2种佐米曲普坦制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究佐米曲普坦分散片与佐米曲普坦片在人体内的生物等效性。方法:18名健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服佐米曲普坦分散片(受试制剂)或普通片(参比制剂)10mg后,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血药浓度,用3p97软件计算二者的药动学参数,并评价其生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的药-时曲线均为口服吸收一室摸型,t1/2ke分别为(2.79±1.15)、(3.01±1.12)h,tmax分别为(1.89±0.84)、(1.76±0.60)h,Cmax分别为(16.74±11.44)、(16.65±13.16)ng·mL-1,AUC0～10分别为(65.37±60.08)、(68.42±64.53)ng·h·mL-1。经方差分析、双单侧t检验及(1-2α)置信区间法统计分析,各药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05)。佐米曲普坦分散片的相对生物利用度为(95.54±10.99)%,结论:佐米曲普坦分散片与普通片具有生物等效性。     

辛伐他汀口腔崩解片的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种辛伐他汀制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:18名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服辛伐他汀口腔崩解片(受试制剂)与辛伐他汀片(参比制剂)40mg,用液-质联用法测定人血浆中药物浓度,并用3p97软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:2种辛伐他汀制剂在人体内药-时曲线符合一室模型,受试制剂与参比制剂的Cmax分别为(6.73±5.22)、(7.08±5.41)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.11±0.74)、(1.89±0.85)h,AUC0～12分别为(19.83±19.09)、(19.98±18.20)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(22.18±20.09)、(22.41±21.07)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(99.25±13.11)%。结论:2种辛伐他汀制剂具有生物等效性。     

利培酮片人体生物等效性研究

目的：考察2种利培酮片在健康受试者空腹和餐后状态下的药代动力学参数,进行生物等效性评价。方法：采用开放、随机、两周期、交叉试验设计,空腹和餐后各48例受试者交叉服用受试制剂或参比制剂,LC-MS/MS检测血浆中的利培酮和帕利哌酮的浓度。结果：在空腹状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂利培酮的Cmax为（7.06±3.42）和（6.77±2.81）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（44.5±46.9）和（41.5±42.1）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（45.4±47.9）和（42.4±43.2）ng·h·mL-1;帕利哌酮的Cmax为（4.20±1.59）和（4.13±1.51）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（117±29）和（116±30）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（125±32）和（124±33）ng·h·mL-1。在餐后状态下,受试制剂和参比制剂利培酮的Cmax为（6.30±3.06）和（6.47±3.03）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（44.6±32.6）和（44.3±35.1）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（45.5±32.8）和（45.0±35.5）ng·h·mL-1;帕利哌酮的Cmax为（4.24±2.08）和（4.20±2.14）ng·mL-1,AUC0-t为（121±36）和（118±34）ng·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞为（132±38）和（128±38）ng·h·mL-1。结论：空腹和餐后状态下,利培酮和帕利哌酮的90%CI均在80%~125%,2种利培酮片具有生物等效性。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中卡托普利和人体药动学的研究

目的　建立简便的测定人血浆中卡托普利血药浓度的高效液相色谱法 ,研究卡托普利在健康人体中的药动学参数。方法　以对溴苯乙酰基溴为紫外衍生化试剂 ,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测法测定 18名健康志愿受试者口服单剂量卡托普利受试制剂和参比制剂 ( 5 0mg)后血药浓度。结果　卡托普利的血药浓度标准曲线的线性范围为 2 5～ 12 0 0ng·mL- 1 ,其最低定量限为 2 5ng·mL- 1 ,日内及日间RSD均小于 8%。应用所建立的血药浓度检测方法测定 18名健康志愿受试者口服单剂量卡托普利受试制剂和参比制剂 ( 5 0mg)后血药浓度 ,并计算药动学参数。结果表明口服受试制剂或参比制剂后的tmax分别为( 0 6 4± 0 18)h和 ( 0 82± 0 4 1)h ;Cmax分别为 ( 6 0 0 2± 194 3)ng·mL- 1 和 ( 5 82 7± 175 3)ng·mL- 1 ;AUC0→ 8h分别为 ( 14 4 8 5± 4 83 7)ng·h·mL- 1 和 ( 1389 9± 392 5 )ng·h·mL- 1 ;AUC0→∞ 分别为 ( 186 9 4± 70 1 6 )ng·h·mL- 1 和 ( 1781 8± 6 15 5 )ng·h·mL- 1 。结论　本方法操作便捷 ,灵敏度高 ,为血药浓度监测及药代动力学研究提供了方法学基础     

