102例IgA肾病的临床与病理分析

目的探讨102例原发性IgA肾病患者的临床与病理的特点及其相关性。方法回顾性分析102例经肾活检病理确诊为原发性IgA肾病患者的临床及病理资料。结果原发性IgA肾病患者占同期肾活检患者总数的36.16%,男女发病比例1∶1.27,发病年龄（31.93±10.93）岁,平均病程3（11）个月,发病高峰年龄段20～40岁。IgA肾病患者在临床分型中以尿检异常型（U-ab）最多见,约占38.24%。病理Haas分级中主要为Ⅲ级局灶增生性肾小球病变,约为43.14%。高血脂、高血压和IgA肾病患者肾脏病理损伤程度有关（P〈0.05）。病理Haas分级和24 h尿蛋白定量没有明显的相关性（Spearman相关系数=0.12,P=0.19〉0.05）。结论 IgA肾病的临床、病理具有多样性,有一定相关性但不平行,有必要定期尿检及结合临床表现早期行肾活检以明确肾脏病理诊断。     

107例IgA肾病的临床表现与病理分析

随着肾穿刺病理活检的开展,IgA肾病越来越被人们所认识,该病临床表现多样化、组织形态学轻重不一,预后各不相同,本文就107例IgA肾病的临床与病理关系报告如下。1资料与方法1．1病例选择资料来源于1992～1998年107例肾穿制病理活检证实的IgA肾病。1．2方法临床上分为4组：（l）单纯血尿组（分为肉眼血尿与镜下血尿）,（2）单纯蛋白尿组（分为轻、中皮蛋白尿与肾病综合症）;（3）血尿同时伴蛋白尿组;（4）肾功能不全组。肾组织活检分别作光镜、免疫荧光及电镜检查,病理上肾脏病变分为：（1）微小病变型;（2）系膜增生型肾小球肾炎…     

123例老年肾脏病患者的肾病理和临床特征分析

目的：探讨老年人原发性肾小球疾病及继发性肾脏疾病肾活检病理类型及临床特点。方法：回顾分析2003年—2005年123例年龄≥65岁,资料完整,并经临床和肾活检确诊为原发性肾小球疾病或继发性肾脏疾病患者的肾脏活组织病理和临床资料,并与同期367例中青年患者的肾脏活组织检查和临床资料进行对比。结果：①老年患者原发性肾小球疾病中膜性肾病最为常见,占原发肾脏疾病的31.46%,其次为IgA肾病（25.84%）。中青年患者原发肾脏疾病中以IgA肾病最为常见,占39.49%,其次为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎,占22.88%。②老年IgA肾病患者病理以局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）为主,占21.74%,而中青年患者以弥漫系膜增生为主,占30.95%。③糖尿病肾病是老年人最常见的继发性肾脏疾病,占32.35%,狼疮性肾炎是中青年患者最常见的继发性肾脏疾病,占58.33%。④老年肾脏疾病患者尿蛋白定量（3.60±0.78g.24h^-1）显著高于中青年组（2.19±0.68g.24h^-1）,P〈0.05。高血压的发生率显著增高（73.98%比30.51%,P〈0.01）。结论：老年患者肾脏病理类型与中青年患者不一致,老年原发性肾小球疾病以膜性肾病为主,IgA肾病的病理类型以FSGS为主;中青年患者原发性肾小球疾病以IgA肾病为主,IgA肾病的病理类型以弥漫系膜增生为主。老年患者继发性肾脏疾病的发生率高,以糖尿病肾病最为常见。肾脏病理类型的不同,是老年肾脏病患者临床表现中尿蛋白多和高血压的发生率增高的原因之一。     

IgG型抗内皮细胞抗体与IgA肾病蛋白尿、血尿的关系研究

目的:研究IgG型抗内皮细胞抗体(IgG-AECA)与IgA肾病蛋白尿、血尿的关系。方法:69例IgA肾病患者,根据病理类型分为4组,分析每组患者血清IgG-AECA的表达变化;将69例患者分为IgG-AECA阳性组、阴性组,分析两组蛋白尿、血尿的差异;将IgG-AECA阳性患者根据其滴度不同分组,分析IgG-AECA滴度与蛋白尿、血尿的关系。结果:在系膜增生型、局灶增生型、局灶增生硬化型和硬化型IgA肾病中,系膜增生型、局灶增生型患者血清IgG-AECA阳性率最高(P<0.05);IgG-AECA阳性导致IgA肾病患者蛋白尿显著增加(P<0.05),IgG-AECA与患者血尿无明显相关性(P>0.05);IgG-AECA的滴度与IgA肾病患者蛋白尿、血尿无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论:IgG-AECA在系膜增生型、局灶增生型IgA肾病中高表达,并且可导致患者尿蛋白增加。     

