胃癌合并门脉高压症的外科治疗

目的:探讨胃癌合并肝硬化门脉高压症患者的手术方式、围手术期处理方法及术后并发症发生的危险因素。方法:17例胃癌合并肝硬化患者行根治性近端胃次全切除术、脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术4例;全胃切除、脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术5例;根治性远端胃次全切除术、脾切除、贲门周围曲张血管缝扎术3例;根治性远端胃次全切除、脾脏切除、贲门周围血管离断术2例;根治性远端胃次全切除、脾切除术2例;姑息性远端胃大部切除术1例。结果:17例术后有不同程度的腹水,早期肝昏迷1例,创面渗血3例,腹腔脓肿1例,切口感染2例,均经积极治疗后恢复。结论:胃癌合并肝硬化手术后并发症发生率高,手术风险大,手术方式须根据肝硬化程度以及胃癌的部位等采用"个体化"处理原则。     

胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的外科治疗

目的探讨胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的外科治疗策略以及影响预后的因素。方法回顾性分析收治的31例胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的临床资料,筛选影响患者术后并发症法发生及预后的因素。结果31例患者中Child-PughA级15例,B级11例,C级5例。行单纯远端胃根治性切除术9例,单纯上半胃根治性切除术5例,远端胃根治性切除＋脾切除2例,远端胃根治性切除＋脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术5例,上半胃根治性切除＋脾切除7例,全胃切除＋脾切除1例,姑息性肿瘤切除＋脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术1例,姑息性肿瘤切除1例。术后19例出现并发症,其中腹水17例。术后死亡6例。18例接受D2淋巴结清扫的患者中12例出现并发症,13例D0或D1清扫的患者5例出现并发症。出院患者术后生存期2月～39月,中位生存期15月,4例尚存活。结论为胃癌合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者施行手术,严格把握手术适应证和选择合理术式是关键。胃癌手术应遵循缩小手术的原则,术前肝功能状况、术前有无腹水和肿瘤分期是术后生存期的决定性因素。     

胃癌合并肝硬化的外科治疗和围手术期处理

目的探讨胃癌合并肝硬化的手术方式和围手术期处理方法。方法回顾性分析7年间手术治疗的28例胃癌合并肝硬化患者的临床资料。术前进行各项检查,积极改善患者的营养状态和肝功能、凝血机制等,预测切除肿瘤的可能性。行根治性近端胃次全切除术7例,同时行脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术4例;全胃切除5例,同时行脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术3例;根治性远端胃次全切除术12例,同时行脾切除和贲门周围曲张血管缝扎术5例;姑息性远端胃大部切除术4例。术后继续保肝治疗,并加强对并发症的监测和处理。结果28例术后有不同程度的腹水,早期肝昏迷5例,创面渗血3例,左膈下脓肿1例,切口感染2例;术后并发症发生率为100%（28/28）,均经积极治疗后恢复,全组患者无围手术期间死亡。结论胃癌合并肝硬化的手术后并发症发生率高,手术方式须根据肝功能情况、有无上消化道出血史以及胃癌的部位等采用“个体化”处理原则。良好的肝功能储备和围手术期处理,术中仔细止血和术后加强并发症的防治是决定手术预后的关键。     

脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症45例

目的：总结脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的疗效。方法：对45例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者采用脾切除术加贲门周围血管离断术治疗,观察治疗效果。结果：总有效率95.5%,术后并发症发生率22.2%,1例死于腹水感染及呼吸衰竭,1例死于肝昏迷。结论：脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症效果好,并发症少。     

贲门周围血管离断加脾切除术后胃破裂的原因及其处理

目的探讨门静脉高压贲门周围血管离断加脾切除术后胃破裂的原因、处理方法及预防措施。方法回顾性分析我院自1995年5月～2005年5月行门静脉高压贲门周围血管离断加脾切除术后胃破裂18例的临床资料。结果本组18例中,经再次手术后痊愈15例,因手术后并发感染性休克、多器官功能衰竭死亡3例。结论术中规范、轻柔操作,术后早期发现、正确处理,对预防贲门周围血管离断加脾切除术后胃破裂的发生十分重要。     

症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗

为总结症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗方法，笔者回顾性分析18例症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化患者的临床资料。18例中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC）8例，其中2例中转开腹；行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术并一期胆囊切除10例，其中1例行胆囊大部切除术。全组无手术死亡。资料提示，对肝功能代偿良好者，可首选LC；对肝硬化门静脉高压症者行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术的同时行一期胆囊切除是安全可行的。     

