内脏动脉瘤的诊断与治疗

目的　探讨内脏动脉瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法　回顾性总结我院40 多年来收治的62 例内脏动脉瘤的临床经验。结果　本组包括肝动脉瘤15 例,胃胰十二指肠动脉瘤13 例,脾动脉瘤16 例,肾动脉瘤6 例,肠系膜上、下动脉瘤分别为5 例和1 例,腹腔干动脉瘤3 例,网膜动脉瘤3 例。本组自发性破裂大出血29 例,其中破裂入胆管14 例,上消化道10 例,腹腔及腹膜后5 例。本组术前经内脏动脉造影确诊37 例,经磁共振( MRI) 及数字减影血管造影术( DSA) 确诊各2 例,另6 例由螺旋CT 动脉造影(SCTA) 诊断。手术治疗51 例,死亡9 例,动脉栓塞治疗6 例。结论　内脏动脉瘤术前临床诊断极为困难,选择性内脏动脉造影( 包括DSA) 最具诊断价值,一旦确诊应尽早手术治疗     

内脏动脉瘤诊治经验

目的　探讨内脏动脉瘤的诊断和治疗方法。方法　对 71例内脏动脉瘤的诊断和治疗进行回顾性总结。结果　 71例内脏动脉瘤中包括脾动脉瘤 2 2例 ,肝动脉瘤 16例 ,腹腔干动脉瘤 4例 ,胃、胰十二指肠动脉瘤 13例 ,肠系膜上、下动脉瘤分别为 6例和 1例 ,网膜动脉瘤 3例 ,肾动脉瘤 6例。本组自发性破裂大出血 2 9例 ,其中破裂入胆道 14例 ,上消化道 10例 ,腹腔及腹膜后 5例。术前经内脏动脉造影确诊 (包括DSA) 4 2例 ,螺旋CT血管造影 (SCTA)证实 14例 ,经核磁共振血管造影 (MRA)确诊 4例。手术治疗 5 8例 ,死亡 9例 ;动脉栓塞治疗 7例。结论　内脏动脉瘤术前临床诊断极为困难。DSA、SCTA和MRA具有诊断价值。一旦确诊 ,应尽早手术治疗。     

腹腔干动脉瘤九例的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨腹腔干动脉瘤的诊断与治疗方法。方法 回顾总结9例腹腔干动脉瘤的诊治情况。结果 本组腹腔干动脉瘤9例,位于起始部2例。主干2例,分叉处5例,术前经CTY下实5例,行磁共振造影（MRA）检查证实2例,数字减影动脉造影（DSA）证实5例,均予手术治疗,其中肝动脉重建例,肝动脉及脾动脉结扎、脾切除2例,腹腔干重建4例,本组围手术期无死亡。结论 腹腔干动脉诊断一旦明确,应尽早手术治疗,行腹腔干或肝动脉重建术是最佳的手术方式。     

三维增强MR数字减影血管造影诊断下肢动脉硬化闭塞症

目的:探讨三维增强MR数字减影血管造影诊断下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的价值。方法:对83例疑下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的患者行三维增强MR数字减影血管造影检查,用3DFLASH序列(TR/TE 4.6/1.8msec)冠状位采集对比剂注射前后原始图像,先进行减影处理,再进行最大信号强度投影重建,图像质量采用优、良、差3级评价。同时观察三维增强MR数字减影血管造影显示下肢动脉斑块、狭窄、闭塞等情况。结果:图像质量均达到优良并能清晰显示下肢动脉血管结构及病变情况,83例中发现下肢动脉斑块和/或狭窄和/或闭塞72例。结论:三维增强MR数字减影血管造影能较好显示下肢动脉情况,图像分辨率高,是一种简便、易行、有效的诊断下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的影像学检查方法。     

腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉共干部动脉瘤的切除和血管重建探讨

目的探讨腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉畸形共干部真性动脉瘤的切除以及血管重建的手术治疗方法。方法回顾性总结1998年2月至2006年4月6例患者临床资料,均在全身麻醉下行动脉瘤切除,肾下主动脉与肝动脉、脾动脉、肠系膜上动脉行转流手术5例,行主动脉肝动脉转流、肠系膜上动脉成形术1例。结果均获得临床治愈,随访观察2月~8年,无一例复发。结论腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉畸形共干部动脉瘤切除,主动脉与内脏动脉转流或重建是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

内脏动脉瘤的现行处置方法

内脏动脉瘤是一种少见但很重要的腹部血管疾病。最常见受累的血管依次为脾动脉、肝动脉、肠系膜上动脉、腹腔动脉、胃-胃网膜动脉、空-回-结肠动脉、胰十二指肠-胰腺动脉、胃十二指肠动脉及肠系膜下动脉。本研究目的在干重温当今内脏动脉瘤的诊治经验，尤其强调新的诊断方法及经皮导管治疗术。从1980年至1994年共有37例患者被检出46个内脏动脉瘤。4例为多发性动脉瘤。其中位于脾脏22个、肝脏10个、肠系膜上动脉4个、胃十二指肠动脉2个、腹腔动脉3个、胃左动脉2个、胰十H指肠动脉1个、空回肠动脉1个、肠系膜下动脉1个。男女比为12：l（20／1…     

脾动脉瘤27例诊治分析

目的 探讨脾动脉瘤的早期诊断和治疗方法。方法 对1957年9月－2000年6月诊治的27例脾动脉瘤作一回顾性分析。结果 27例脾动脉瘤中伴动脉粥样硬化12例,门静脉高压症9例,胰腺炎2例,外伤2例,肌纤维发育不良及细菌性心内膜炎所致各1例。发生自发性破裂大出血4例（14．8％）。术前20例经彩超及彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）检查初步确诊16例;5例经螺旋CT血管造影（SCTA）、5例经选择性内脏动脉造影、5例数字减影血管造影（DSA）、例经磁共振血管造影三维重建（3D MRA）而确诊;术前依靠临床表现获诊断仅1例;11例经手术探查确诊。本组行包括胰尾脾的脾动脉瘤切除术11例,脾动脉瘤切除加脾动脉重建术6例,脾动脉瘤切除术未重建脾动脉3例,动脉瘤近远端脾动脉结扎术3例,介入栓塞术4例。无死亡病例。结论 重视和警惕脾动脉瘤的可能并通过CDFI、SCTA、3D MRA及DSA等影象技术对脾动脉瘤作出早期诊断;一旦确诊应根据病情微创、安全、有效的腔内介入栓塞治疗或尽早手术。     

腹腔动脉-肠系膜上动脉共干动脉瘤一例

患者女性,48岁,上腹部隐痛不适1年余,曾行胃镜检查示浅表性胃炎,经药物治疗无效。在外院行超声检查示肠系膜上动脉动脉瘤,于2004年4月20日转入本院。体检:患者一般情况良好,无阳性体征。常规实验室检查正常。增强CT:于胰腺后方发现高密度椭圆形占位,约6·5 cm×6·0 cm×5·0 cm(图1)。内脏血管造影:腹腔动脉(celiacartery,CA)与肠系膜上动脉(superior mesenteric artery,SMA)共干(celiomesenteric trunk,CMT),动脉瘤位于腹腔动脉与肠系膜上动脉之间(图2,3)。手术在全身麻醉下进行,上腹部正中切口进腹,打开肝胃韧带、胃结肠韧带,于胰体…     

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目的总结9例脾动脉瘤的临床治疗经验。方法1999年12月至2003年3月上海第二医科大学附属仁济医院经多普勒B超、CT、数字减影血管造影术(DSA)或磁共振成像(MRI)检查9例病人术前确诊为脾动脉瘤。手术方法包括动脉瘤体近远端动脉结扎术2例，动脉瘤切除脾动脉重建2例，动脉瘤切除、动脉瘤-门静脉内瘘关闭、脾切除1例，动脉瘤伴胰体尾部切除加脾切除4例。结果随访5个月至3年所有病人均手术治愈。无死亡及严重并发症。随访期间无动脉瘤复发或上消化道出血，腹水消失。结论脾动脉瘤一般起病隐匿．很少有临床症状。选择性内脏动脉造影最具有诊断价值。手术切除是脾动脉瘤最可靠的治疗方法，由于动脉瘤有破裂可能，有症状的脾动脉瘤是手术治疗的绝对指征。     

