奥林巴斯BX41系统显微镜使用维护与常见故障排除

BX-41系统显微镜使用UIS(万能无限远)光学系统、只能与适用于MX2系列的UIS目镜、物镜和聚光镜一起使用,如果使用不适当的附件就不能获得最优性能.此显微镜优点是清晰度高、可选择任意图像拍照.     

显微镜的使用与保养

在实验课上有些学生不能正确使用显微镜,甚至有的根本就不会使用显微镜,使倒置取材困难的切片不断被显微镜压碎报废。这些不但给学校教研室的正常工作带来了许多不必要的麻烦与负担,而且还直接影响到显微镜的使用寿命。常用显微镜一般分为3种:电子显微镜、电光源显微镜、自然光显微镜。我们学校供教学使用的是单目自然光显微镜。有10倍目镜,4倍、10倍、40倍、100倍物镜,其结构主要有工作台、聚光器、凹面与平面一体的反光镜、粗螺旋、细螺旋、左右推进器、镜体。使用显微镜时应把显微镜放置平稳,双手缓慢向前旋转粗螺旋,至10倍的物镜与工作…     

学生在使用显微镜过程中易犯的错误

正确使用显微镜是医学中专生应具备的一项基本实验技能。严谨、规范的操作对于保护显微镜性能，延长显微镜使用寿命，提高效率，顺利完成实验是必不可少的。但据调查，许多学生还不能正确地使用显微镜，在操作中存在许多错误。现根据笔者多年的教学实践，从以下几个环节谈谈学生在使用显微镜时易犯的错误。１显微镜的取送显微镜取送时，忌用一只手提，镜身倾斜或摇摆。正确的方法是：右手握镜臂，左手托镜座，显微镜平贴胸前。２显微镜的摆放显微镜错误的摆放通常不是靠前就是靠后，位置放在中间或靠右。正确的方法是：显微镜应放在离桌子边…     

显微镜的保养及常见故障排除

显微镜是精密的光机电一体化的仪器。为充分发挥其功能,避免发生故障,延长其使用寿命,就应注意显微镜的维护保养。1显微镜的保养1.1防高热显微镜是由精密的机械和光学镜头组成的,由于各种材料热膨胀系数不同,所以显微镜不能在阳光下曝晒,也不能放在靠近火炉和暖气的地方。只能室温存放,其工作的温度范围一般为5℃～40℃。1.2防潮如果长期受潮,透镜很容易发霉,表面还会腐蚀,所以应在干燥环境下保存。在31℃时湿度不得>80%,温度每升高3℃,相对湿度要设法降低10%。1.3防尘灰尘不仅会影响成像质量,而且灰尘中往往也带有含酸、碱等腐蚀性的尘粒,容易腐蚀镜面。而硬度大的尘粒在擦拭镜头时还可能在镜面上划出伤痕,损坏镜头。此外,灰尘掉进机械活动部分时容易造成机械部分转动不灵活,甚至损坏。1.4防腐蚀显微镜不能接触酸类和碱类物质,也不要与挥发性很强的化学药品及其他有害药品放在一起,以免腐蚀镜头。1.5防震显微镜是精密仪器,剧烈的震动会造成精密度的降低。要轻拿轻放,搁置要平稳,使用时动作应轻柔。1.6擦拭1.6.1机械装置的擦拭机械装置如有污渍,可用干净的柔软细布擦拭;如果擦不掉,可用擦镜纸或细绸布蘸少量二甲苯擦拭。应注意不能用酒精...     

生物显微镜的使用与维护

作者根据在使用显微镜中所积累的经验,对显微镜日常使用中经常会遇到的各种问题、显微镜主要部件的维护与保养方法及其注意事项等作了比较详细的介绍。     

显微镜的保养及常见故障排除

显微镜是精密的光机电一体化的仪器。为充分发挥其功能,避免发生故障,延长其使用寿命,就应注意显微镜的维护保养。1显微镜的保养1.1防高热显微镜是由精密的机械和光学镜头组成的,由于各种材料热膨胀系数不同,所以显微镜不能在阳光下曝晒,也不能放在靠近火炉和暖气的地方。只能室温存放,其工作的温度范围一般为5℃～40℃。1.2防潮如果长期受潮,透镜很容易发霉,表面还会腐蚀,所以应在干燥环境下保存。在31℃时湿度不得>80%,温度每升高3℃,相对湿度要设法降低10%。1.3防尘灰尘不仅会影响成像质量,而且灰尘中往往也带有含酸、碱等腐蚀性的尘粒,容易腐蚀镜面。而硬度大的尘粒在擦拭镜头时还可能在镜面上划出伤痕,损坏镜头。此外,灰尘掉进机械活动部分时容易造成机械部分转动不灵活,甚至损坏。1.4防腐蚀显微镜不能接触酸类和碱类物质,也不要与挥发性很强的化学药品及其他有害药品放在一起,以免腐蚀镜头。1.5防震显微镜是精密仪器,剧烈的震动会造成精密度的降低。要轻拿轻放,搁置要平稳,使用时动作应轻柔。1.6擦拭1.6.1机械装置的擦拭机械装置如有污渍,可用干净的柔软细布擦拭;如果擦不掉,可用擦镜纸或细绸布蘸少量二甲苯擦拭。应注意不能用酒精...     

油镜观察细胞形态的重要性

目的说明高倍镜不能替代油镜进行末梢血细胞形态观察。方法通过500例标本高倍镜与油镜分类结果对比分析。结果统计学处理后,两者差异有显著性。结论白细胞分类计数及红细胞、血小板形态观察是常规检查项目,在自动化仪器广泛使用的同时,不应忽视显微镜检查,一定要用油镜进行细胞形态学观察。     

显微镜新型内置光源系统

目前显微镜所用光源大致可以分三类:自然光源、外置灯光光源以及内置灯光光源三种.由于显微镜的高倍镜和油镜的使用,对光的强度要求较高,有时因使用者采光的技术、采光的角度及光源本身的质量等因素,使用前两种光源,经常不能满足显微镜对光的要求,给显微镜镜检结果带来不良影响.     

肉烧焦了不能吃

肉中含有丰富的蛋白质和脂肪,是我们日常饮食中最主要的食品之一。它适用于多种烹饪方法,无论是炸、熘、爆、炒,还是炖、焖、煨、烧,都能烹制出美味佳肴来。但是,如果在烹饪时不慎将肉烧焦,肉中的蛋白质就会转变成有害物质,同时,肉在烧焦的过程中还会产生一些致癌物质。一旦这些有害物质进入体内,就会损害某些脏器,危害我们的身体,甚至引发疾病。所以,在平时做菜炒肉或吃烤肉时要特别小心,不要把肉烧焦了。一旦烧焦,绝不能吃,一定要倒掉。肉烧焦了不能吃     

血尿

吾人正常尿液内不含或仅含有极少量红血球,据统计,60%成人的尿液内是绝无红血球的。如果将尿液经离心沉淀后作显微镜检查,在高倍镜视野下的正常尿相是没有或偶然可以见到一个红血球(即0—1/高倍镜)。如果尿内缸血球数量增加,就称之谓“血尿”。血尿是一个严重的信号,说明泌尿系统有病变存在,因此,必须仔细检查和随诊观察,不能疏忽,贻误大事。血尿可分两类:尿中带血,有时肉眼即能见到者,称为“肉眼性血尿”;有时必须借显微镜检查才能发现的,即称为“显微镜下血尿”。形成血尿之原因众多,一般可将其归纳为三大     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.