肿瘤坏死因子基因多态性与不同亚型吉兰-巴雷综合征的关联研究

目的研究肿瘤坏死因子α基因多态性与吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)的两种主要亚型-急性炎性脱髓鞘性多发神经根神经病(AIDP)和急性运动轴索型神经病(AMAN)的易感性和预后的关系。方法对我院在4年内收治的吉兰-巴雷综合征患者进行电生理标准分组,在疾病高峰期和发病1年后随访时进行Hughes神经功能评分;采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对41例AIDP患者、52例AMAN患者和98例健康人进行TNFα基因多态性分析。结果 AIDP组基因型分布和等位基因频率与对照组相比,没有显著差别;AMAN组TNFα基因型分布与对照组有差别,TNFα2等位基因频率(17.3%)明显高于对照组(5.1%);GBS重症型患者(Hughes评分4⁶)基因型分布与对照组有差别,TNFα2等位基因频率明显高于对照组(16.4%vs.5.1%);GBS预后较差患者(Hughes评分>2)TNFα2等位基因频率明显高于对照组(17.5%vs.5.1%)。结论 TNFα2等位基因与AMAN的易患性有关,携带有TNFα2等位基因患者更倾向有较严重的疾病病程且预后较差。     

肿瘤坏死因子β基因多态性与吉兰-巴雷综合征不同亚型的关联研究

目的研究肿瘤坏死因子βTNFβ基因多态性与吉兰-巴雷综合征(GBS)的两种主要亚型-急性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病(AIDP)和急性运动性轴索型神经病(AMAN)的易感性和预后的关系。方法对我院在2008至2011年收治的吉兰-巴雷综合征患者进行电生理标准分型,在疾病高峰期和发病1年后随访时进行Hughes神经功能评分;采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对41例AIDP患者、52例AMAN患者和98名健康人进行TNFβ基因多态性分析。结果 AIDP组TNFβ基因型分布与对照组没有差别,TNFβG等位基因频率明显高于对照组(37.8%,25%);AMAN组TNFβ基因型分布与对照组相比有差别,TNFβG等位基因频率明显高于对照组(40.4%,25%),P<0.05;GBS重症型患者(Hughes评分4⁶分)TNFβG等位基因频率明显高于对照组(40.6%,25%),P<0.05。GBS预后较差患者(Hughes评分>2分)TNFβG等位基因频率明显高于对照组(47.5%,25%),P<0.05。结论 TNFβG等位基因与GBS两种亚型的易患性有关,携带有TNFβG等位基因患者更倾向有较严重的疾病病程且预后较差。     

缝隙连接蛋白40基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨缝隙连接蛋白40(Cx40)基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死(ACI)易感性的相关性。方法采用SNa Pshot技术对342例ACI患者(病例组)和296例健康者(对照组)的Cx40基因启动子区多态性位点rs35594137进行基因型检测,采用荧光定量PCR方法检测外周血单个核细胞Cx40 mRNA相对表达水平,并分析其与rs35594137位点多态性的相关性。结果病例组rs35594137位点的基因型和等位基因频率分布与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(基因型:P=0.003;等位基因A vs G:P=0.001,OR=1.479);病例组Cx40 mRNA相对表达水平低于对照组(P<0.05);对照组AG+AA基因型(A等位基因携带者)的Cx40 mRNA相对表达水平低于GG基因型(P<0.05)。结论 Cx40基因启动子区多态性位点rs35594137与ACI易感性相关,A等位基因是ACI发病的危险因素。     