血管内介入治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤11例经验

目的评价介入治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤的安全性和疗效。方法用介入技术治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤11例,包括脾动脉瘤5例,胃-十二指肠动脉瘤5例,肠系膜上动脉(SMA)瘤1例。5例以假性动脉瘤破裂出血就诊,3例表现为上腹部疼痛和搏动性包块,3例无自觉症状。10例用血管内栓塞术,1例发自SMA的动脉瘤用联合动脉内栓塞和被覆膜支架置入术治疗。结果11例均治疗成功,无并发症。5例以出血为首发症状者,术后出血立即停止。1例SMA动脉瘤术后被完全封闭,主干及分支显影正常。3例术前有症状者术后腹痛逐渐消失、包块缩小。随访4～52个月(平均25.5个月),未发生与动脉瘤相关的并发症,超声波检查无动脉瘤复发表现。结论血管内介入技术是治疗腹腔内脏动脉瘤的安全有效方法。     

Diagnosis and management of visceral artery aneurysms: report of 24 cases

During the past 30 years 24 patients were treated for visceral artery aneurysms in our hospital. There were 12 hepatic, 7 gastroduodenopancreatic, 3 splenic, and 2 superior mesenteric artery aneurysms. Perilous ruptures occurred in 20 patients, among them 13 ruptured into the biliary tract, 4 into the upper gastrointestinal tract, and 3 into the abdominal cavity. Correct preoperative diagnosis was often difficult. Selective celiac and superior mesenteric angiography was most valuable, and 14 patients were correctly diagnosed preoperatively by the procedure. Nineteen underwent emergent surgery and 8 died. Prognosis depended on the anatomic location of the aneurysms and the general condition of the patients.     

Surgical treatment of aneurysms of unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

Aneurysms of unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta are rare diseases but they are dangerous for life. Russian Research Center of Surgery RAMS has an experience of diagnosis and surgical treatment of 23 patients with aneurysms of the celiac trunk (2), superior mesenteric artery (4), inferior mesenteric artery (1), hepatic artery (4), splenic artery (7), gastroduodenal artery (2), inferior pancreatoduodenal artery (1), multiple aneurysms of celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery (2). 21 of 23 patients were operated. 20 patients were discharged with complete recovery. 1 (4.8%) patient died due to gastroduodenal bleeding 4 months after surgery. The results show that patients with aneurysms of unpaired visceral branches of abdominal aorta require surgical treatment.     

Pedal artery imaging--a comparison of selective digital subtraction angiography, contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and duplex ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate selective digital subtraction angiography (DSA), contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) and duplex ultrasound (duplex) in preoperative pedal artery imaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS: DSA, CE-MRA and duplex were studied prospectively in 37 patients suffering from critical leg ischaemia. Two radiologists independently reviewed both the CE-MRA and DSA images. The pedal vessels were scored on a scale from 0 to III (0=vessel not visualised, I=vessel faintly visualised, II=stenosis >50%, III=vessel without relevant stenosis). Duplex ultrasound was performed by an angiologist blind to both the DSA and MRA findings and the pedal arteries were scored 0-III according to their diameter. Each examiner named the pedal artery best suitable for bypass surgery. Agreement in artery assessment was expressed as kappa values. Patency of the bypass at 30 days was used as validation of the artery's suitability as the run-off vessel. RESULTS: interobserver agreement for DSA (weighted Kappa 0.63, CI 0.53-0.73 and CE-MRA (weighted kappa 0.60, CI 0.5-0.7) was moderate to substantial. CE-MRA depicted significantly more vascular segments than DSA (p congruent with 0.0001).In the prediction of the distal outflow vessel duplex and CE-MRA proved to be superior to DSA. CONCLUSION: because of the moderate inter-observer agreement it may be questionable to regard selective DSA as gold standard imaging procedure in preoperative pedal artery imaging. CE-MRA and duplex are very helpful in assessing the pedal artery morphology and should be used if selective DSA does not sufficiently depict the pedal vasculature.     

