护理成人大专生学习状态调查与分析

目的了解在校护理成人大专生的学习状态,分析影响护生学习的因素,从而采取积极措施,提高其学习积极性。方法以无记名问卷对护理成人大专生进行调查。结果成人护生的入学动机、选择护理专业的理由、学习目标、学习方法等有较大差别。结论加强成人大专生的护理价值观教育,培养自导学习能力,提高学习主动性,培养良好的学习风气,全面提高护理教学质量,以增强护生的责任感和使命感。     

护理大专生临床实习环境与专业自我概念的相关性研究

目的了解护理大专生临床实习环境与专业自我概念现状,探讨二者之间的相关性。方法采用一般资料调查表、护理临床实习环境评价量表、护理专业自我概念量表对214名护理大专生进行问卷调查。结果护理大专生临床实习环境总分(118.08±17.27)分,处于较满意水平;护理专业自我概念总均分为(13.23±1.61)分,处于较积极水平;护理大专生临床实习环境与专业自我概念呈正相关(P0.01或P0.05)。结论临床实习环境对于专业自我概念具有正向预测作用,改善护理大专生客观临床实习环境,有助于提高其专业自我概念。     

护理本科生专业选择动机与就业意向的调查

目的探讨护理本科生专业选择动机与就业意向之间的关系,研究防止护理人员流失的相应对策。方法采用专业选择动机与就业意向的调查问卷对194名护理本科生进行调查,分析专业选择动机与就业意向的关系。结果护理本科生专业选择动机中,个性适合、意愿、态度、选择护理的原因、兴趣与就业意向具有相关性（P〈0．05）。结论护理教育者应从根源出发对护理本科生进行专业思想教育,正确引导其就业意向,稳定护理队伍,防止人员流失。     

护理专业学生实习前专业承诺状况及其影响因素

目的了解护理本科生及大专生实习前的专业承诺状况,并分析其影响因素。方法应用护理专业承诺量表对371名护理本科生及541名护理专科生进行问卷调查。结果实习前护理大专生总体专业承诺得分为(2.91±0.34)分,本科生为(2.79±0.35)分;不同性别、学历、成绩、专业兴趣、护理角色感觉、就读原因的学生,专业承诺水平差异有统计学意义。结论实习前护理专业学生专业承诺总体水平处于中等偏上,大专生的专业承诺水平高于本科生;性别、成绩、专业兴趣、角色感觉、就读原因对专业承诺有一定影响。     

护理大专生临床实习的真实感受

为深入了解和探索当前护理大专生临床实习的真实感受,运用诠释现象学研究方法 ,对15名在临床实习7～10个月的护理大专生进行深入访谈,现场笔录和录音.对资料进行分析,得出3个主题:①实习中的适应和提高;②护理专业价值的初步思考;③就业形势与专业发展的畅想.认为学校和教学医院有必要关注护理大专生的实习过程和实习感受,以增强临床护理教学效果.     

护理本科生科研创新能力培养存在的问题与探讨

护理专业作为现代医学的独立学科，其发展、成熟的关键在于高质量护理人才的培养。目前，我国的护理教育培养中专生、大专生、本科生和研究生（硕士、博士）等几个层次的人才。其中，中专生、大专生的培养主要用于满足临床日常护理工作的需要；研究生培养主要满足护理科研工作的需要。作为未来护理科研力量的主要补充者，护理本科生在学科发展中起着越来越重要的作用。     

护理专业实习生职业生涯规划调查研究

目的调查护理专业实习生职业生涯规划现状,为开展实习生职业生涯规划指导提供依据。方法采用职业生涯规划问卷,对228名护理专业实习生进行问卷调查。结果实习生职业生涯规划总分为(3.05±1.03)分,女生得分高于男生(P<0.01),本科生得分高于大专生(P<0.01)。实习生职业选择最关心的因素是收入(64.04%)和个人发展机会(49.56%);职业生涯规划的关键依据是能力(64.91%)和所学专业(40.79%)。结论护理专业实习生职业生涯规划状况一般,女生好于男生,本科生好于大专生。     

对专科男性护生专业认知的调查

目的:调查专科男性护生的专业态度,为针对性的护理教育研究提供依据。方法:采用自制问卷调查表对67名三年制高中起点大专生和44名五年制初中起点大专生进行问卷调查。结果:50.5%的男生自愿选择护理专业,就业率高是报读的主要原因。随着年级增高,愿意从事护理工作的男生逐渐减少,三年制与五年制男护生没有显著差异。没有发展前途是男护生不愿从事护理工作的主要原因。结论:应针对男性护生的特点进行专业思想教育,要从入学抓起,并贯穿整个学习阶段。同时探索男性护生的教学模式,以稳定其专业思想。     

护理专业本科生与大专生对演示实验教学评价的比较分析

目的 探讨福建省高等学校护理专业本科生及大专生对演示实验教学法评价的差异,并分析其影响因素.方法 自制问卷,采用方便抽样与整群抽样相结合的方法抽取福建省2所医学高等院校护理学专业正在进行护理实验课学习的学生,其中有效问卷大专生272人,本科生344人,了解其对于演示实验教学的评价.结果 护理专业大专生对演示实验教学法的评价得分总分以及对教学方法、教学效果以及综合测评方面均高于本科生,差异显著,在课程设置评价方面二者比较差异无统计学意义.结论 护理院校及教师应通过提高教学效率,加强沟通交流,更新教学内容等方法,进一步提高护理实验教学质量.     

护理大专生学习投入的调查研究

目的了解护理大专生学习投入的变化趋势及原因。方法采用学习投入量表对270名护理大专生每年进行1次问卷调查,共进行3次,并对其中14名学生进行访谈。结果护理大专生在第一、第三学年的学习投入总分及各维度得分均高于第二学年(P0.05)。学习投入变化原因可归纳为主题:第一学年对新知识的好奇;第二学年学习内容难度增加,学习兴趣不高;第三学年临床实习激发了学习需要和学习兴趣。结论大专护理院校教师应重点关注护理大专生在第二学年时的学习投入,增加临床见习,灵活采用多种教学方法,激发其学习兴趣和学习需要,从而提高其学习投入。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."