴儿喉喘鸣病因分析与治疗（附8例报告）

喉喘鸣是新生儿期较常见的临床表现之一，是因为气流通过气道的狭窄段产生湍流所致，多以喘鸣为首发症状，部分伴有呛奶、呕吐及呼吸困难等。临床易仅凭临床表现而诊断为先天性喉软骨软化症，忽略寻找其他器质性病变的客观依据，从而造成漏诊或误诊。以下结合我院诊治的8例较重喉喘呜新生儿和婴儿，对此病的病因及治疗做一分析。     

Pearson术式治疗晚期喉癌28例报告

目的：探讨Pearson术式在治疗晚期喉癌中的作用。方法：采用Pearson术式治疗28例晚期喉癌，对其中的26例同期行颈清扫术或分区性颈清扫术。结果：术后随访3～5年，27例(96．4％)能发声，其中发声良好者11例，一般14例，差2例。无一例误咽。3年生存率为78．6％，5年生存率为68．4％。结论：Pearson术式治疗晚期喉癌，既能保留喉的大部分功能，又能根治病变，提高了一部分传统上需做喉全切除术患者的生活质量。     

喉癌前病变恶变机理的探讨

选自北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉科1992年5月～1994年6月收集的标本61例，其中喉癌前病变标本34例，利用免疫组化（P(53)、PCNA）及原位杂交技术，重点对不同病变阶段的10例慢性肥厚性喉炎、13例喉角化症和11例喉乳头状瘤（成人）进行检测，并与16例喉单纯息肉和11例喉原位癌标本进行了比较。分析了各种检测的阳性表达率在病变发展过程中的变化规律，对喉癌前病变的转归进行评估和预测。喉单纯息肉、喉癌前病变和原位癌三种病变中，P(53)蛋白的表达率分别是0％，35．29％和63.64％；PCNA指数分别是6．32％、26．16％和62．02％。在喉癌前病变和原位癌中，HPV(16.18)的阳性表达率分别是32．40％和63．63％。在癌前病变中重度非典型增生与轻、中度非典型增生P(53)和PCNA的阳性表达率有明显的差异（P＜0.05）。     

高龄喉癌患者的功能保全性手术治疗

目的：探讨功能保全性手术在高龄喉癌患者治疗中的应用。方法：回顾分析71例70岁以上喉癌患者的临床资料,其中行喉声门上水平部分切除术4例,喉裂开声带切除术11例,喉垂直部分切除术18例,喉扩大垂直部分切除术11例,喉环状软骨上部分切除术2例,喉次全切除会厌成形术25例,同时行颈清扫术27例。结果：71例均恢复发声功能和吞咽保护功能,拔管率为66．20％;3年生存率为66．04％,5年生存率为47．06％;无严重并发症发生。结论：在正确掌握适应证、充分做好围手术期处理的务件下,高龄喉癌患者的喉功能保全是可行的。     

Diomed-25半导体激光手术治疗早期声门癌疗效观察

目的：观察激光治疗早期声门癌的临床效果。方法：采用Diomed-25半导体激光器对18例早期声门癌患者进行手术治疗，其中7例在局麻下进行．10例在全麻下进行，1例患者局麻下难以配合，全麻支撑喉镜下前联合暴露困难，遂行喉裂开后以激光切除肿瘤。结果：术后随访3～5年，局部复发3例，其中2例为T1b患者，病变侵犯前联合，1例为T2病变。18例中，失访1例(按死亡计算)，3年生存率为100．0％(18/18)，5年生存率为90．9％(10／11)。除2例肿瘤复发行全喉切除外，余16例均保留了喉发声功能。结论：半导体激光手术治疗早期声门癌，疗效确切，喉功能保留好，并发症发生率低，有临床应用价值。     

