原发性肝癌合并脾功能亢进的外科治疗

目的 探讨原发性肝癌合并脾功能亢进的合理治疗方法。方法 1994年1月至2004年12月我院收治67例原发性肝癌合并脾功能亢进患者，17例行肝切除联合脾切除，7例行单纯肝切除，43例行肝动脉栓塞化疗联合脾动脉栓塞。结果 肝切除联合脾切除组术后30d患者脾功能亢进症状消失，外周血细胞恢复正常。单纯肝切除组术后脾功能亢进症状加重，其中6例于术后3～7个月分别行脾动脉栓塞治疗。肝动脉栓塞化疗联合脾动脉栓塞组治疗后30 d 79％（34／43）的病例脾功能亢进症状改善，外周血细胞恢复正常。结论 原发性肝癌合并脾功能亢进的处理应争取行肝切除联合脾切除治疗，如肝癌不能切除，则应争取行肝动脉栓塞化疗联合脾动脉栓塞治疗。     

中晚期肝癌的综合治疗

目的　评价中晚期原发性肝癌各种疗法的效果。方法　104例中手术治疗51例(行肿瘤切除26例,冷冻治疗15例,肝动脉和门静脉置泵化疗8例,肿瘤无水酒精注射2例)。放射介入行肝动脉插管栓塞53例。结果　手术组手术死亡2例。随访93例(9327%)。各种治疗后1,2年生存率分别为:肿瘤切除者为50%和308%;冷冻治疗者533%和20%;肝动脉和门静脉全埋入式药泵置入者375%和125%;经股动脉肝动脉插管化疗栓塞者为321%和151%;2例行肿瘤无水酒精注射者均在1年死亡。结论　手术切除仍是肝癌首选和最有效的治疗;亦可通过冷冻治疗,其疗效明显优于化疗栓塞术。     

巨大肝癌的外科治疗分析（附86例报告）

目的：探讨外科治疗巨大肝癌的可行性及其方法。方法：回顾性分析86例巨大肝癌的临床资料,并对外科治疗中遇到的主要困难和相应的对策进行分析总结。结果：86例肝癌患者中合并乙肝肝硬化76例,丙肝肝硬化2例。合并门静脉、肝下腔静脉（IVC）癌栓分别为10例和5例。86例中行Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期肝切除术分别为60例和26例;其中规则性右半肝和左半肝切除术分别为9例和8例、联合肝段切除术69例。术前门静脉栓塞（PVE）6例;全肝、患侧半肝、第一肝门、无血流阻断切肝术分别为10例、例、606例、例。术中行门静脉和IVC癌栓取出术分别为10例和5例。86例中治愈81例（占94.2%）;围手术10期死亡5例（占5.8%）。术后1年生存率达77.9%（67/86）。结论：巨大肝癌的手术治疗是安全可行的。术前充分评估,术中仔细探查以及手术者的技术水平起关键作用。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医治疗肝癌患者的辨证施护

目的观察肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医药治疗肝癌的，临床效果。方法对60例肝癌患者行肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医治疗及辨证施护，追踪患者生存时间。结果观察对象1、3、5年生存率分别为70．0％，28．3％，8．3％。结论对肝癌患者行肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医治疗及辨证施护能延长患者的生存时间。     

不能切除肝癌的外科处理

手术切除是肝癌的有效治疗手段，但有其局限性，一是手术切除率低，二是术后复发率高。因此，研究占肝癌大多数不能切除肝癌的外科综合治疗和术后复发的防治，乃是临床实践中的重要课题。特别是近年出现了“不能切除肝癌的缩小后切除”，更增强了姑息性外科手术的战略作用。目前国内外对不能切除肝癌的外科处理大致有：肝动脉结扎、肝动脉插管化疗、液氮冷冻、微波固化、激光气化、术中肝动脉栓塞、术中瘤内注射无水酒精或化疗药物等。一、液氮局部冷冻治疗肝癌[1-3]（－）冷冻治疗肝癌的适应证冷冻治疗肝癌的适应证主要是：（1）合并严重肝…     

原位肝移植70例报告

目的　探讨肝移植治疗终末期肝病的临床效果。方法　在过去2年内,70例终末期肝病患者接受了72例次原位肝移植手术,其中包括1例小儿减体肝移植。结果　手术近期死亡18例（25.7%）,随访期间死亡14例(26.9%),术后胆道并发症发生率23%,肝动脉并发症20%。术后生存时间超过6个月者30例,超过1年者17例,其中肝癌组（31例）,有9例术后生存已超过6个月,3例超过1年。结论　减少外科手术并发症是提高肝移植手术成功率以及长期存活的关键。对于肝硬化合并原发性肝癌的患者,肝移植应作为首选的治疗方法。     

