高频与低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中后肌痉挛的改善效果比较

目的 探讨高频和低频重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation,rTMS)治疗脑卒中后肌痉挛的临床效果。方法 54例诊断为脑卒中后肌痉挛患者随机分成3组(每组18例):高频组、低频组和对照组。所有患者均常规给予脑卒中后二级预防用药结合康复训练治疗4周,其中高频组给予患侧高频rTMS治疗,低频组给予健侧低频rTMS治疗,对照组不接受rTMS。分别于治疗前后进行评定,通过比较患侧屈腕肌的运动诱发电位(MEP)潜伏期、中枢运动传导时间(CMCT)、上肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表(FMA)评分及改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS)评分、临床痉挛指数(CSI)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)判定治疗效果。结果 3组治疗前相关指标检测差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,3组上肢FMA评分、MBI评分显著升高,而屈腕MAS、CSI指数、MEP潜伏期和CMCT时间显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。高频组和低频组FMA评分、MBI评分均高于对照组,屈腕MAS、CSI指数、MEP潜伏期和CMCT时间均低于对照组,以高频组更为明显,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05) 。结论 患侧高频和健侧低频rTMS均可安全、有效治疗脑卒中后肌痉挛,改善上肢运动功能,且患侧高频rTMS治疗效果优于健侧低频rTMS。     

不同频率重复经颅磁刺激治疗缺血性脑卒中患者的疗效观察

目的 观察不同频率重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将45例缺血性脑卒中偏瘫患者分为高频组、低频组及假刺激组,每组15例。3组患者均给予常规康复干预,高频组患者在此基础上针对患侧运动皮质M1区给予10 Hz高频rTMS治疗,低频组患者则针对健侧运动皮质M1区给予0.5 Hz低频rTMS治疗,假刺激组则针对患侧运动皮质M1区给予假磁刺激治疗。于治疗前、治疗3周后分别检测3组患者运动诱发电位（MEP）皮质潜伏期及中枢运动传导时间（CMCT）,同时采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）及改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）对3组患者运动功能恢复情况进行评定。 结果 治疗后3组患者MEP皮质潜伏期、CMCT及FMA、BBS、MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且高频组、低频组上述疗效指标亦显著优于假刺激组水平（P<0.05）,同时低频组MEP皮质潜伏期、CMCT均较高频组明显缩短,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗后低频组与高频组FMA、BBS及MBI评分组间差异仍无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 低频及高频rTMS治疗均有利于缺血性脑卒中患者运动功能恢复,并且低频rTMS刺激健侧M1区较高频rTMS刺激病灶侧M1区能更显著改善病灶侧皮质兴奋性。     

重复经颅磁刺激联合康复训练治疗脑梗死偏瘫的临床研究

目的:探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合康复治疗对脑梗死偏瘫的疗效与安全性。方法:脑梗死偏瘫患者40例随机分为观察组和对照组各20例,2组均给予常规康复治疗,观察组加用rTMS治疗。治疗前后采用FuglMeyer量表(FMA)评定偏瘫侧的肢体功能,采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评定平衡功能,采用改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力。结果:治疗8周后,2组FMA、MBI和BBS评分与治疗前比较明显提高(P<0.01),且观察组更高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:rTMS结合康复治疗可有效地改善脑梗死偏瘫患者的运动功能和ADL能力。     

高频重复经颅磁刺激结合平衡训练仪治疗对脑梗死患者平衡障碍的康复疗效

目的:研究高频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)结合平衡训练仪治疗对脑梗死患者平衡障碍的康复疗效。方法:选取2021年4月至2023年1月在潍坊市人民医院脑科分院康复科收治的急性脑梗死患者70例,随机分为高频rTMS组和对照组各35例。2组患者均行常规康复训练和平衡训练仪治疗,高频rTMS组给予高频rTMS刺激治疗,对照组则给予假高频rTMS刺激治疗,2组患者均治疗3周,共18次。分别于治疗前后对2组患者进行Fugl-Meyer平衡量表(FMB)评分、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分、改良Barthel指数量表(MBI)评分,并以平衡训练仪测定患者运动时倾斜角度,行组内组间比较。结果:治疗3周后2组患者FMB评分、BBS评分、MBI评分、前后倾斜角度及左右倾斜角度均较治疗前有明显改善(均P<0.05),且高频rTMS组BBS评分、MBI评分、前后倾斜角度均明显高于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:与单独使用平衡训练仪治疗比较,高频rTMS联合平衡训练仪治疗在改善脑梗死患者平衡障碍上效果显著,更有利于患者平衡功能恢复。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑梗死患者神经功能恢复的影响

