血清脂联素在2型糖尿病肾病不同时期中的变化

目的通过检测2型糖尿病肾病病人血清脂联素、尿清蛋白排泄率水平,探讨血清脂联素在2型糖尿病肾病不同阶段的变化。方法从住院的2型糖尿病病人中选取60例作为实验组,根据24h尿清蛋白排泄量分为3组：正常蛋白尿组、微量清蛋白尿组和大量清蛋白尿组,以健康体检者20例作为对照组。测定血清脂联素水平及尿清蛋白排泄量,同时观察血糖、血脂情况,分析脂联素在各组间的差异及与上述各项指标间的相关关系。结果对照组血清脂联素水平与正常蛋白尿组、大量清蛋白尿组血清脂联素水平与微量清蛋白尿组、微量清蛋白尿组血清脂联素水平与正常蛋白尿组比较,差异均有显著性（F=14.227,q=2.82～3.73,P〈0.05）。血清脂联素水平与尿清蛋白排泄量、血肌酐水平呈正相关（r=0.633、0.316,P〈0.05）,与血糖、三酰甘油水平呈负相关（r=-0.306、-0.295,P〈0.05）。结论2型糖尿病肾病病人血清脂联素水平随着尿蛋白排泄量、血肌酐水平升高而升高,且与糖脂代谢显著相关。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清NGAL和APN的改变及其临床意义

目的：探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白（NGAL）、脂联素（APN）的改变及其临床意义。方法选择2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者71例,根据尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（ACR）分为3组,正常白蛋白尿（NA）组27例、微量白蛋白尿（MA）组23例、临床白蛋白尿（CA）组21例,同期选取非肾病患者25例作为对照组。应用ELISA法检测患者血清NGAL（sNGAL）水平和血清APN（sAPN）水平,分析血清NGAL及APN水平与尿微量白蛋白/肌酐比值（ACR）和肾小球滤过率（GFR）之间的相关关系。结果（1）随着ACR水平的升高,肾功能下降,血清NGAL、APN水平逐渐升高。NA组、MA组和CA组的血清NGAL均较对照组升高,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。MA组较NA组的血清NGAL水平升高,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。NC组、NA组、MA组、CA组、各组间血清APN水平逐渐升高,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。（2）糖尿病患者血清NGAL与ACR呈正相关性（r=0.854,P〈0.01）,血清APN与ACR亦呈正相关性（r=0.828, P〈0.01）。血清NGAL与GFR呈负相关性（r=-0.751,P〈0.01）,血清APN与GFR亦呈负相关性（r=-0.816,P〈0.01）。结论糖尿病患者血清NGAL和血清APN可能参与了DN的发生与发展,有望成为DN肾损害的预测指标,用于临床监测。     

血清C超敏反应蛋白与2型糖尿病微量尿白蛋白的关系

目的探讨血清超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）与新诊断2型糖尿病微量尿白蛋白的关系。方法选取112例新诊断2型糖尿病患者,根据24h尿白蛋白（UAE）分为2组：正常白蛋白尿组（UAE〈30mg）（n=54）和微量白蛋白尿组（30〈UAE〈300mg）（n=58）。采用免疫透射比子浊法测定血清hsCRP,采用放射免疫法检测尿白蛋白量。结果微量白蛋白尿组的SBP、PBG、hsCRP以及UAE水平明显高于正常自蛋白尿组,2组间的差异均具有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）;而2组间其他临床指标的差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。Spearman相关性分析显示,hsCRP与UAE、SBP和BMI呈显著性相关（r=0．396,P=0．002;r=0．265,P=0．047;r=0．287,P=0．036）,而且经过校正性别、年龄、SPB、FBG、PBG以及SCr后,hsCRP仍与UAE呈显著相关（r=0．271,P=0．039）。结论血清hsCRP水平与新诊断2型糖尿病UAE相关,从而支持CRP作为一种炎症介质,可能参与糖尿病血管病变的发生与发展。     