Successful surgical treatment of a patient with multiple visceral artery aneurysms due to fibromuscular dysplasia

Multiple visceral artery aneurysms due to fibromuscular dysplasia are rare. A 43-yr-old man with a pulsatile abdominal mass detected by ultrasonography had multiple visceral artery aneurysms diagnosed by angiography. This included a huge superior mesenteric artery aneurysm. Aneurysm resection and arterial reconstruction was performed successfully. Pathologic examination revealed fibromuscular dysplasia of the medial fibroplasia type.     

腹腔内脏动脉瘤的外科治疗——附46例分析

目的探讨腹腔内脏动脉瘤(VAAs)的合理治疗策略。方法回顾性分析我院2000～2012年间随访资料完整的46例VAAs病例的临床资料及其治疗效果。结果 46例患者中男性21例,女性25例,其中肾动脉瘤10例,肠系膜上动脉瘤8例,肝动脉瘤7例,脾动脉瘤16例,胃十二指肠上动脉瘤2例,多发性VAA3例。37例接受介入治疗,9例接受开放手术,一次手术技术成功率为95.9%,二次手术技术成功率为100%。术后1例并发肠瘘、腹腔感染和肾功能损害,经治疗后康复出院。随访5～120(平均47.5)个月,除1例大动脉炎患者因再发肾动脉瘤破裂死亡外其余患者均存活。结论介入治疗及开放手术相结合是治疗VAA的合理手段,应根据患者的具体情况选择相应的治疗方式。     

The endovascular management of visceral artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms

OBJECTIVE: Visceral artery aneurysms may be treated by aneurysm exclusion, excision, revascularization, and endovascular techniques. The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes of the management of visceral artery aneurysms with catheter-based techniques. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2005, 90 patients were identified with a diagnosis of visceral artery aneurysm. This was inclusive of aneurysmal disease of the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), inferior mesenteric artery, and their branches. Surveillance without intervention occurred in 23 patients, and 19 patients underwent open aneurysm repair (4 ruptures). The endovascular treatment of 48 consecutive patients (mean age 58, 60% men) with 20 visceral artery aneurysms (VAA) and 28 visceral artery pseudoaneurysms (VAPA) was the basis for this study. Electronic and hardcopy medical records were reviewed for demographic data and clinical variables. Original computed tomography (CT) scans and fluoroscopic imaging were evaluated. RESULTS: The endovascular treatment of visceral artery aneurysms was technically successful in 98% of 48 procedures, consisting of 3 celiac axis repairs, 2 left gastric arteries, 1 SMA, 12 hepatic arteries, 20 splenic arteries, 7 gastroduodenal arteries, 1 middle colic artery, and 2 pancreaticoduodenal arteries. Of these, 29 (60%) were performed for symptomatic disease (5 ruptured aneurysms). Procedures were performed in the endovascular suite under local anesthesia with conscious sedation (94%). The femoral artery was used as the preferential access site (90%). Coil embolization was used for aneurysm exclusion in 96%. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (glue) was used selectively (19%) using a triaxial system with a 3F microcatheter for persistent flow or multiple branches. The 30-day mortality was 8.3% (n = 4). One patient died from recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding after gastroduodenal embolization, and the remaining died of unrelated causes. All perioperative deaths occurred in patients requiring urgent or emergent intervention in the setting of hemodynamic instability. No patients undergoing elective intervention died in the periprocedural period. Postprocedural imaging was performed after 77% of interventions at a mean of 16 months. Complete exclusion of flow within the aneurysm sac occurred in 97% interventions with follow-up imaging, but coil and glue artifact complicated CT evaluation. Postembolization syndrome developed in three patients (6%) after splenic artery embolization. There was no evidence of hepatic insufficiency or bowel ischemia after either hepatic or mesenteric artery aneurysm treatment. Three patients required secondary interventions for persistent flow (n = 1) and recurrent bleeding from previously embolized aneurysms (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Visceral artery aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms can be successfully treated with endovascular means with low periprocedural morbidity; however, the urgent repair of these lesions is still associated with elevated mortality rates. Aneurysm exclusion can be accomplished with coil embolization and the selective use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. Current catheter-based techniques extend our ability to exclude visceral artery aneurysms, but imaging artifact hampers postoperative CT surveillance.     