全腹腔镜下脾切除贲门周围血管离断术

脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术是有效解决肝硬化门静脉高压症、脾功能亢进、胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血等问题的手段之一。全腹腔镜下脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术因其难度大、风险高而报告较少。我科于2005年4月至2006年4月期间共完成完全腹腔镜下脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术9例，效果满意。报告如下。     

六步法腹腔镜脾脏切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症的应用体会

目的:探讨六步法腹腔镜脾脏切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的临床效果。方法:回顾分析2016年1月至2019年3月采用六步法腹腔镜脾脏切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗的46例肝硬化门脉高压症患者的临床资料。结果:44例顺利完成腹腔镜手术,2例中转开腹,其中1例为寻找脾动脉造成严重出血,1例为术后脾窝有活动性出血,腔镜下无法满意止血;合并肝癌4例,术中同时行超声引导下经皮肝癌射频消融术;合并胃间质瘤1例,一并切除。手术时间平均(160.6±42.8)min,术中出血量平均(320.9±150.2)mL。术后发生脾静脉血栓12例,门静脉血栓4例,无胰瘘、腹腔感染、肝功能衰竭、胃瘫等严重并发症发生。腹腔引流管拔除时间平均(5.6±1.2)d,术后平均住院(9.7±3.2)d。术后2个月因门静脉系统广泛血栓形成死亡1例。结论:六步法腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术是治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症安全、有效的术式,值得推广应用。     

门静脉高压症合并胆囊结石的手术治疗

目的：总结门静脉高压症合并胆囊结石，行脾切除，贲门周围血管离断术应同时行胆囊结石的手术治疗。方法：对28例行脾切除，贲门周围血管离断术并同时对胆囊结石的手术资料进行回顾性分析。结果：胆囊切除21例，胆囊大部切除2例，胆囊切开取石，胆囊造瘘术1例，此24均治愈，4例未行胆囊切除仍有结石存在，术后6个月及术后12个月各有2例出现发作性胆囊炎胆绞痛，其中3例急诊胆囊切除术治愈；1例非手术治疗症状缓解，结论：门静脉高压症合并胆囊绔石行脾切除，贲门周围血管离断术同时应手术治疗胆囊结石，可行胆囊切除术，胆囊大部切除术或胆囊切开取石，造瘘术。     

脾切除治疗原发性骨髓纤维化合并门静脉高压症8例疗效观察

目的探讨脾切除治疗原发性骨髓纤维化（primary myelofibrosis，PMF）合并门静脉高压症的临床疗效。方法对8例PMF合并门静脉高压症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中食管胃底静脉曲张6例（出现上消化道出血5例）。结果行单纯脾切除术3例，脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术5例。所有患者均安全度过围手术期。术后出现并发症2例，肺部感染和腹腔感染各1例，经抗感染治疗后痊愈出院。对7例进行了1至5年的随访，患者贫血状况、腹部不适等症状均有不同程度缓解，无再发消化道出血，生活质量得到改善。结论PMF合并门静脉高压症时，可行脾切除术（或脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术），能有效缓解症状，提高患者生活质量。     

Results of an aggressive surgical approach to gastric carcinoma during a twenty-three-year period

The early work of Dr. William Longmire with total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma prompted us to initiate an aggressive surgical approach to gastric carcinoma in 1960: in curative resections radical total gastrectomy with hepaticoceliac-left gastric arterial node dissection was to be performed for tumors involving the entire stomach or upper two thirds and radical 80% to 90% subtotal gastrectomy with similar node dissection for tumors located in the antrum. During a 23-year period 213 patients with confirmed gastric carcinoma were studied. Celiotomy was performed in 192: advanced gastric cancer was found in 185 and seven had early gastric cancer. In only 80 patients could resections for "cure" be done. In 31 patients who underwent total or extended total gastrectomy the operative mortality rate was 9.6%, and life table survival curves show a better survival rate than in 49 patients treated by subtotal gastrectomy, with an operative mortality rate of 16.3%. The study shows the urgent need for diagnosis of early gastric cancer by gastroscopic screening of adults at risk and the meager salvage by radical resection in advanced disease.     

