双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术对特重型颅脑伤致双瞳散大患者的救治

目的 探讨双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术在治疗特重型颅脑外伤致双瞳散大患者中的作用.方法 对我科2005年1月至2010年12月收治的58例单侧损伤灶所致特重型颅脑外伤致双瞳散大手术患者进行回顾性分析,其中2005年1月至2007年9月仅行病灶侧去骨瓣减压术30例(A组),2007年10月至2010年12月采用双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术28例(B组),分析并比较两组患者颅内压、预后及并发症情况.结果 采用双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术者较仅对血肿侧去骨瓣减压者颅内压下降差异有统计学意义;死亡率下降了25.2%,预后良好率上升了26.9%.结论 双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术可有效降低特重型颅脑外伤致双瞳散大患者的颅内压,减少急性脑膨出和脑梗死的发生率,降低死亡率.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effect of bilateral balanced decompressive craniectomy in treatment of the most severe brain injured patients with bilateral mydriasis. Methods Fifty - eight cases of the most severe brain injury due to unilateral lesions with bilateral mydriasis were analyzed retrospectively from Jan 2005 to Dec 2010. Thirty were treated by unilateral decompressive craniectomy from Jan 2005 to Sep 2007(group A) and 28 by bilateral balanced decompressive craniectomy from Oct 2007 to Dec 2010(group B). The intracranial pressure, prognosis and complications were compared. Results Postoperative ICP was significantly lower in group B than group A; patients in group B had a lower mortality and better outcome than in group A. Conclusion Bilateral balanced decompressive craniectomy can efficiently reduce the values of ICP, occurrence of acute encephalocele and brain infarction and mortality of the most severe brain injured patients with bilateral mydriasis.     

预见性双侧平衡去骨瓣减压治疗重型颅脑损伤体会

目的探讨预见性双侧平衡去骨瓣减压治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法 2006~2010年行双侧去骨瓣减压手术治疗重型颅脑损伤患者130例,其中80例行预见性双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术(A组);50例行分次双侧去骨瓣减压术(B组),比较两组患者的预后及并发症的发生情况。结果术后6个月随访时,按GOS评分评定预后。A组:良好29例(36.3%),中残20例,重残10例,植物生存7例,死亡14例(17.5%);B组:良好9例(18.0%),中残11例,重残7例,植物生存6例,死亡17例(34.0%)。A组良好率明显高于B组(P<0.05),而死亡率明显低于B组(P<0.05)。结论预见性双侧平衡去骨瓣减压手术能达到彻底解除或减轻高颅内压,提高重型颅脑损伤的抢救成功率,改善患者预后。     

重型颅脑损伤术中脑膨出多种处理方法的回顾性分析

目的总结重型颅脑损伤术中急性脑膨出的合理的处理方法。方法回顾性分析1997年7月至2007年7月123例术中出现急性脑膨出的重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料。结果术中出现急性脑膨出时于对侧开颅减压及双侧平衡开颅减压患者的预后远比术后复查CT再于对侧开颅减压患者的预后好,行单侧大骨瓣减压及脑叶切除加单侧大骨瓣减压患者的预后较差。结论重型颅脑损伤患者术中出现急性脑膨出时应积极于对侧开颅减压。     

双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术治疗重型闭合性颅脑损伤

目的探讨预见性双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术治疗重型闭合性颅脑损伤的应用意义。方法行双侧去骨瓣减压术治疗的重型闭合性颅脑损伤的病人256例,其中120例行预见性一次双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术治疗,136例先后两次行双侧去骨瓣减压术治疗。比较分析两组病人预后及并发症的发生情况。结果256例病人中,死亡63例,总死亡率24.61%。一次双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术者死亡率19.17%;分次双侧去骨瓣减压术者29.41%,两者相较,相差显著(P<0.01)。一次手术者术后恢复良好率高于两次手术者(P<0.01)。结论预见性一次双侧平衡去骨瓣减压术可解决单纯一侧去骨瓣减压术后发生迟发性颅内血肿的问题,保持双侧颅内结构的稳定,减少脑干摆动等所致的二次损伤,明显地降低重型闭合性颅脑损伤患者的死亡率及致残率,是其治疗的一种有效而又较为简易安全的方法。     

