血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体A1166C多态性与北京地区原发性高血压的关系

目的 探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)基因A1166C多态性与北京地区原发性高血压的关系.方法 对249例原发性高血压患者进行AT1R基因A1166C多态性测定.结果 ⑴检出CC基因型1例(0.4%),AC基因型26例(10.4%),AA基因型222例(89.2%);A等位基因频率为94.3%;C等位基因为5.7%.与国内林从容等的研究基因型分布和等位基因频率比较差异无统计学意义(P均＞0.05);与西班牙和法国研究基因型与等位基因频率均差异有统计学意义(P均＜0.0001);而西班牙和法国人群之间基因型与等位基因频率差异没有统计学意义(P＝0.609,0.513).⑵AA基因型患者收缩压较AC+CC基因型高,分别为(150.0±21.1)mmHg与(138.1±22.3)mmHg,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);舒张压具有同样趋势[(92.6±12.7)mmHg:(89.8±13.2)mmHg,P＝0.342)].结论 AT1R基因A1166C多态性分布在不同种族之间显著不同.AT1R基因A1166C多态性AA基因型可能与北京地区原发性高血压人群血压升高有关.     

哈萨克族居民高血压与ACE和AT_1R基因多态性

目的探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性、血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)基因A1166C多态性与新疆哈萨克族居民原发性高血压关系。方法采用病例对照研究设计,以220例高血压患者为高血压组,220名血压正常者为对照组。应用聚合酶链反应和限制性酶切的方法检测ACE基因I/D与AT1R基因A1166C多态性。结果高血压组中,ACE I/D DD、ID、II 3种基因型的频率分别为43.64%,34.54%,21.82%,对照组中分别为27.72%,48.64%,23.64%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.89,P0.01);高血压组中D和I 2种等位基因频率分别为60.91%,39.09%;对照组中分别为47.95%,52.05%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.89,P0.01);高血压组中,AT1RA1166C AA和AC2种基因型的频率分别为78.6%,21.4%,对照组中分别为81.4%,18.6%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.51,P0.05);高血压组中A和C2种等位基因频率分别为89.3%,10.7%,对照组中分别为90.7%,9.3%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.45,P0.05)。结论当个体携带ACE基因DD基因型时,增加患高血压的危险性;AT1R基因A1166C多态性与哈萨克族居民高血压发生无关;ACE基因ATR基因之间可能有交互作用。     

ACE、AT_1R、eNOS基因多态性与重度子痫前期的相关性

目的:探讨血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅰ(AT1R)基因A1166C多态性和内皮细胞一氧化氮合成酶(eNOS)基因G894T多态性与重度子痫前期发病的关系。方法:应用荧光定量PCR、DNA测序技术检测50例重度子痫前期患者(病例组)与100例正常妊娠妇女(对照组)ACE、AT1R、eNOS基因多态性。结果:病例组ACE基因ID基因型频率(32.0%)显著低于对照组(57.0%,P0.01),DD基因型频率(40.0%)显著高于对照组(20.0%,P0.01);病例组AT1R基因AA基因型频率(78.0%)显著低于对照组(94.0%,P0.01),AC基因型频率(22.0%)显著高于对照组(5.0%,P0.01);相对于AA基因型,携带AC基因型者的OR值为5.303,病例组C等位基因频率(11.0%)显著高于对照组(3.5%,P0.05),相对于A等位基因,携带C等位基因者OR值为3.408;两组eNOS基因各基因型与等位基因频率差异无统计学意义;联合基因型无统计学意义。结论:ACE基因I/D多态性和AT1R基因A1166C多态性与重度子痫前期的发病有关,未发现eNOS基因G894T多态性与重度子痫前期的发病有关,未发现基因间有协同作用。     

高血压患者AT1R基因多态性与药物降压关系

目的分析原发性高血压患者血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅰ（angiotensin Ⅱ receptor Ⅰ gene，AT1R）基因（A1166）多态性及环境因素与苯那普利降压疗效的关系。方法对来自安徽西部的原发性高血压患者进行了服用苯那普利前后的血压随访观察，同时采用多聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR—PFLP）法测定了患者（AT1R）基因（A1166C）多态性分布频率。结果其中A等位基因频率为96％，C等位基因频率为8％，且符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测。经χ^2检验（χ^2=0．31，P〉0．05）符合H-W平衡。Logistic回归分析结果显示，不同AT1R基因型的患者服药后的血压达标率在工期高血压人群中差异有统计学意义。结论本次研究在国内首次测得AT1R（A1166C）的CC型突变；AT1R的CC1166等位基因可能对ACEI类降压药物具有受体敏感性。     

AT1R基因多态性的FBAT分析

目的运用家系为基础的相关性检验(Family Based Associated Test,FBAT)方法,分析原发性高血压病人及家系的血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅰ(angiotensin Ⅱ receptor Ⅰ gene,AT1R)基因(A1166C)多态性与木那普利降压疗效的关系.方法对来自安徽西部的原发性高血压病人服用苯那普利前后的血压随访观察,同时采用多聚合酶链反应.限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)法测定了病人及家系AT1R基因(A1166C)多态性分布频率.结果其中A等位基因频率为96%,C等位基因频率为4%,经卡方检验(χ2=0.31,P＞0.05)且符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测.FBAT分析结果表明AT1R的A1166C等位基因与基线高舒张压(z=-2.041,P＝0.041)、收缩压降压效果(z=-2.549,P＝0.011)和舒张压降压效果(z=-2.320,P＝0.020)显著相关.结论在国内首次测得AT1R(A1166C)的CC型突变;PBAT分析结果提示AT1R的A1166C等位基因可能对ACEI类降压药物具有受体敏感性.     