2种氯诺昔康制剂的人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种氯诺昔康制剂在人体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服氯诺昔康颗粒(受试制剂)与氯诺昔康片(参比制剂)8mg后,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定其血药浓度,并用DAS软件计算药动学参数及评价二者生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数分别为:Cma(x1331±192.1)、(1366±220.5)ng·mL-1,tma(x2.20±0.30)、(2.28±0.60)h,AUC0～2(46264±1581)、(6460±1535)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(6379±1671)、(6571±1599)ng·h·mL-1,受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(97.5±11.9)%。结论:2种氯诺昔康制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种盐酸非索非那定制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片与普通片在正常人体内的生物等效性。方法:采用随机双周期交叉试验设计,20名男性健康志愿者分别单剂量口服盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片(受试制剂)与普通片(参比制剂)60mg,采用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定非索非那定血药浓度,用DASver2.1软件计算二者药动学参数以考察生物等效性。结果:受试者单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后的Cmax分别为(240.01±77.66)、(237.76±89.97)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.85±1.02)、(2.18±0.81)h,AUC0～72分别为(1309.9±467.7)、(1236.3±433.1)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(1319.2±468.8)、(1245.9±436.2)ng·h·mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(112±36)%。结论:盐酸非索非那定口腔崩解片与普通片具有生物等效性。     

达那唑胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的　研究达那唑胶囊的人体生物等效性与药动学。方法　 18名健康女性志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服达那唑胶囊的受试制剂和参比制剂 2 0 0mg ,用HPLC法测定血浆中达那唑浓度。结果　口服达那唑胶囊的受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数 :t1/ 2 (消除半衰期 )分别为 (8 73± 3 33)h和 (8 0 4± 4 19)h ;达峰时间分别为 (3 5± 1 3)h和 (3 7± 1 7)h ;达峰浓度分别为 (112 4 0± 6 7 34)ng·ml 1和 (12 4 79± 73 91)ng·ml 1;AUC0 2 4分别为 (976 5 4± 6 33 6 )ng·h·ml 1和 (94 6 6 4± 6 0 5 85 )ng·h·ml 1;AUC0 ∞ 分别为 (1189 2 2± 6 92 75 )ng·h·ml 1和 (1118 5± 6 37 11)ng·h·ml 1;达那唑胶囊的相对生物利用度F为(10 4 4± 17 9) %。对参数经统计学处理 ,两种制剂的药代动学参数相近。结论　两种达那唑胶囊具有生物等效性。     

布洛芬软胶囊人体生物等效性研究

目的:评价布洛芬软胶囊与布洛芬胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康志愿者随机交叉口服单剂量(400 mg)布洛芬软胶囊与参比制剂布洛芬胶囊,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中布洛芬的血药浓度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的Tmax分别为(2．78±0．57)和(2．83±0．47)h,Cmax分别为(34．94±6．58)和(32．77±5．50)μg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(2．49±0．65)和(2．39±0．58)h,AUC0～1分别为(148．49±26．44)和(147．57±36．18)μg·h·mL-1,AUC0-∞分别为(157．28±27．96)和(157．43±42．47)μg·h·mL-1,以AUC0-∞计算,布洛芬软胶囊的相对生物利用度平均为(103．5±18．1)％。结论:布洛芬软胶囊与参比制剂布洛芬胶囊生物等效。     

进口与国产尼扎替丁制剂在中国健康人体的生物等效性

目的　研究进口与国产尼扎替丁在健康人体的药代动力学,并评价2种制剂的生物等效性。方法　用双交叉试验设计, 20名健康志愿者口服国产尼扎替丁片剂和进口胶囊剂,服药后0~8. 5h内间隔取血,用HPLC法测定血药浓度。计算主要药代动力学参数,并以胶囊剂为参比制剂,计算尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度,判断其生物等效性。结果　国产片剂和进口胶囊剂的体内药代动力学参数分别为:tmax为(1. 49±0. 48), (1. 38±0. 58)h;Cmax为(2319±511), (2408±572)ng·mL-1;MRT为(3. 08±0. 44), (2. 97±0. 46)h;t1 /2为(1. 55±0. 33), (1. 51±0. 21)h; AUC0-t为(6625±964), (6725±1078)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞为(6836±973), (6928±1114)ng·h·mL-1。尼扎替丁片剂的相对生物利用度F0-8. 5h为(99. 67±13. 93)%。结论　2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片在健康人体内的药动学及相对生物利用度。方法:18名健康志愿者分别单剂量交叉口服盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片(受试制剂)和盐酸氟西汀胶囊(参比制剂)40mg,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,以3p97程序计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂在体内血药浓度药-时曲线呈一室模型,tmax分别为(5·17±1·10)、(5·11±1·02)h,Cmax分别为(76·24±38·42)、(77·92±34·97)ng·mL-1,AUC0～150分别为(3216·21±899·69)、(3220·62±1275·57)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(3570·60±1299·29)、(3662·49±1444·69)ng·h·mL-1。经组间t检验,受试制剂与参比制剂药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0·05),受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(96·47±10·43)%。结论:盐酸氟西汀口腔崩解片与盐酸氟西汀胶囊具有生物等效性。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.