去骨瓣减压术中持续颅内压监测的意义

目的探讨去骨瓣减压术中持续颅内压监测的临床意义。方法对我科2012年1月~2013年12月诊断明确的符合急诊去骨瓣减压手术指征的24例急性重型颅脑创伤患者(治疗组)进行术中全程颅内压监测,根据颅内压的变化,采用逐步控制性减压手术方法。并与同期采用标准外伤大骨瓣减压手术的25例患者(对照组),比较术中、术后并发症的发生率及对预后的影响。结果治疗组术中、术后并发症的发生率及预后良好率明显优于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论去骨瓣减压术中持续颅内压监测,根据颅内压的变化,采用逐步控制性减压手术方法。有助于术中精确控制性减压,减少术中、术后的并发症,术中及时发现问题,指导治疗和评估预后,对改善重型颅脑创伤患者的预后具有一定的临床意义。     

控制性减压技术在老年重型、特重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术中的应用

目的 探讨控制性减压技术在老年重型、特重型颅脑损伤（TBI）去骨瓣减压术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年12月至2019年12月收治的96例老年重型、特重型TBI的临床资料。均采用大骨瓣减压术治疗，其中48例术中采用控制性减压技术（观察组），48例未采用（对照组）。结果 去骨瓣前，观察组颅内压[（35.37±2.07）mmHg]与对照组[（35.24±1.72）mmHg]无统计学差异（P>0.05）；去骨瓣后，观察组颅内压[（20.87±1.40）mmHg]与对照组颅内压[（28.75±1.53）mmHg]较去骨瓣前均明显降低（P<0.05），而且，观察组明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。术后1 d，观察组GCS评分[（6.28±0.73）分]明显高于对照组[（4.12±0.69）分；P<0.05]；术后1个月，观察组Barthel指数[（76.81±5.54）分]明显高于对照组[（68.17±6.02）分；P<0.05]。术后观察组并发症总发生率（16.7%，8/48）明显低于对照组（47.9%，23/48；P<0.05）。结论 对于老年重型、特重型TBI，去骨瓣减压术是有效的，术中运用控制性减压技术可明显降低术后并发症发生率，改善病人预后     

控制性阶梯式减压术治疗重型、特重型颅脑损伤疗效分析

目的探讨控制性阶梯式减压手术治疗重型、特重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法将186例重型、特重型颅脑损伤患者按入院顺序分为观察组(96例)和对照组(90例)。对照组采用标准大骨瓣减压手术,观察组在标准大骨瓣减压的基础上术中采用控制性阶梯式降颅压手术。结果观察组术中急性脑膨出发生率、术后迟发性颅内血肿发生率显著降低(P<0.05)。随访6个月,根据GOS评分评估患者预后,观察组预后良好率(GOS评分4~5分)显著增高(P<0.05)。结论在标准大骨瓣减压术基础上,术中采用控制性阶梯式减压手术,能有效降低重型、特重型颅脑损伤患者并发症发生率,改善患者预后。     

外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗对冲性重型颅脑损伤的疗效及预后评价

目的探讨标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗对冲性重型颅脑损伤(STBI)的临床疗效及预后。方法将206例对冲性STBI患者随机分成2组,每组各103例,标准组采用标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗,常规组采用常规骨瓣开颅减压术治疗。比较分析术前、术后第1天、3天颅内压变化,及患者预后及术后并发症发生情况。结果术后第1天、3天,2组患者颅内压均较术前显著下降,且标准组术后第1天、3天的颅内压显著低于常规组(P<0.05);伤后3个月,标准组的预后明显优于常规组(P<0.05);标准组术后并发症的发生率为29.1%,显著低于常规组47.6%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论标准外伤大骨瓣开颅减压术治疗对冲性STBI减压彻底,可明显改善患者预后,降低病死率。     

不同手术方法治疗重型对冲性颅脑外伤的疗效观察

目的探讨不同手术方法治疗重型对冲性颅脑外伤的疗效。方法将62例重型对冲性颅脑外伤患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组31例。治疗组采用双侧去骨瓣减压开颅术,对照组采用常规单侧外伤大骨瓣减压窗手术。观察2组患者术后情况,记录术后1、3、5d颅内压情况,术后随访3个月并评价临床疗效。结果治疗组术后1、3、5d颅内压[(21.33±2.95)、(18.62±2.65)、(16.56±2.35)mmHg]均显著低于对照组[(32.66±3.23)、(29.19±3.11)、(27.72±2.89)mmHg](均为P<0.05);治疗组临床治疗有效率为54.8%(17/31),显著高于对照组的25.8%(8/31)(P<0.05)。结论双侧去骨瓣减压开颅术治疗重型对冲性颅脑外伤疗效明显优于常规单侧外伤骨瓣减压窗手术,患者预后良好,值得临床推广应用。     

大骨瓣减压小脑幕切开治疗特重型颅脑损伤60例报告

特重型颅脑损伤(GCS＜5分)[1]的患者伤情危重,发展迅速,残死率高,是神经外科治疗最棘手的问题.我院自2007年1月至2010年8月收治的特重型颅脑损伤并脑疝的患者实验组60例行“大骨瓣减压小脑幕切开术”,对照组60例行“大骨瓣减压术”,对两组患者的治疗结果进行对比分析,评价其临床疗效.     

颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后脑积水危险因素分析及分流时机

目的 探讨颅脑损伤病人去骨瓣减压术后发生脑积水的危险因素及分流术时机。方法 回顾性分析2017年1月~2019年12月去骨瓣减压术治疗的128例颅脑损伤的临床资料。多因素logistic回归分析检验脑积水危险因素。结果 128例中，术后发生脑积水28例，发生率为21.9%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明，蛛网膜下腔出血、脑室出血、骨窗面积≥7 cm2是颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后继发脑积水的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。28例脑积水中，22例行脑室-腹腔分流术，按照分流中位时间的3.5 d分为早期分流组和晚期分流组，各11例；早期分流组术后颅内压改善效果更好（P<0.05），颅内压恢复时间明显缩短（P<0.05）；但是两组脑脊液指标和并发症发生率均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 脑积水是颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后常见并发症，手术治疗前应充分评估脑积水发生的因素，一旦发生脑积水应查明原因并早期进行分流手术治疗     

硬膜网格成形与常规减压影像学对比分析

目的比较重型颅脑损伤患者开颅术中应用硬脑膜网格成形与常规方法减压两种术式的术后影像学表现。方法60例重型颅脑损伤伴脑肿胀患者分为两组，均行开颅去大骨瓣减压手术治疗，术中分别应用硬脑膜网格成形与常规方法减压，统计两组患者术后影像学表现并进行对比分析。结果术中急性脑膨出及术后脑嵌顿发生率在两组间比较有差异；术后中线移位、环池受压情况及术后脑积水、硬膜下积液发生率比较均无明显差异。结论开颅去骨瓣减压术中运用硬脑膜网格成形技术有助于降低术中急性脑膨出，防止术后并发症。     

Early decompressive craniotomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury

Introduction Decompressive craniectomy remains a controversial procedure in the treatment of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) associated with post-traumatic brain swelling. Although there are a number of studies in adults published in the literature on this topic, most commonly as a salvage procedure in the treatment of refractory raised ICP, there are few that investigate it primarily in children with head injuries.Aim Our aim was to report the experience with decompressive craniotomy in children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) at the Red Cross Children's' hospital.Methods This study reports five patients in whom decompressive craniectomy or craniotomy with duraplasty was used as an early, aggressive treatment of raised ICP causing secondary acute neurological deterioration after head injury. The rationale was to save the patient from acute cerebral herniation and to prevent exposure to a prolonged course of intracranial hypertension.Results All patients benefited from the procedure, demonstrating control of ICP, radiological improvement and neurological recovery. Long-term follow-up was available, with outcome assessed at a minimum of 14 months after injury.Discussion The early approach to the use of decompressive craniotomy in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) with secondary deterioration due to raised ICP is emphasised. A favourable outcome was achieved in all of the cases presented. The potential benefit of decompressive craniectomy/craniotomy in the management of children with severe TBI is discussed.     

Delayed bilateral craniectomy for treatment of traumatic brain swelling in children: case report and review of the literature

Introduction Head injury is the leading cause of accidental death in children. Recent reports have shown the benefit of decompressive craniectomy in children and the role of early timing has been emphasized. However, there is still a lack of data to determine the optimal time for performing craniectomy.Case report In contrast to most reports in the literature, this case report demonstrates successful bilateral decompressive craniectomy in a 10-year-old girl with multiple posttraumatic intracranial lesions and massive traumatic brain swelling on the 8th posttraumatic day.Conclusions Various pathophysiological mechanisms in the genesis of posttraumatic brain swelling make different treatment strategies necessary. Continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP), as well as serial cranial computed tomography (CCT), can help to differentiate between these mechanisms. Furthermore, repeated clinical and neurophysiological investigations are important for the timing of craniectomy.A commentary on this paper is available at     