胃癌合并门静脉高压症的手术治疗选择

目的 探讨胃癌合并门静脉高压症的手术方式选择.方法 回顾分析近5年内手术治疗的22例胃癌合并门静脉高压症临床资料,其中肝功能Child A级12例,Child B级10例.具体术式:全胃切除+贲门周围血管离断术11例,远端胃切除术9例,远端胃切除+脾切除术1例,远端胃切除+贲门周围血管离断术+保留胃后及左膈下动脉1例.肝功能Child A级患者均行胃癌D2根治术,Child B级患者均行胃癌D1根治术.术中均行肝活检.结果 本组手术并发症发生率为50%,死亡率为9%.肝功能Child A级患者行D2根治术的术后肝功能恶化率为42%,Child B级患者行D1根治术的术后肝功能恶化率为70%,两者相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但前者并发症发生率为25%,后者并发症发生率为80%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同期处理门静脉高压症的术后并发症发生率为77%,未处理门静脉高压症的术后并发症发生率为11%,两者相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 胃癌合并门静脉高压症的外科治疗须根据患者的肝功能分级和门静脉高压程度等因素采取个体化处理.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the surgical approaches for gastric carcinoma accompanied by portal hypertension ( PHT).Methods The clinical data of 22 patients with PHT undergoing operation during 5 years were retrospectively analyzed.The liver function was Child's A in 12 cases, Child's B in 10 cases.Total gastrectomy + pericardial devascularization was performed in 11 cases, distal subtotal gastrectomy in 9 cases, distal subtotal gastrectomy + splenectomy in one, distal subtotal gastrectomy + pericardial devascularization in one.12 cases with Child's A underwent D2 lymph node (LN) dissection and 10 cases with Child's B were treated with D1 LN dissection.Liver biopsy was taken in all patients.Results Postoperative complications developed in 50% and mortality rate was 9%.The rate of liver function deterioration in patients of Child A ungergoing D2 lymph node dissection was 42% , and that of patients with Child B was 70%.The rate of postoperatiave complications in patients with Child A ungergoing D2 lymph node dissection was 25% , while that of patients with Child B was 80%.There was no significant difference in liver function deterioration rate between Child A and Child B (P ＞ 0.05) , but the rate of postoperative complications in Child A is much lower than those in Child B(P ＜ 0.05).The complication rate in patients receiving PHT targeting measures was 77% ,much higher than 11% in those without concurrent treatment of PHT ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions Individualized surgical approache is crucial for treatment of gastric carcinoma accompanied by PHT.Surgical treatment should be on the basis of liver function and the severity of PHT.     

Stomach adenocarcinoma: what form of gastrectomy?]

Three hundred and sixty consecutive cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were studied retrospectively between 1976 and 1987. Surgery was curative in 195 patients: 91 had a subtotal gastrectomy 83 a total gastrectomy and 21 a proximal gastrectomy. Subtotal and total gastrectomy were compared within this group in terms of postoperative morbidity and mortality, abdominal comfort and 5-year actuarial survival: Postoperative mortality was greater after total gastrectomy (9.6 vs 2.2%, p = 0.04), as were anastomotic leaks (19 vs 2%, p = 0.0009). Mean weight loss was greater after total gastrectomy (p = 0.005). Comparison of patients with similar tumor staging and localization did not show any significant difference in 5-year actuarial survival. If subtotal gastrectomy is certainly justified for distal gastric cancer, it should be considered for some proximal localization.     

腹腔镜辅助下进展期胃癌Dν2根治术的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助进展期胃癌D2根治术的可行性和近期疗效。方法分析行腹腔镜辅助进展期胃癌D2根治术的30例患者,包括全胃切除术14例,远端胃大部份切除术16例。结果 30例顺利完成腹腔镜手术,无一例中转。手术平均时间：全胃切除（261.2±22.1）min,远端胃切除（239.8±19.7）min。术中平均出血量：全胃切除（133.3±30.2）ml,远端胃切除（110.4±27.5）ml。清扫淋巴结平均为（21.6±2.3）枚。术后患者胃肠功能恢复时间（3.7±1.1）d,下床活动时间平均（2.6±0.5）d。术后效果良好,无近期并发症。所有患者均获随访,随访时间3～36个月。2例发生肝转移,1例肿瘤复发,未发生Trocar种植及腹膜转移。结论腹腔镜胃癌D2根治术在胃癌患者治疗中,创伤小,恢复快,安全有效,近期疗效好。     