巨大肝癌的外科治疗分析(附72例报告)

目的探讨外科治疗巨大肝癌的可行性及其方法。方法回顾性分析72例巨大肝癌的临床资料,并对外科治疗中遇到的主要困难和相应的对策进行分析总结。结果72例肝癌中合并门静脉、肝静脉、IVC及胆管癌栓分别为11例、1例、1例和4例。合并乙肝肝硬化68例,丙肝肝硬化和无肝硬化各2例。72例中行Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期肝切除术分别为48例和24例;其中规则性右半肝和左半肝切除术分别为10例和15例、联合肝段切除术47例。术前PVE 6例;全肝、患侧半肝血流阻断切肝术分别为5例和8例。术中行门静脉、肝静脉、IVC及胆管癌栓取出术分别为11例、1例、1例和4例。72例中治愈69例(占95.8%);围手术期死亡3例(占4.2%)。术后1年生存率达76.4%(55/72)。结论巨大肝癌的手术治疗是安全可行的。充分评估和正确应对外科治疗过程中的主要困难是取得成功的关键。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医治疗肝癌患者的辨证施护

目的 观察肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医药治疗肝癌的临床效果.方法 对60例肝癌患者行肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医治疗及辨证施护,追踪患者生存时间.结果 观察对象1、3、5年生存率分别为70.0%,28.3%,8.3%.结论 对肝癌患者行肝动脉化疗栓塞术联合中医治疗及辨证施护能延长患者的生存时间.     

原发性肝癌合并重度肝硬化的外科治疗(附78例报告)

目的 探讨原发性肝癌合并重度肝硬化外科治疗的方法及疗效。方法 自1993年1月至1999年9月共收治原发性肝癌合并重度肝硬化病人78例。术前以Child分级、ICG及BCAA／AAA评价肝脏功能，重点加强围手术期处理，术中先行脾动脉结扎，再根据肿瘤大小及部位选择手术方案，其中行肝切除术者33例，肝癌冷冻术45例。结果 78例病人术后1，2，3，4，5年生存率分别为91.0%,83.3%,60.3%,34.6%,28.2%。手术并发症为腹水及一过性黄疸。结论 原发性肝癌合并重度肝硬化病人在重视加强围手术期处理的同时行脾动脉结扎，应根据肿瘤大小及部位选择手术方案，可以有效地治疗肿瘤，避免严重的并发症，提高病人的生存质量及延长生存期。     

肝癌伴脾功能亢进的双介入治疗

目的评价联合应用肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞和部分性脾栓塞治疗肝癌伴脾功能亢进的临床价值及意义。方法收集肝癌伴脾亢58例,经导管肝动脉栓塞(TACE)同时行部分性脾栓塞(PSE),观察术前术后血细胞变化情况。结果TACE联合PSE治疗肝癌合并脾亢可明显改善患者外周血象,术后24小时、1周、2周及4周外周血白细胞、红细胞及血小板较栓塞前明显提高。结论对于肝癌合并脾功能亢进患者,在行肝动脉栓塞灌注化疗同时行部分性脾栓塞术,安全可靠,既能有效控制肿瘤发展,又能有效改善患者血象,提高机体免疫力和患者的生活质量。     

氩氦靶向冷冻术在中晚期肝癌综合治疗中的应用

目的 探讨氩氦靶向冷冻综合治疗中晚期肝癌的疗效。方法 应用美国恩多凯尔公司生产的氩氦超导手术系统(Endocare Cryocare System,氩氦刀)对80例中晚期肝癌分别采用B超或CT引导经皮穿刺氩氦靶向冷冻切除术，术中直视下B超引导氩氦刀冷冻加手术切除术，氩氦刀联合肝动脉介入栓塞化疗术(TACE)，氩氦刀联合瘤内无水酒精注射术。结果 全组无手术死亡及严重并发症，冷冻术后CT影像学上改变CT值明显降低，肿块逐渐缩小，65．0％病人AFP值显著下降，临床症状改善，损伤小、并发症少、恢复快。结论 氩氦靶向冷冻综合治疗肝癌疗效明确，对正常肝组织损伤少，并可产生肿瘤免疫抗体，能弥补单用TACE及瘤内注射无水酒精治疗的不足，具有安全、有效、微创，为目前中晚期肝癌治疗提供一种有效的疗法。     

Liver Resection Improves the Survival of Patients with Multiple Hepatocellular Carcinomas