Complications of decompressive craniectomy for head injury

There is much interest in the use of decompressive craniectomy for intracranial hypertension. Whilst technically straightforward, the procedure is not without significant complications. A retrospective analysis was undertaken of 41 patients who had had a decompressive craniectomy for severe head injury in the years 2006 and 2007 at the two major hospitals in Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Royal Perth Hospital. Complications attributable to the decompressive surgery were: herniation of the cortex through the bone defect, 18 patients (51%); subdural effusion, 22 patients (62%); seizures, five patients (14%) and hydrocephalus, four patients (11%). Complications attributable to the subsequent cranioplasty were: infection, four patients (11%) and bone flap resorption, six patients (17%). Syndrome of the trephined occurred in three (7%) of those patients whose bone flap had significantly resorbed. Two deaths (5.5%) occurred as a direct complication of the craniectomy or cranioplasty procedure. I attempted to define what may be regarded as a complication of the decompressive procedure rather than what may be a consequence of the primary pathological process of traumatic brain injury.     

重型颅脑损伤术后发生脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析手术后276例重型颅脑损伤手术患者的临床资料。随访6个月后根据脑积水诊断标准,分为脑积水组(47例)和非脑积水组(229例),采用单因素分析和逐步Logistic回归分析,比较两组患者颅内脑挫裂伤、脑室出血、硬膜下血肿、硬膜外血肿、颅骨损伤、颅骨线型骨折、脑脊液蛋白水平及压力等因素。结果随访结果显示,重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水发生率为17.03%(47/276);单因素分析结果显示脑积水组和非脑积水组在年龄、脑室出血、硬膜下血肿、昏迷(有无、持续时间)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)、去骨瓣减压术、创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage,tSAH)、加尔维斯顿定位和失忆测试(Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test,PTA)、功能独立性测评(Function Independent Measure,FIM)的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归结果显示高龄、硬膜下血肿、昏迷时间长、GCS低分值,去骨瓣减压术与重型颅脑创伤后的脑积水的发生显著正相关。结论高龄、有硬膜下血肿、GCS评分低、接受去骨瓣减压术是重型颅脑创伤后脑积水的危险因素。     

小脑幕裂孔切开联合大骨瓣减压治疗小脑幕切迹疝

目的研究小脑幕裂孔切开联合常规大骨瓣减压手术在小脑幕切迹疝病人中的临床疗效与实际应用价值。方法120例术前已发生小脑幕切迹疝的重型颅脑损伤及脑出血病人,按照患者入院顺序依次分为3组：标准大骨瓣减压组、内减压组和小脑幕裂孔切开组,每组40例,分别按照不同的手术原则进行手术。术后48h复查头颅CT,比较各组间的死亡率及脑干周围池改善率,对比各组间术后2周、4周GCS评分及术后24周GOS评分。结果术后小脑幕裂孔切开组死亡率显著低于标准大骨瓣减压组（P〈0.05）,但与内减压组比较无统计学显著性差异（P〉0.05）。脑干周围池改善率,小脑幕裂孔切开组显著高于大骨瓣减压组及内减压组（P〈0.01）。术后2周、4周GCS评分及术后24周GOS评分小脑幕裂孔切开组显著优于大骨瓣减压组及内减压组（P〈0.01）。结论小脑幕裂孔切开联合常规大骨瓣减压术治疗小脑幕切迹疝疗效肯定,可以显著降低病人的死亡率和伤残率,改善其预后,值得临床推广。     

骨窗加压包扎防治去骨瓣减压术后并发硬膜下积液的疗效分析

目的观察颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后行骨窗加压包扎预防和治疗硬膜下积液的临床疗效。 方法选取荆州市第二人民医院神经外科自2009年9月至2015年4月55例颅脑损伤行去骨瓣减压术病例随机分为骨窗加压包扎组（n=26）和常规组（n=29）,两组术后均行常规治疗,加压包扎组自术后行绑带骨窗加压包扎1个月,两组定期复查头颅CT,对出现硬膜下积液者及时骨窗加压包扎,对两组患者硬膜下积液的发生率,出现硬膜下积液的时间和术后GOS评分进行比较分析,观察硬膜下积液患者行骨窗包扎干预的疗效。 结果骨窗加压包扎组硬膜下积液发生率为7.7%（2/26）明显低于常规组27.6%（8/29）,出现硬膜下积液时间为术后评均（38.5±3.7）d明显长于常规组（13±2.9）d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,骨窗加压包扎组GOS评分>3分例数18例（69.2%）,常规组为21例（72.4%）,两组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。10例硬膜下积液病例,发现积液后行骨窗加压包扎干预平均23.9d后积液均吸收,无需手术病例。 结论骨窗加压包扎可明显降低颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的发生率,对术后硬膜积液有很好的预防和治疗作用,该方法简单易行,安全有效,值得临床推广应用。