腹腔镜在胃恶性肿瘤中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜在胃恶性肿瘤中应用的安全性及可行性。方法 2005年9月～2010年6月,27例早期及进展期胃癌行腹腔镜辅助下根治性胃切除术,其中根治性全胃切除术2例,近端胃大部切除术6例,近端胃联合脾脏切除术1例,远端胃大部切除术18例。术区及切口用氟尿嘧啶（5-FU）蒸馏水冲洗,术后TNM分期Ⅱ期及以上予奥沙利铂联合亚叶酸钙和5-FU（FOLFOX）方案化疗。结果 27例腹腔镜辅助胃部分及全胃切除均成功,无中转开腹手术。淋巴结清扫范围D1清扫8例,D2 19例。全胃切除、近端胃切除、远端胃切除、近端胃切除联合脾切除手术时间分别为240和370 min、260～390（338±126）min、220～350（276±95）min、350 min,术中出血分别为180和230 ml、50～260（138±80）ml、80～300（112±76）ml、250 ml。清扫淋巴结分别为30和45枚、25～38（30±9）枚、21～43（31±11）枚、40枚。术后胃肠功能恢复时间分别为4和5 d、2～5（4.5±1.4）d、3～5（4.1±1.0）d、5 d,下床活动时间分别4和5 d、3～5（3.5±1.1）d、2～5（3.2±1.0）d、6 d,进流质时间为6和7 d、5～8（6.2±1.3）d、4～7（5.9±1.1）d、7 d,术后住院时间分别为10和12 d、9～11（9.2±1.1）d、7～12（8.2±1.3）d、12 d。术后TNM分期：Ⅰ期3例,Ⅱ期10例,ⅢA期9例,ⅢB期5例。23例术后随访4～57个月,平均26个月,其中16例〉12个月。7例死亡,术后生存9～52个月,平均32个月。结论腹腔镜胃癌根治术安全、可行,具有创伤小、术后恢复快等优点。     

肝癌伴门静脉高压症的外科处理28例报告

目的：评价不同手术方法治疗肝癌合并门静脉高压症的效果。方法：回顾性分析1992年1月至2000年6月肝癌和门静脉高压症同期手术28例。结果：全组无手术死亡。术后并发症发生率为39％（11／28）。术后1，3，5年生存率为91％，61％，48％。术后上消化道出血9例，随访中死亡13例，死亡原因：肝癌复发6例，肝功能衰竭2例，上消化道出血5例，其中1例于术后1个月内死亡。结论：合理选择术式可延长生存期，减少术后并发症。贲门周围血管离断术对防止术后再出血效果较好。肝癌体积较大时，宜简化手术操作。肝癌伴门静脉高压症时应慎用化学药物栓塞。     

猪远端胃大部分切除术后合并门静脉高压症模型中门脉血流系统的变化

目的 建立猪远端胃大部分切除术后合并门静脉高压症模型,观察该模型门脉系统的血流动力学变化.方法 将26只家猪随机分为3组,实验组(EG,10只)一期行远端胃大部分切除、二期行门静脉部分缩窄术;门静脉高压组(PG,10只)一期行开关腹、二期行门静脉部分缩窄术;假手术组(SG,6只)一、二期均行开关腹.3组均测定门静脉压力,二期手术后两月行CTA及腹腔干、门静脉系统血管铸型.结果 与假手术组比较,实验组、门静脉高压组术后均形成了门静脉高压.实验组与门静脉高压组术后及术后两个月门静脉压力差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).远端胃大部分切除术后合并门静脉高压症,胃的血供主要由胃左动静脉及胃网膜左动静脉提供,没有形成新的侧支循环.结论 远端胃大部分切除术后合并门静脉高压症,不宜行贲门周围血管离断术,治疗上需对患者的门腔系统行血管成像检查,根据情况选择适当的治疗方式.     

Gastric portal hypertension.

Extrahepatic portal hypertension may spontaneously decompress by routes which produce gastric or esophageal portal hypertension. A syndrome of gastric portal hypertension has been identified in five patients with extrahepatic portal obstruction and gastric variceal hemorrhage. Patients were nonalcoholic with good liver function who had tolerated previous bleeding episodes well. Endoscopy and upper gastrointestinal series were not helpful in diagnosing bleeding gastric varices. The definitive diagnostic test was venous phase mesenteric arteriography of the gas-distended stomach, with confirmation of the bleeding site by splenoportography. Portosystemic shunting in two patients and splenectomy in three patients failed to stop gastric variceal bleeding. Emergency total gastrectomy was required in two patients and suture ligation in a third to prevent exigent bleeding.Gastric portal hypertension should be suspected in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and good liver function. Since there is no standard therapy, recurrent bleeding requiring multiple operations is common. Determination of both location of obstruction and route of decompression are prerequisites to choosing the correct operation. Portocaval shunts in two patients failed to provide effective decompression due to compartmentalization of the portal hypertension to the gastric venous bed. In patients with a patent splenic vein, a distal splenorenal shunt may be effective. However, with splenic vein occlusion splenectomy may be ineffective, and a direct approach such as total gastrectomy or variceal ligation may be necessary to prevent exsanguination.