ATⅡ受体基因多态性与肾上腺腺瘤相关性的研究

目的探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体（AT1R和AT2R）基因多态性与肾上腺腺瘤（APA）发病之间是否存在关联性。方法应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法（PCR-RFLP）检测100例健康对照者（对照组）及85例APA患者（观察组）的AT1R基因1166A/C和AT2R基因1675A/G多态性。结果观察组AT1R基因1166A/C基因型（AA、AC、CC）及等位基因（A、C）频率分布与对照组比较差异无统计学意义,观察组AT2R基因1675A/G基因型（AA、AG、GG）与等位基因（A、G）频率分布与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,G等位基因频率较A等位基因频率显著升高。结论 AT2R 1675A/G的基因突变可能与APA发病存在显著关联。     

多巴胺D_1受体及血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体基因多态性与妊娠期高血压疾病遗传易感性的研究

目的:探讨多巴胺D1受体(DRD1)和血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体(AT1R)基因多态性与妊娠期高血压疾病的相关性。方法:应用限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应技术(RFLP-PCR)检测102例患者及108例正常孕妇的DRD1-48A/G和AT1RA1166→C变异多态性,对两组的基因型和等位基因进行分析。结果:DRD1G的分布频率在HDCP组和正常孕妇组分别为27·9%、9·3%,两组间G等位基因频率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。HDCP组DRD1基因AG/GG型显著高于正常孕妇组(P<0·01)。AT1RC等位基因在HDCP组和正常孕妇组的分布频率分别为16·2%和5·6%,两组间C等位基因频率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。HDCP组AT1R基因AC/CC型较正常孕妇组明显升高(P<0·01)。结论:在中国汉族人群中,多巴胺D1受体基因多态性-48A/G和AT1RA1166位点突变为C多态性与妊娠期高血压疾病发病相关。     

AT1R基因多态性与煤矿井下工人原发性高血压的关系

目的分析血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体(AT1R)基因多态性与原发性高血压(EH)的关系。方法选择煤矿井下接尘工人412人为调查对象(病例组与对照组各206人),进行职业流行病学调查,并收集调查对象空腹静脉血5ml,酚氯仿法提取基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测AT1R基因多态性。比较两组间的基因型、等位基因频率的分布差异,分析基因型、等位基因频率与EH的关系。结果AT1R基因多态性AA、AC、CC基因型在病例组和对照组中的分布分别为92.23%、7.77%、0.00%和86.41%、13.10%、0.49%,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。等位基因A、C在病例组和对照组中分别占96.12%、3.88%和92.96%、7.04%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论该试验未发现AT1R基因多态性与煤矿井下作业人员EH有关。     

AT1R基因多态性与妊娠期高血压疾病相关性的Meta分析

目的 探讨中国人群血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型受体(angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor,AT1R)基因多态性与妊娠期高血压疾病发病的相关性.方法 计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据库、重庆维普数据库以及Pubmed数据库,检索时间为从建库至2012年1月.按纳入、排除标准选择纳入有关中国人群AT1R A1166C基因多态性与妊娠期高血压疾病相关性的病例对照研究,评价纳入研究质量,并采用RevMan 5.1和Stata 11.0软件进行分析.结果 共纳入11篇文献,病例组共计862例,对照组共计1 142例.AT1R基因1166位点携带变异基因型(AC型+CC型)的孕妇发生妊娠期高血压疾病的危险增加,合并OR值为2.11,95%CI为1.29~3.46.AT1R基因1166位点携带C等位基因的孕妇发生妊娠期高血压疾病的危险增加,合并OR值为2.02,95%CI为1.29~3.17.结论 AT1R A1166C基因多态性可能与中国人群妊娠期高血压疾病相关,C等位基因可能为妊娠期高血压疾病的致病基因.     

蒙古族AT1R基因调控区SNPs与高血压关系

目的探讨蒙古族人血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体（AT1R）基因调控区单核苷酸多态性（SNPs）与原发性高血压的关系.方法在现况研究基础上,分别选择299例高血压患者和281例血压正常者进行病例对照研究,应用PCR/RFLP（多聚酶链反应/片段长度多态性）和PCR/SSCP（多聚酶链反应/单链构像多态性）方法检测AT1R基因调控区-2228G/A、-214A/C（-213G/C）和-153A/G 3个位点的基因多态性.用χ2检验比较病例组和对照组基因型和等位基因频率分布.结果各位点基因型的分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律.在病例组和对照组中,AT1R基因-2228G/A、-214A/C（一213G/C）和-153A/G位点各基因型频率和各等位基因频率差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 AT1R基因调控区-2228G/A、-214A/C（-213G/C）和-153A/G基因多态性与蒙古族高血压无关联.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.