Background  According to current guidelines of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, multiple HCCs are usually not suitable for surgical resection. However, surgical resection is still possible for patients with multiple HCCs. The role of hepatic resection vs transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for multiple HCCs should be further clarified. Methods  We retrospectively enrolled 1065 patients with multiple HCCs. Among them, 294 received surgical resection, 367 received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and 404 received chemotherapy or supportive care. Three staging systems (TNM, CLIP, and BCLC) were used for comparison of stage-specific survival between different treatment modalities. Results  The median survival of multiple HCC patients who received surgical resection was 37.9 months, while it was 17.3 months in TACE group, and 2.8 months in supportive group (P < .001). The 1-year, 3-year, 5-year survival rates for surgical group were 77.4%, 51.9%, and 36.6%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients who received surgical resections had the best survival, followed by TACE and supportive care. For patients of the same stage, surgical resection yields better results than TACE. Surgery could offer better survival than TACE for patients either within or beyond Milan’s criteria. Conclusions  Our results indicate that if patients have preserved liver functions, hepatic resection is helpful, even for patients with multiple HCCs.     

Cryosurgery after chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis

Most cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not candidates for resection. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) may ablate a significant portion of the tumor but has a high rate of recurrence. Cryosurgery may permit successful ablation of hepatic tumors but can be complicated by post-operative hemorrhage and is also associated with a significant risk of recurrence. The combination of the two techniques might be beneficial. We evaluated in a prospective study the safety and efficacy of this combination in cirrhotic patients with unresectable HCC. Fifteen patients were included in this study. All but one patient underwent one or several sessions of TACE before cryosurgery. Cryoablation was successfully performed in each patient. The patient who did not undergo preoperative TACE required reoperation for hemorrhage. Another patient with Child-Pugh class B cirrhosis died postoperatively of hepatic and multiorgan failure. At a mean follow-up of 2.5 years, three patients had recurrence of disease, and 13 of 15 patients were alive with the longest survival time being 5 years. The actuarial survival rate at 5 years was 79%. Cryosurgery after TACE is feasible in cirrhotic livers with HCC and can increase the cure rate in large tumors. TACE may reduce the risk of hemorrhage after cryosurgery but can increase the risk of hepatic failure in patients with poor hepatic function. Presented at the Third Americas Congress of the American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Miami, Fla., Feb. 22–25, 2001.     

TACE后射频消融联合脾切除加断流术对原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压症的疗效评价

目的:探讨经动脉导管化疗栓塞(TACE)后射频消融联合脾切除加断流术对原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压的疗效。方法:回顾性研究2005年1月—2012年1月46例原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压患者的临床资料,每例肝内病灶数目<3个,病灶直径3～5 cm,合并脾功能亢进、中度以上的食管胃底静脉曲张,且患者因全身状况或肿瘤位置或肝功能情况不能一期手术。全部患者先行TACE治疗,2周后行射频消融联合脾切除加断流术,观察术后并发症发生情况,了解术后血常规、AFP、肝功能变化,复查增强CT了解肿瘤完全缓解率,胃镜评价食管胃底静脉曲张缓解情况,随访观察生存率。结果:本组病例病灶完全缓解率达84.7%,术后患者未出现严重并发症,脾功能亢进纠正,肝功能逐步好转,胃底食管下端静脉曲张明显改善。1、2年存活率分别为82.5%、34.4%。结论:TACE治疗后射频消融联合脾切除加断流术是治疗原发性肝癌合并门静脉高压的安全有效的方法。     

Hepatic cryosurgery with intraoperative ultrasound monitoring for metastatic colon carcinoma

We utilized cryosurgery with intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) monitoring in ten patients to treat multiple unresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. The liver was exposed at laparotomy, and tumors were subjected to three cycles of freezing (eight minutes each) and thawing. Freezing was monitored by IOUS, which visualized frozen tumor as a hyperechoic rim with posterior acoustic shadowing. Frozen normal liver appeared hypoechoic after thawing compared with normal unfrozen liver. There were no significant complications. The follow-up ranged from four months to 17 months (median, 7.5 months). Tumor response was documented by pathologic findings (coagulative necrosis), progressive fall of carcinoembryonic antigen levels, and computed tomographic scan evidence of necrosis and shrinkage of tumor. One patient underwent repeated laparotomy five months after cryosurgery and had the frozen lesions resected; there was no residual tumor. This study establishes the technical feasibility and antitumor response of hepatic cryosurgery and the use of IOUS for precise localization and monitoring of cryoablations.     