P-选择素在早期糖尿病肾病中的诊断意义

目的：探讨P-选择素在早期糖尿病肾病中的诊断意义.方法：应用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定143例2型糖尿病患者[2型糖尿病组根据有无蛋白尿分为三个亚组：2型糖尿病无蛋白尿组（A组）52例、2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组（B组）41例和2型糖尿病临床蛋白尿组（C组）50例]及34例健康体检者（对照组）血清P-选择素水平.并采用全自动生化分析仪葡萄糖氧化酶比色法检测空腹血糖的水平;采用电泳仪琼脂糖凝胶电泳法检测糖化血红蛋白的水平;采用特种蛋白分析仪免疫乳胶增强散射比浊法测定高敏C反应蛋白及尿微量白蛋白的水平.结果：2型糖尿病组血清P-选择素的水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.01）,糖尿病临床蛋白尿组血清P-选择素水平高于糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组（P＜0.01）;而糖尿病微量白蛋白尿组血清P-选择素水平高于糖尿病无蛋白尿组（P＜0.01）.2型糖尿病的P-选择素与空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、高敏C反应蛋白均呈正相关（r分别0.40、0.84、0.87,P均＜0.01）.结论：血清P-选择素参与了糖尿病微血管病变的发病过程,是糖尿病肾病的早期指标之一.     

糖尿病肾病与抵抗素、MMP-2的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清抵抗素、超敏C反应蛋白（Hs-CRP）和金属蛋白酶（MMP-2）在2型糖尿病肾病发生发展中的作用.方法 测定正常人30例、2型糖尿病组（单纯糖尿病组30例、微量白蛋白尿组30例、蛋白尿组30例）患者共120例研究对象的血清抵抗素、Hs-CRP和MMP-2水平,并分析其与尿微量白蛋白等指标的关系.结果 2型糖尿病（diabetes mellitus, DM）组血清抵抗素和Hs-CRP水平明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）.糖尿病组中微量白蛋白尿组和蛋白尿组两个亚组血清抵抗素及Hs-CRP水平明显高于单纯糖尿病组（P〈0.01）.抵抗素与Hs-CRP和尿微量白蛋白正相关（r=0.67,0.61 P值均〈0.01）.DM组血清MMP-2水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0.01）.糖尿病组中微量白蛋白尿组和蛋白尿组两个亚组血清MMP-2水平明显低于单纯糖尿病组（P〈0.01） MMP-2和血清抵抗素.Hs-CRP、尿微量白蛋白呈负相关（r=-0.64,-0.60,-0.58 P值均〈0.01）.结论 抵抗素、Hs-CRP、MMP-2与糖尿病肾病发生、发展有关,检测血清其水平可能对早期诊断和评估糖尿病肾病有作用.     

伴微量白蛋白尿的初诊2型糖尿病患者血浆同型半胱氨酸水平及影响因素

[目的]探讨伴有微量白蛋白尿的初诊2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平的变化及相关影响因素.[方法]本院初诊T2DM患者66例,按24小时尿白蛋白排泄率（24hUAE）分为单纯糖尿病组（DM组）34例,糖尿病伴微量白蛋白尿组（DM＋UAE组） 32例,同期50例健康体检者为正常对照组（NC组）.比较三组间体重指数（BMI）、血压（Bp）、血糖（FBG及2hPPG）、血脂（TG、TC、LDL、HDL）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、血清C肽水平（空腹及2小时C肽）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、Hcy的差异,并分析其与24hUAE之间的关系.[结果]①DM组和DM＋UAE组中Hcy、FBG、2hPPG、HbAlc、TG、TC 、空腹及2小时C肽、CRP均明显高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）,DM＋UAER组Hcy、FBG、2hPPG、HbAlc显著高于DM组（P〈0.05）.②Pearson相关分析显示：24hUAE与血浆Hcy成正相关（r=0.612,P〈0.05）;Hcy与CRP呈正相关（r=0.704,P〈0.05）,与FBG、2hPPG 、HbAlc均无相关.[结论]Hcy可能是初诊2型糖尿病出现微量白蛋白尿的原因之一,可能是通过激发氧化应激过程导致早期患者的肾小球内皮细胞损伤.     