目的 观察低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脑梗死患者神经功能恢复的影响.方法 共选取30例脑梗死偏瘫患者,采用随机数字表法将其分为健侧刺激组、患侧刺激组及对照组(每组10例),各组患者均给予常规药物治疗,患侧刺激组及健侧刺激组在此基础上分别对患侧或健侧脑皮质M1区进行rTMS治疗,持续治疗10 d.分别于治疗前、治疗后10 d及40 d时对各组患者进行疗效评定,采用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、改良巴氏指数(MBI)对患者神经功能及日常生活活动(ADL)能力进行评定,同时检测各组患侧脑区运动诱发电位(MEP)潜伏期及中枢运动传导时间(CMCT);另外每组各随机挑选3例患者检测治疗前及治疗后40 d时的磁共振波谱(MRS)数据,对各组氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸比值(NAA/Cr)进行比较.结果 健侧刺激组及患侧刺激组NIHSS及MBI评分均较治疗前及对照组明显改善,且以健侧刺激组的改善幅度相对较显著,与患侧刺激组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);各组患者MEP潜伏期及CMCT均较治疗前有一定程度改善,其中健侧刺激组CMCT在治疗后10 d及40 d时均显著优于对照组及患侧刺激组;健侧刺激组及患侧刺激组NAA/Cr比值均较对照组明显提高.结论 低频rTMS治疗能提高急性期脑梗死患者皮质兴奋性及ADL能力,缓解神经元受损程度;刺激健侧或患侧脑半球M1区均对脑梗死患者神经受损功能恢复具有促进作用,并且以刺激健侧脑半球的疗效相对较显著.     

低频重复经颅磁刺激对脑梗死患者神经功能恢复的影响

目的 观察低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)对脑梗死患者神经功能恢复的影响.方法 共选取30例脑梗死偏瘫患者,采用随机数字表法将其分为健侧刺激组、患侧刺激组及对照组(每组10例),各组患者均给予常规药物治疗,患侧刺激组及健侧刺激组在此基础上分别对患侧或健侧脑皮质M1区进行rTMS治疗,持续治疗10 d.分别于治疗前、治疗后10 d及40 d时对各组患者进行疗效评定,采用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)、改良巴氏指数(MBI)对患者神经功能及日常生活活动(ADL)能力进行评定,同时检测各组患侧脑区运动诱发电位(MEP)潜伏期及中枢运动传导时间(CMCT);另外每组各随机挑选3例患者检测治疗前及治疗后40 d时的磁共振波谱(MRS)数据,对各组氮-乙酰天门冬氨酸/肌酸比值(NAA/Cr)进行比较.结果 健侧刺激组及患侧刺激组NIHSS及MBI评分均较治疗前及对照组明显改善,且以健侧刺激组的改善幅度相对较显著,与患侧刺激组间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);各组患者MEP潜伏期及CMCT均较治疗前有一定程度改善,其中健侧刺激组CMCT在治疗后10 d及40 d时均显著优于对照组及患侧刺激组;健侧刺激组及患侧刺激组NAA/Cr比值均较对照组明显提高.结论 低频rTMS治疗能提高急性期脑梗死患者皮质兴奋性及ADL能力,缓解神经元受损程度;刺激健侧或患侧脑半球M1区均对脑梗死患者神经受损功能恢复具有促进作用,并且以刺激健侧脑半球的疗效相对较显著.     