Etiology of stridor in infants

OBJECTIVES: We undertook to identify data that facilitate determination of an accurate diagnosis of the cause of stridor in infants and to develop a framework to conceptualize the problem. METHODS: We reviewed medical records of patients less than 1 year of age with the presenting symptom of stridor who were initially evaluated in the outpatient setting of a tertiary children's hospital. Infants with obvious congenital syndromes, cerebral palsy, or hypotonia were excluded. All infants underwent history-taking, physical examination, and when symptoms were mild, office flexible laryngoscopy. With moderate or severe stridor, a more complete endoscopic evaluation was undertaken in the operating room. RESULTS: Of 202 patients, 119 (59%) were boys and 83 (41%) were girls. Their ages ranged from 3 days to 11 months; 175 (87%) were 6 months of age or younger. Congenital anomalies were diagnosed as the cause of stridor in 170 (84%). Congenital laryngeal anomalies caused stridor in 157 (78%); congenital tracheal abnormalities were the cause in 13 (6%). The most common congenital laryngeal anomaly was laryngomalacia (94%). Forty-two (21%) of the 202 patients had at least 1 other anomaly that contributed to airway compromise. Half of all patients had laryngopharyngeal reflux, the most common associated condition. Of patients referred with a presumptive diagnosis by non-otolaryngologists, 28 of 94 (30%) were referred with erroneous presumptive diagnoses for which they were being treated, the most common of which was tracheomalacia. CONCLUSIONS: A standard, rational approach to the evaluation of stridor in infants facilitates management. A framework for evaluation is presented.     

先天性会厌囊肿临床表现及误诊分析

目的:探讨先天性会厌囊肿临床表现及误诊原因.方法:回顾性分析19例先天性会厌囊肿患儿临床表现及诊治经过.结果:19例患儿临床表现包括喉喘鸣、呼吸急促、吸气性呼吸困难、吸奶中断或呛咳、哭声低弱含混等.其中15例首诊被误诊:诊为新生儿肺炎者9例(47.4%),支气管肺炎5例(26.3%),咽喉炎1例(5.3%).所有患儿行小儿超细纤维喉镜检查后诊断为先天性会厌囊肿,并经病理证实.结论:本病临床易误诊,对于出现喉喘鸣伴有上呼吸道阻塞症状的患儿,应尽早作上呼吸道检查.小儿超细纤维喉镜检查可明确病因,及时治疗.     

Epidemiological aspects of congenital stridor

The objective of the present work was to study epidemiology of congenital stridor as a leading symptom of laryngeal malformation. The continuous sampling method was employed to perform the retrospective analysis of the growth charts of the patients attending three children's polyclinics in Moscow (9.625 patients born between 2005 and 2009). In addition, the medical histories of 4.623 newborn and breast-fed babies under the age of 1 year admitted to the Department of Newborn and Neonatal Pathology, Saint Vladimir City Children's Clinical Hospital, and 347 patients of the Department of Reconstructive Laryngeal Surgery were analysed. The children with the history of tracheal intubation in the preceding period were excluded from the study. The frequency of congenital stridor annually diagnosed in the aforementioned polyclinics varied from 0.17 to 5.8% compared with 1.5% in the general population. It was 2.21 to 3.14% (mean 2.47%) among the children treated at the Clinical Hospital. In the children under the age of 1 year, congenital malformations accounted for 90.8% of all laryngeal diseases. The principal cause of stridor was shown to be laryngomalacia. This pathology was diagnosed in 91.9% of the cases included in this study. In 11.2% of the patients, this condition occurred in combination with other congenital pathologies. It is concluded that the diagnosis of congenital stridor is an indication for laryngeal endoscopy regardless of the children's age starting from the first day of life. Meeting this recommendation allows the cause of stridor to be established and the treatment strategy to be developed on an individual basis.     

COVID-19 Omicron variant-induced laryngitis

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 omicron variant has a low affinity for the lower respiratory tract. However, upper respiratory tract symptoms, such as nasal discharge and sore throat, characterize the infection with this variant. Therefore, in laryngeal stenosis, disease severity assessment through blood oxygen saturation has not been useful.MethodsWe report the case of “omicron laryngitis” in a 59-year-old male who visited the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) clinic with complaints of a sore throat and difficulty in swallowing saliva that persisted for a day.ResultsLaryngoscopy revealed severe swelling of the transglottic region and exudates on the larynx. He was then diagnosed with COVID-19 and subjected to emergency tracheostomy for airway management. Until the emergence of the omicron variant, COVID-19 showed mainly lower airway and mild upper airway inflammatory features. However, upper airway stenosis should be suspected in cases presenting with “muffled speech,” “dysphagia,” “severe pain on swallowing,” and “inspiratory dyspnea or stridor.”ConclusionTherefore, laryngeal and pharyngeal evaluation using a flexible laryngoscope under appropriate infection control measures is necessary, considering the possibility of progression to fatal laryngeal stenosis, as noted in this case.     

