吻合浅静脉的游离前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背皮肤缺损

目的 探讨吻合浅静脉的游离前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背皮肤软组织缺损的方法与疗效.方法 2009年1月至2011年1月,对手背皮肤软组织缺损的12例患者,应用游离前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复,将穿支血管及其伴行静脉与受区动、静脉吻合,同时将皮瓣的皮下浅静脉与受区近端静脉吻合,观察其疗效.结果 术后12例皮瓣全部成活,无1例发生静脉危象,随访3～ 24个月.皮瓣色泽、质地及厚薄较满意,手指伸、屈功能恢复较满意.3例吻合神经者,感觉恢复良好,两点辨别觉5～7mm.结论 吻合浅静脉的前臂游离骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背皮肤软组织缺损可减少静脉危象的发生,获得较好的临床效果.     

游离骨间背动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背侧皮肤软组织缺损

目的探讨游离骨间背动脉穿支皮瓣修复手背侧皮肤软组织缺损的临床疗效。方法 2014年2月-2017年9月共治疗15例手背侧皮肤软组织缺损,缺损面积:2.5 cm×5.0 cm～4.5 cm×8.0 cm。手术均采用游离骨间背动脉穿支皮瓣修复缺损创面。修复指背侧12例,腕背部3例。皮瓣穿支动脉与指固有动脉或掌背动脉吻合,皮瓣伴行静脉与指背静脉或掌背静脉吻合。供区创面11例直接缝合,4例取髂腹股沟全厚皮片移植覆盖。结果 15例皮瓣均成活,1例术后10 d皮瓣远端皮缘逐渐发黑坏死,行扩创和换药治疗后治愈。术后随访6～19个月,平均13.8个月,皮瓣无臃肿,颜色、质地接近手背侧正常皮肤;根据2000年改进的中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定:优12例,良3例。手指神经损伤修复后两点辨别觉10～14 mm。结论游离骨间背动脉穿支皮瓣颜色、质地与手背侧皮肤接近,属同源皮瓣,切取皮瓣不会影响上肢主干血管,对供区损伤较小,皮瓣设计灵活,可根据损伤情况选择单穿支或多叶皮瓣,特别适用于修复手腕背部中小面积及手指背侧的皮肤软组织缺损。     

游离骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣血管变异的临床处理

目的 探讨游离前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损碰到穿支血管变异时的处理方法与疗效. 方法 对8例术中发现骨间后动脉穿支血管变异的患者,调整皮瓣位置,2例采用单一穿支吻合修复手部皮肤软组织缺损,3例切断穿支改变路径后重新吻合,3例设计成分叶状皮瓣. 结果 术后7例皮瓣顺利成活,1例皮瓣部分坏死,二期植皮后愈合,随访3 ～18个月.皮瓣色泽、质地及厚薄较满意,手指伸、屈功能恢复较满意,根据中华医学会手外科学会手部功能评定标准评定:优1例,良5例,可2例,优良率75％. 结论 游离骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手部皮肤缺损的患者,碰到穿支血管变异时,可以调整皮瓣位置,采用单一穿支吻合、切断穿支改变路径后重新吻合、设计分叶状皮瓣等方法进行修复,可获得较好的临床疗效.     

游离前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的探讨应用前臂骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的方法和临床效果。方法采用骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复18例手指皮肤缺损患者,皮肤缺损面积:1.5 cm×4.0 cm~4.2 cm×7.0 cm,皮瓣面积:1.8 cm×4.0 cm~4.5 cm×7.0 cm。皮瓣血管蒂分别与受区指动脉及浅静脉作端端吻合。结果皮瓣全部成活。患者均获随访,时间8~20个月。皮瓣外形、色泽、弹性恢复良好,厚薄适中,不需要二期修薄。术后6个月按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分评定试用标准评价:优11例,良5例,可2例。结论采用骨间后动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损,皮瓣切取方便,血管解剖较恒定,供区损伤较小,受区外形和功能恢复良好,是修复手指软组织缺损较理想的方法之一。     