重复经颅磁刺激联合改良强制性运动疗法对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合改良强制性运动疗法(mCIMT)对脑卒中患者步行功能的影响。 方法 将纳入的75例脑卒中患者按随机数字表法分为rTMS组、假刺激组和联合治疗组，每组25例。3组患者均接受常规康复训练，主要包括平衡训练、转移训练、肌力训练、本体感觉训练等，治疗时间1次/日，每次40 min，每周5 d，共治疗4周。在此基础上，rTMS组增加rTMS治疗，假刺激组增加rTMS假刺激治疗，联合治疗组增加rTMS治疗20 min再间隔30 min后行mCIMT治疗。每日1次，每周5 d，共治疗4周。分别于治疗前和治疗4周后（治疗后），采用Fugl-Meyer运动量表下肢部分(FMA-LE)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、10 m步行时间(10MWT)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)对3组患者的步行功能和日常生活活动能力进行评定。 结果 治疗后，3组患者的FMA-LE、BBS、10MWT和MBI等各项指标均较组内治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05)，且联合治疗组治疗后的FMA-LE评分［(27.88±4.04)分］、BBS评分［(47.80±5.16)分］、10MWT［(22.39±6.10)s］和MBI评分［(71.48±9.41)分］的改善程度均优于假刺激组和rTMS组，且组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。 结论 rTMS联合mCIMT能更加有效改善脑卒中患者的步行功能，提高患者日常生活自理能力。     

低频重复经颅磁刺激联合双侧对称运动训练对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的效果

目的 探讨低频重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合双侧对称运动训练(BIT)对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力的影响。方法 2021年9月至2022年9月,在浙江省人民医院的脑卒中住院患者60例,随机分为rTMS组、BIT组和联合组,每组20例。3组均予常规康复,rTMS组增加健侧1 Hz rTMS,BIT组增加BIT,联合组增加健侧1Hz rTMS和BIT,共4周。治疗前后,采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表上肢部分(FMA-UE)、Wolf运动功能测试(WMFT)、Carroll上肢功能测试(UEFT)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定。结果 治疗后,3组FMA-UE、WMFT、UEFT和MBI评分均显著提高(|t|> 5.052, P <0.001),联合组各项评分最高(F> 9.834, P <0.001)。结论 低频rTMS和BIT均可有效改善脑卒中患者上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力,联合应用疗效更优。     

重复经颅磁刺激对脑卒中患者平衡功能的影响

目的 探讨重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）对脑卒中患者平衡功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将238例脑卒中患者分为rTMS组及对照组,每组119例。2组患者均给予常规药物及康复干预,rTMS组在此基础上辅以健侧M1区低频（1 Hz）rTMS治疗,对照组则辅以伪磁刺激治疗,2组患者均每周治疗5次,连续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗后及治疗结束6周后随访时分别采用Fugl-Meyer平衡量表、Berg平衡量表（BBS）以及改良Barthel指数(MBI)量表对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗后rTMS组、对照组患者Fugl-Meyer平衡量表评分［分别为（9.76±2.10）分和（7.75±2.07）分］、BBS评分［分别为（40.22±8.67）分和（29.08±9.92）分］以及MBI评分［分别为（72.12±8.51）分和（65.89±8.76）分］均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且rTMS组上述疗效指标结果亦显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 采用低频rTMS刺激健侧皮质M1区能有效改善脑卒中患者平衡功能及日常生活活动能力。     

重复经颅磁刺激结合上肢机器人虚拟情景训练对脑卒中患者认知功能的研究

目的:探讨重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)联合上肢机器人虚拟情景训练对脑卒中后认知障碍(PSCI)的改善。方法:选取脑卒中后认知障碍患者59例,按随机数字表法分为对照组、rTMS组和联合组,对照组和rTMS组各20例,联合组19例。对照组予常规认知训练治疗,rTMS组给予常规认知训练治疗和rTMS治疗,联合组给予常规认知训练、rTMS治疗和上肢机器人虚拟情景训练,共治疗20d。治疗前后采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、上肢力反馈运动控制训练系统以及改良Barthel指数(MBI)对患者进行评定。结果:治疗20d后,3组MoCA和MBI评分较治疗前均明显提高(均P<0.01),rTMS组和联合组的MoCA和MBI评分均明显高于对照组(均P<0.01),且联合组MoCA和MBI评分均明显高于rTMS组(均P<0.01)。3组虚拟情景训练评分较治疗前均明显提高(均P<0.01),且联合组评分均明显高于对照组和rTMS组(均P<0.01),rTMS组和对照组虚拟情景训练评分比较差异无统计学意义。结论:rTMS联合虚拟情景训练可显著改善脑卒中患者的认知功能,提高其ADL能力。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.