以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗原发性肝癌:附108例报告

目的 探讨和总结以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗原发性肝癌的方法和疗效。方法 回顾分析1999年1月～2002年9月实施的以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗108例原发性肝癌的临床资料。综合疗法包括手术切除肝癌，配合射频、经肝动脉化疗栓塞、经皮酒精注射、皮下药物输注系统化疗栓塞、冷冻、生物治疗等方法。结果 手术死亡率0．9％，术后并发症发生率18．7％，1年内肝内复发转移率56．1％，远处转移者为17．9％，1，2，3年生存率分别为79．46％，61．83％，36．61％。结论 以手术切除为主的综合疗法治疗原发性肝癌疗效满意，其治疗后肝内复发及远处转移率低，能提高原发性肝癌的无瘤生存率和长期存活率。     

861例巨大原发性肝癌的手术切除治疗

目的探讨巨大原发性肝癌手术切除治疗的可行性、安全性及疗效。方法回顾性分析我院近15年开展的861例巨大肝癌手术切除治疗及随访结果资料。结果可切除的巨大肝癌具有以下临床特点：肿瘤巨大、肝硬化程度轻、肿瘤与肝内及肝周大血管呈推压关系、发病年龄小;不同肝血流阻断方法进行巨大原发性肝癌切除术中出血量及大出血发生率不同;手术切除治疗巨大肝癌病例的1、2、3、5年生存率分别为78．56％、54．42％、33．25％、21．44％,明显高于同期TACE治疗巨大肝癌病例。结论只要掌握适当的适应证,注意术中操作和围手术期处理,手术切除巨大肝癌是安全、有效、可行的。     

Liver scintigraphy is useful for selecting candidates for preoperative transarterial chemoembolization among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease

BACKGROUND: The indications for preoperative hepatic transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) have not been clarified by recent studies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicated by chronic liver diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate which patients benefit most from preoperative TACE on the basis of hepatic functional reserve. Technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-galactosyl human serum albumin (Tc-GSA) liver scintigraphy was used to assess hepatic functional reserve before and after TACE. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Liver scintigraphy was performed before and several weeks after TACE in 64 patients with HCC complicated by chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. The ratio of liver to heart-plus-liver radioactivity of Tc-GSA 15 minutes after injection (LHL15) was calculated. Conventional hepatic functional tests were also performed. Whether to perform hepatectomy after TACE was decided mainly on the basis of the previously reported value of LHL15 > or =0.91. RESULTS: LHL15, prothrombin time, and serum concentration of cholinesterase significantly decreased after TACE in patients with LHL15 > or =20.91 (P <0.01, P <0.05, and P <0.05, respectively). In patients with LHL15 <0.91, LHL15 and functional liver volume significantly increased after TACE (both P <0.05). Eight patients with LHL15 > or =0.91 did not undergo hepatectomy because LHL15 decreased to less than 0.91 after TACE, whereas 7 patients with LHL15 <0.91 underwent hepatectomy because LHL15 increased to more than 0.91 after TACE. Three major postoperative complications occurred in patients with LHL15 > or =0.91, and no major complications occurred in patients with LHL15 <0.91. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that preoperative TACE should be performed in HCC patients only when LHL15 is less than 0.91, and that preoperative TACE is not an appropriate treatment for patients with LHL15 > or =0.91 when HCC is resectable.     

Gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts the histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma only in patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the histological grade of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to the hepatic function. Eighty-one consecutive patients with 122 histologically proven HCCs who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI before resection (45 HCCs in 42 patients) or transplantation (77 HCCs in 39 patients) were analyzed retrospectively. We calculated the relative enhancement ratios (RER), which is the ratio of the relative intensity of a tumor versus the surrounding parenchyma on hepatobiliary phase images to the relative intensity on unenhanced MRI scans. We then analyzed the correlation between the RER and the tumor differentiation grade in patients with various degrees of hepatic function. The degree of tumor enhancement, which included the precontrast relative intensity ratio (RIR), the postcontrast RIR, and the RER, for well-differentiated (WD) HCCs was significantly higher than the degree of tumor enhancement for moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated (PD) HCCs (P = 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively, for precontrast RIRs; P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively, for postcontrast RIRs; and P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively, for RERs). In a subgroup analysis based on liver function, the correlation between the histological grade and the enhancement ratio was demonstrated only in the group of patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis. The accuracy of postcontrast RIRs for predicting WD and PD HCCs was favorable; the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.896 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.817-0.974] and 0.769 (95% CI = 0.658-0.879), respectively. In conclusion, the hepatobiliary phase of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI may help to predict the differentiation of HCCs, especially in HCC patients with Child-Pugh class A cirrhosis before liver transplantation or resection.