Congenital laryngeal stridor

We reviewed the diagnosis, complications and treatment of congenital laryngeal stridor (CLS), in 97 patients who consulted our clinic between 1991 and 2001. The 97 patients were diagnosed with laryngeal malacia (32%), vocal cord paralysis and laryngeal stenosis (22%), a neoplastic disease like hemagioma and papilloma (11%), or cystic disease (7%). The cases with vocal cord paralysis, laryngeal stenosis or laryngeal cysts were usually diagnosed within 2 months of birth based on severe dyspnea. Two of the 31 cases of laryngeal malacia and 2 of the 22 cases of vocal cord paralysis were associated with neuromuscular disorders. Three patients suffered from vocal cord paralysis complicated by laryngeal stenosis. Thirty-three of the 97 cases required a tracheostomy; these 33 cases included the one case of laryngeal papilloma (100%), 9 of the 10 cases of hemangioma (90%), and 18 of the 24 cases of laryngeal stenosis (75%). Since any disorders of the upper airway can potentially induce stridor, establishing an accurate diagnosis is sometimes difficult when stridor is the only presenting symptom. Hence, information on associated symptoms and the past history of the subject is particularly important for an accurate diagnosis. In addition, decisions regarding the course of treatment course require adequate consideration of possible complications.     

Congenital airway abnormalities in patients requiring hospitalization.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cause of congenital airway abnormalities in pediatric patients requiring hospitalization for their respiratory status. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series in a tertiary care center. PATIENTS: A 5-year retrospective chart review was conducted at our institution. A total of 174 patients were identified who required hospitalization for their respiratory status as a result of a congenital airway abnormality. RESULTS: Of the 174 patients, 114 (65.5%) were male and 60 (34.5%) were female. Eighty patients (47%) presented within the first 3 months of life. Forty-six patients (26%) were born prematurely, and 49 patients (28%) were diagnosed as having gastroesophageal reflux. The majority of patients (139 [80%]) had multiple presenting symptoms or signs. Stridor was the most common (129 [74%]), followed by accessory respiratory effort, cyanosis, apnea, and failure to thrive. Diagnosis was made at the time of surgical evaluation in 91% of the patients, with the remaining diagnoses made using radiological findings and/or clinical evaluation. Sixty-five patients (37%) had multiple sites of airway abnormalities; laryngeal abnormalities were noted almost 3 times as often as tracheal abnormalities (161 vs 62, respectively). Of the laryngeal abnormalities, laryngomalacia was the most common, followed by glottic web, subglottic stenosis, vocal-cord paralysis, and subglottic hemangioma. Tracheomalacia was the most common tracheal abnormality, followed by external compression and tracheal stenosis. Thirty-three patients (19%) required tracheotomy for management of recurrent respiratory decompensation. CONCLUSIONS: While congenital airway abnormalities are usually self-limited, those patients requiring hospitalization represent a group with a more severe respiratory status who have a greater chance of requiring tracheotomy. The recognizable percentage of patients with gastroesophageal reflux and prematurity accounts for comorbid factors in the need for hospitalization for respiratory issues related to congenital airway abnormalities.     

Laryngeal dystonia causing inspiratory stridor in children with cerebral palsy

SUMMARY: OBJECTIVE To present three cases of inspiratory stridor caused by laryngeal dystonia (LD) in children with cerebral palsy (CP), one of whom is being treated by periodic botulinum toxin type A (BTX) injection into a vocalis muscle, thereby avoiding tracheostomy.STUDY DESIGN Case series.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal dystonia was diagnosed in three children with CP who presented with inspiratory stridor associated with generalized dystonia, all of whom were thought previously to have had laryngomalacia. The inspiratory stridor was severe enough in one patient that a tracheostomy was planned. In common with the movement disorder of generalized dystonia, the inspiratory stridor caused by LD was present in our patients when they were awake, worse when they were excited or agitated, diminished when they were awake and calm, and absent when they were asleep. Although there is overlap between the symptoms of LD and laryngomalacia (and other structural causes of upper airway obstruction) in children with CP, structural causes result in inspiratory stridor that is often persistent when patients are awake and relaxed or when they are asleep. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy in an awake patient with LD reveals vocal cord adduction in inspiration causing inspiratory stridor in association with generalized dystonia. Baclofen and gabapentin used together relieved the inspiratory stridor and improved the generalized dystonia of two patients, confirming the clinical diagnosis of LD, but for the last 2 years the third patient (the one with the most severe inspiratory stridor) also has required a periodic BTX injection into a vocalis muscle (the major vocal cord adductor) to relieve her inspiratory stridor, alternating the side of injection. Her mother considers this is a small price to pay to avoid tracheostomy. This is the first report of LD causing inspiratory stridor in patients with CP and the first reported use of BTX injection into a vocalis muscle for relief of inspiratory stridor due to LD in a child.