脂联素与肝源性糖尿病的相关研究

目的检测肝源性糖尿病患者血清脂联素浓度,探讨脂联素与肝源性糖尿病的关系。方法筛选住院的肝源性糖尿病患者30例,同期门诊确诊的初发单纯2型糖尿病29例,查体正常人员（正常对照组）31例为研究对象,分别检测血清脂联素、空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、：丙氨酸转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转移酶（AST）、总胆红素（TBLL）和白蛋白（ALB）水平、并计算胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）。结果肝源性糖尿病组和初发2型糖尿病组脂联素水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;肝源性糖尿病组脂联素水平明显高于初发2型糖尿病组（P〈0．05）。肝源性糖尿病组和初发2型糖尿病组ISI水平明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;肝源性糖尿病组FBG、FINS、HOMA—IR和初发2型糖尿病组FBG、HOMA-IR水平明显高于正常对照组（P〉0．01）;肝源性糖尿病组FINS水平明显高于初发2型糖尿病组（P〉0．05）,而FBG、ISI水平明显低于初发2型糖尿病组（P〉0．05）。脂联素与FBG、HOMA-IR呈显著负相关;与ISI呈显著正相关;与肝功能指标无相关性。结论肝源性糖尿病患者存在明显胰岛素抵抗且脂联素代谢发生异常,两者可能共同影响肝源性糖尿病的发生和发展。     

早期急性心肌梗死患者血清缺血修饰白蛋白与脂联素的水平观察

目的：通过观察早期急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者血清缺血修饰白蛋白（IMA）及脂联素（APN）水平,探讨其相关性及临床价值。方法：选择胸痛发作在6h内的疑似AMI患者180例,其中108例确诊为AMI患者（AMI组）,余72例患者为非AMI（NAMI组）,同期选择50名健康体检者为正常对照组,检测血清IMA（游离钴比色法）及APN（ELISA法）水平,进行统计学处理与分析。结果：AMI组,血清IMA水平显著高于对照组（t=24．541,P〈0．01）,血清APN水平显著低于对照组（t=7．453,P〈0．01）;血清IMA水平显著高于NAMI组（t=10．711,P〈0．01）,血清APN水平显著低于NAMI组（t=7．109,P〈0．01）。NAMI组,血清IMA水平显著高于对照组（t=15．079,P〈0．01）,血清APN水平与对照组比较差异无显著性（t=1．016,P〉0．05）。早期AMI患者血清IMA水平与血清APN水平呈显著负相关（r=-0．549,P〈0．01）。结论：早期AMI患者血清IMA与血清APN呈显著负相关,联合检测疑似早期AMI患者血清IMA与APN水平有助于AMI的早期临床诊断,也有利于临床疗效观察。     

2型糖尿病患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病肾病关系的研究

目的探讨2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）患者血清胆红素水平与糖尿病肾病（diabetic kidney disease,DKD）之间的关系。方法 789例T2DM患者,按照24小时尿白蛋白定量分为正常尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白〈30 mg）、微量尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白30～300 mg）和临床尿白蛋白组（尿白蛋白〉300 mg）,并以168例正常成人作为对照组,观察各组之间血清胆红素的差异,探讨血清胆红素水平与DKD的关系。结果 T2DM患者血清总胆红素、直接胆红素和间接胆红素水平均低于正常对照组（P〈0.01或〈0.05）。微量尿白蛋白组的总胆红素和间接胆红素均较正常尿白蛋白组下降（P〈0.01或〈0.05）,而直接胆红素差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;临床尿白蛋白组的总胆红素、直接胆红素以及间接胆红素均低于其他两组（P〈0.01）。将尿白蛋白与血清胆红素水平作相关性分析,结果显示尿白蛋白与总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素的相关系数分别为r=-0.108,P〈0.01;r=-0.068,P〉0.05;r=-0.106,P〈0.05。3组患者的肾小球滤过率与总胆红素、直接胆红素、间接胆红素的相关性分别为r=0.196,P〈0.01;r=0.074,P〉0.05;r=0.12,P〈0.05。结论胆红素可能是T2DM患者肾脏的保护性因子。糖尿病早期采取积极的抗氧化治疗对防止DKD的发生发展有重要意义。     

糖尿病肾病患者血清同型半胱氨酸与血浆血小板颗粒膜蛋白140水平的变化

目的：观察不同阶段糖尿病肾病（DN）患者血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）与血浆血小板颗粒膜蛋白140（GMP-140）的变化及相关性。方法：150例2型糖尿病患者按照尿白蛋白水平分为正常蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组及临床蛋白尿组各50例,另设50名健康对照者。检测各组血清Hcy、血浆GMP-140水平。结果：糖尿病患者血清Hcy、血浆GMP-140水平均高于对照组（P均〈0.01）;微量白蛋白尿组及临床白蛋白尿组均高于正常白蛋白尿组（P均〈0.01）;血清Hcy水平与血浆GMP-140水平呈正相关（r=0.78,P〈0.05）。结论：DN患者血清同型半胱氨酸与血浆血小板颗粒膜蛋白140水平均升高,两者具相关性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.