Three-dimensional multislice helical computed tomography with the volume rendering technique in the detection of vascular complications after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Hepatic artery stenosis and thrombosis are common complications in liver transplant patients. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) has served as the gold standard to make this diagnosis. More recently, three-dimensional helical computed tomographic arteriography (3D CTA) with maximum intensity projection and shaded surface display techniques has been compared with DSA. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 3D CTA with the volume rendering technique is a useful and accurate tool in the detection of vascular complications after liver transplantation. METHODS: Thirty-five consecutive liver transplant patients underwent 3D CTA with volume rendering technique. The standard of reference was DSA for 20 patients and imaging and clinical follow-up for 15 patients. Two blinded reviewers evaluated the axial and 3D CTA images in consensus. RESULTS: 3D CTA with volume rendering technique detected 10 hepatic artery stenoses, six hepatic artery thromboses, two hepatic artery pseudoaneurysms, two splenic artery aneurysms, two portal vein stenoses, and four redundant hepatic arteries. In one case computed tomography (CT) detected a moderate hepatic artery stenosis, while conventional angiography showed a normal artery. The sensitivity of CT for detecting vascular lesions was 100%, specificity was 89% (8 of 9), accuracy was 95% (19 of 20), positive predictive value was 92% (11 of 12), and negative predictive value was 100% (8 of 8). CONCLUSIONS: 3D CTA is a useful and accurate noninvasive technique for detection of vascular complications in liver transplant patients.     

Visceral artery aneurysms: a single center experience

BACKGROUND: Splanchnic artery areurysm is a rare but clinically relevant disease, showing a high mortality rate in emergency surgery. Reports on splanchnic aneurysms are rare and often anecdotal. The aim of this study is to discuss data obtained from 16 patients in a single vascular surgery center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1987 and December 2000, 16 patients underwent surgery for splanchnic artery aneurysms. In 13 patients the localization was single (in two associated with an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm) and in 3 patients multiple. The arteries involved were: splenic (8), hepatic (4), celiac (3), superior mesenteric (3), ileocolic (2), and pancreatoduodenal (1). 13 patients were asymptomatic and 3 presentec with abdominal pain. All patients underwent CT scan, and abdominal aortic and selective visceral artery angiography. Before surgery, all patients underwent cerebral MR or cerebral CT scan. 13 patients underwent open vascular surgery; 3 patients (2 splenic and 1 hepatic) underwent endovascular procedure (angioembolization). Histological examination of the aneurysmal wall was obtained in 14 patients. Ultrasound examination was performed after 6 months, then yearly. 14 patients underwent abdominal CT scan during the long-term follow-up. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality was absent. 12 cases were classified as displastic, with minor or major secondary atherosclerotic changes, and in many cases severe calcications. 2 cases were classified as atherosclerotic. Cerebral MR did not show any cases of intracerebral displastric aneurismal disease. One patient was lost at follow-up after 9 years. One patient showed a recurrence at 6 years (superior mesenteric artery): the patient underwent a new surgical procedure and died 20 days after surgery for intestinal infarction. All abdominal follow-up CT scans show good results of the vascular reconstruction and escluded other new visceral or aortic aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral artery aneurysms are an uncommon form of abdominal vascular disease showing a high postoperative mortality rate in emergencies. Surgery, and in selected cases, endovascular treatment, can successfully manage splanchnic artery aneurysms with few complications and low recurrence.