实时剪切波弹性成像测量原发性肾病综合征肾脏硬度的临床研究

摘 要 目的 应用实时剪切波弹性成像技术（SWE）探讨不同病理类型原发性肾病综合征患者肾脏硬度的差异,探讨其临床应用价值。方法 选取我院200例正常成人为正常对照组,51例经临床确诊的原发性肾病综合征患者为病例组,并根据病理结果进一步分为4个亚组：微小病变型肾病组（MCN组）、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎组（MSPGN组）、局灶性节段性肾小球硬化组（FSGS 组）、膜性肾病组（MN组）。应用SWE测量各组双侧肾脏实质的弹性模量平均值（Mean）、最大值（Max）、最小值（Min）和弥散度（SD）,并进行比较。结果 病例组肾脏Mean、Max、Min均明显高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均 P＜0.05）。MSPGN组、FSGS组、MN组的肾脏Mean、Max、Min均高于正常对照组和MCN组,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;余各组两两比较,差异均无统计学意义。结论 SWE可以通过检测双肾的弹性模量值,初步评估不同病理类型原发性肾病综合征患者肾硬度的变化,为早期肾弥漫性病变提供一定的诊断和分型依据。 关键词 剪切波弹性成像;弹性模量值;原发性肾病综合征;病理分型     

小儿常见肾脏疾病尿电导率的变化分析

目的：检测小儿常见肾脏疾病尿电导率的变化,探讨该指标的临床意义。方法选择2011年3月至2012年3月本院小儿肾脏内科收治的首次诊断为肾脏疾病患儿986例及同期健康体检儿童350例的尿液,利用 Sysmex 公司的全自动尿液分析仪 UF-1000i 分别测定其尿电导率的变化。根据临床诊断将肾脏疾病患儿分为肾病综合征组、肾小球肾炎组、肾功能不全组、紫癜性肾炎组和狼疮性肾炎组。其中216例进行肾穿刺活检。根据肾穿刺活检病理诊断结果将患儿分为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎组、毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎组、膜性肾病组、IgA 肾病组、IgM 肾病组、过敏性紫癜性肾炎组和狼疮性肾炎组。结果1．肾病综合征组、肾小球肾炎组、肾功能不全组、紫癜性肾炎组、狼疮性肾炎组患儿的尿电导率明显低于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。2．系膜增生性肾小球肾炎组、毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎组、膜性肾病组、IgA 肾病组、过敏性紫癜性肾炎组和狼疮性肾炎组患儿尿电导率明显低于健康对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。3．IgM 肾病组与健康对照组相比,尿电导率差异无统计学意义（P ＞0.05）。结论尿电导率可以作为小儿肾脏功能和尿液浓缩功能的重要指标。     

血清IgA及IgA／C3比值用于IgA肾病的诊断价值——附180例报告

目的：探讨血清IgA、IgA／C3比值用于IgA肾病的诊断价值及其诊断界值。方法：468例经肾脏活组织检查确诊的肾小球肾炎患者,根据确诊结果分为IgA肾病组180例及非IgA肾病组288例,散射免疫比浊法检测患者血清IgA及C3水平,采用国际IFCC／CRM470标准化血清免疫球蛋白水平,计算IgA/C3比值,比较两组患者的上述3项指标,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,分析血清IgA及IgA／C3比值在IgA肾病诊断中的作用,确定其诊断界值。结果：IgA肾病患者血清IgA水平及IgA／C3比值均明显高于非IgA肾病组（P〈0．01）。IgA肾病患者与微小病变型肾病、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾病患者比较,血清IgA水平及IgA／C3比值均明显升高（P〈0．05或0．01）。各组患者血清C3水平比较差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。不同病理分级IgA肾病患者血清IgA、C3水平及IgA／C3比值比较差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。血清IgA水平及IgA／C3比值诊断IgA肾病的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．786及0．797（P均〈0．01）;两者的ROC曲线下面积比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。根据最佳敏感度、特异度选取工作点,确定血清IgA及IgA／C3比值的诊断界值分别为257g／L及2．4。结论：血清IgA及IgA／C3比值可作为鉴别IgA肾病与非IgA肾病的参考指标;血清IgA≥257g／L或IgA／C3比值≥2．4为IgA肾病的最佳诊断界值。     