改良设计游离尺动脉穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的探讨改良设计尺动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损的临床疗效。方法改良设计以豌豆骨与尺骨茎突连线中点上4.0 cm穿支入皮点为关键点,设计并切取皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损创面行穿支动脉与指动脉吻合,静脉与指背静脉吻合,皮瓣面积:2.0 cm×2.0 cm~2.0 cm×4.0 cm。结果术后8例皮瓣全部成活,获6~12个月随访,平均8个月。皮瓣外形均满意,患肢功能良好,供区均直接闭合。结论改良设计游离尺动脉穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损可获得良好的临床疗效,不损伤主要血管主干,是修复手指皮肤软组织缺损的可行术式。     

吻合血管的骨间背皮瓣移植修复手指皮肤缺损

目的游离长蒂骨间背侧穿支感觉皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损。方法急诊或择期行同侧骨问背侧穿支感觉皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损8例；其中单纯皮肤缺损4例，各关节主及被动活动正常；合并肌腱伤或骨折者4例，关节主动活动有不同程度影响。皮瓣大小：3、5cm×2cm～5cm×3cm；端端吻合骨间背侧动脉-指固有动脉，伴行静脉-指掌侧浅静脉，前臂后侧皮神经-指固有神经。术后定期测量两点辨别觉、外观满意度及关节活动度，评估手术效果。结果本组皮瓣全部存活，无1例发生血管危象，两点辨别觉8～18mm。外观满意度评估优5例，良3例。结论长蒂骨间背侧穿支感觉皮瓣是修复手指尤其是指端及指腹皮肤软组织缺损的一种较好方法。     

游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损

目的 探讨应用游离腓动脉穿支动脉皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损的疗效.方法 2008年6月至2010年12月采用游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣移植修复18例手指皮肤缺损患者,男15例,女3例;年龄16 ～48岁,平均35.6岁.根据手指皮肤缺损形状和面积设计皮瓣,皮瓣切取面积为1.5 cm×3.5 cm～4.0 cm×8.0 cm;皮瓣血管蒂分别与受区指动脉及浅静脉做端端吻合.结果 术后皮瓣全部成活,1例术后发生动脉危象,经探查重新吻合血管后成活.所有患者术后获6 ～ 30个月(平均10.5个月)随访.术后6个月按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分试用标准评定患指功能:优l0例,良5例,可3例,优良率为83.3％.结论 腓动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植修复手指皮肤缺损具有皮瓣切取方便、血管解剖恒定、供区隐蔽且损伤小、术后患指外形和功能良好等优点,值得临床推广.     

掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损

目的 探讨掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损的治疗效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年8月,根据掌背动脉皮穿支的走行、分支与分布特点,将手背侧皮瓣设计成"哑铃型",转位修复手指皮肤贯通缺损9例.结果 术后皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,随访1～18个月,皮瓣外形与手部功能恢复满意.结论 掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣是修复手指近节皮肤贯穿缺损的理想方法之一.     

掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损

目的 探讨掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损的治疗效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年8月,根据掌背动脉皮穿支的走行、分支与分布特点,将手背侧皮瓣设计成"哑铃型",转位修复手指皮肤贯通缺损9例.结果 术后皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,随访1～18个月,皮瓣外形与手部功能恢复满意.结论 掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣是修复手指近节皮肤贯穿缺损的理想方法之一.     

掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损

目的 探讨掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣修复手指皮肤贯通缺损的治疗效果.方法 2006年2月至2009年8月,根据掌背动脉皮穿支的走行、分支与分布特点,将手背侧皮瓣设计成"哑铃型",转位修复手指皮肤贯通缺损9例.结果 术后皮瓣完全成活,创面一期愈合,随访1～18个月,皮瓣外形与手部功能恢复满意.结论 掌背动脉皮穿支"哑铃型"筋膜皮瓣是修复手指近节皮肤贯穿缺损的理想方法之一.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.