足细胞损伤对IgA肾病肾小球硬化的作用

目的：研讨IgA肾病患者肾小球足细胞损伤对IgA肾病进展的作用。方法：44例经肾穿刺活检明确诊断的IgA肾病患者，采用免疫组织化学技术定量肾组织病理并借助足细胞表面特异性标记物Wilms′肿瘤蛋白（WT1）对肾小球足细胞进行准确的密度定量分析。结果：WT1表达在正常肾脏肾小球的脏层上皮细胞，IgA肾病患者随着病变加重，硬化肾小球增加，足细胞数目也明显减少（P〈0.01），肾小球中的WT1表达与尿蛋白定量无明显相关性，但与血清肌酐水平呈显著正相关（r=0.541，P〈0.01）。结论：肾小球足细胞损伤可能是影响IgA肾病进展的因素之一。     

2444例肾活检临床病理分析

目的：分析近5年2 444例肾活检患者肾脏疾病构成比及不同年龄段肾脏疾病构成比变化的特点。方法：回顾分析2005年1月—2009年12月2 444例肾活检患者肾脏疾病的构成比及每年肾脏疾病构成比的变化,并根据年龄分为4个年龄段,分析每个年龄段患者肾脏疾病构成比的特点。结果：原发性肾小球疾病仍为目前最主要的肾脏疾病（占79.58%）,其每年所占比例无明显改变。IgA肾病是最常见的原发性肾小球疾病,占47.97%。局灶节段增生性肾炎每年所占的比例不一（P〈0.01）,系膜增生性肾炎比例逐年减少（P〈0.001）,膜性肾病比例有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。继发性肾脏疾病中,糖尿病肾病、高血压肾损害逐年增高（P均〈0.01）。不同年龄段患者无论是原发性肾小球疾病还是继发性肾脏疾病的构成比都有显著差异（P=0.000）。97.0%的IgA肾病患者年龄位于18~45岁,微小病变好发于18岁以下,而65岁以上患者最常见膜性肾病（33.59%）。18岁以下患者最常见的继发性肾脏疾病为紫癜性肾炎（64.29%）,中青年患者最常见的继发性肾脏疾病是狼疮性肾炎（65.42%）。结论：肾脏疾病构成比逐年变化,不同年龄患者肾脏疾病构成比各有特点。     

声触诊组织定量技术在系膜增生型IgA肾病诊断中的应用

目的：探讨声触诊组织定量技术（VTQ）对系膜增生型IgA肾病的诊断价值。方法收集2013年12月至2014年7月在首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院肾内科住院,被诊断为IgA肾病的患者85例,排除病情危重者、无法配合检查者、病理类型为非系膜细胞增生性IgA肾病者,最终入组54例系膜细胞增生型IgA肾病患者,108个肾脏。选取体检的健康志愿者54例,共计108个肾脏,作为健康对照组。使用VTQ技术分别测量健康对照组与系膜细胞增生型IgA肾病患者双肾中部肾实质及集合系统VTQ的SWV值,并进行比较。结果健康对照组双肾中部肾实质与集合系统的SWV值分别为（2.13±0.13）m/s、（1.15±0.02） m/s;IgA肾病组双肾中部肾实质与集合系统的SWV值分别为（3.07±0.62） m/s、（1.12±0.29） m/s。健康对照组肾实质与IgA肾病组肾实质SWV值比较,差异有统计学意义（t=-14.481,P<0.001）,健康对照组肾集合系统与IgA肾病组集合系统SWV值比较,差异无统计学意义（t=0.82,P>0.05）;健康对照组肾实质与集合系统SWV值比较,差异有统计学意义（t=-54.01,P<0.01）;IgA肾病组肾实质与集合系统SWV值比较,差异有统计学意义（t=26.09,P<0.01）。伴随肾功能不全的加重,慢性肾病患者肾实质SWV值呈递增趋势（F=798.70, P<0.001）。叶间动脉阻力指数随慢性肾病1、2、3、4期逐渐增大。结论 VTQ技术对评价IgA肾病肾功能损害程度有一定诊断价值,为早期提示肾功能减低及判断其临床分期提供一个新的观察指标。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."