血清与脑脊液S100B含量与吉兰-巴雷综合征分型及病程关系的研究

目的探讨血清与脑脊液S100B含量与吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barr syndrome,GBS)不同亚型及病程的关系。方法选取31例吉兰-巴雷综合征患者,其中包括经典吉兰-巴雷综合征(acute inflammato-ry demyelinative polyradicul-oneuropathy,AIDP)患者18例,急性运动轴索型神经病(acute motor axon neuropathy,AMAN)患者13例,对照组血清30例,对照组脑脊液10例,用ELISA法测定其S100B的含量;对GBS患者进行1年随访,评价S100B与GBS病程的关系。结果血清S100B含量AIDP组明显高于AMAN组(P<0.05)和对照组(P<0.05),AMAN组与对照组比较无明显差异(P>0.05);而在脑脊液中S100B含量AIDP组明显高于AMAN组和对照组(P<0.05),AMAN组和对照组间亦有明显差别(P<0.05);两组GBS患者脑脊液S100B含量均高于其同组的血清S100B含量(P<0.05);AIDP组血清和脑脊液S100B含量与患者病初运动功能缺失程度(初次Hughes评分)相关,前者r=0.9155,后者r=0.5716。AMAN组血清和脑脊液S100B含量与患者病初运动功能缺失程度(初次Hughes评分)均有相关性,前者r=0.7789,后者r=0.8607。AIDP组血清和脑脊液S100B含量与患者病程一年运动功能恢复程度(末次Hughes评分)都有相关性,前者r=0.7690,后者r=0.6448。AMAN组血清和脑脊液S100B含量与患者病程一年运动功能恢复程度(末次Hughes评分)均有相关性,前者r=0.8677,后者r=0.8651。结论测定血清和脑脊液S100B含量对指导分型具有一定的临床意义,而用血清和脑脊液S100B含量的高低预测GBS病程则不可取,但是如能在结合病理和电生理等检查基础上确定GBS的分型后,血清和脑脊液S100B含量血清和脑脊液S100B含量的高低在一定程度上可以预测患者的病程。     

ABCB1基因多态性与中国汉族人群动脉粥样硬化性血栓性脑梗死的相关性研究

目的探讨ATP结合盒B亚家族成员1转运蛋白(ABCB1)基因多态性与中国汉族人群动脉粥样硬化性血栓性脑梗死(ATCI)患者的关系。方法选取392例ATCI患者(脑梗死组)和429例健康对照者(对照组),通过SNa Pshot方法对ABCB1基因的rs1128503和rs1045642位点进行SNP检测。比较两组的基因型和等位基因分布频率,分析基因型与临床表型的关系。结果脑梗死组rs1128503和rs1045642位点的基因型及等位基因分布频率与对照组比较,无统计学意义(P0.05)。女性ATCI患者的rs1128503位点TT基因型和CC基因型体重指数高于TC基因型(P=0.007,P=0.011)。女性ATCI患者的rs1045642位点CC基因型低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平高于CT基因型(P=0.030)。结论 ABCB1基因多态性与中国汉族人群ATCI的发病无明显相关性。rs1128503位点多态性可能与女性ATCI患者的体重指数有关,rs1045642位点多态性可能与女性ATCI患者的低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇水平有关。     

KCNJ10基因rs1890532单核苷酸多态性与儿童癫痫易感性的相关性研究

目的探讨中国北方汉族儿童中KCNJ10基因rs1890532单核苷酸多态性与癫痫的关系。方法 212例癫痫患儿作为病例组,按照癫痫发作类型分为部分性发作(partial Seizures,PS)组120例和全面性发作(generalized seizures,GS)组和92例,同时选择200例非癫痫儿童作为对照组,收集一般临床资料,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段多态性法检测KCNJ10基因rs1890532单核苷酸多态性,分析其与癫痫易感性的关系。结果校正年龄、性别等混杂因素后,KCNJ10基因rs1890532位点单核苷酸多态性与儿童GS在等位基因模型(C/G)和隐性基因模型[(CC+CG)/GG)]下整体效应具有统计学意义(OR=1.325,95%CI:1.014~2.461,P=0.043;OR=3.173,95%CI:1.097~10.694,P=0.021)。对照组与病例组、PS组比较,等位基因和基因型频率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论 KCNJ10基因rs1890532单核苷酸多态性可能与儿童GS遗传易感性相关。     

吉兰-巴雷综合征患者人类白细胞抗原A、B的基因分型

目的 研究经典吉兰－巴雷综合征（GBS）－－急性炎性脱髓鞘性多神经根神经病（AIDP）和其亚型－－急性运动轴索型神经病（AMAN）易患性与人类白细胞抗原（HLA）－A、B等位基因分型的关系，从免疫遗传学角度探讨自身内在因素在GBS不同亚型发病中的可能作用。方法 以改良快速盐析法自静脉血中抽提基因组DNA，采用聚合酶链反应－顺序特异性引物法（PCR－SSP），结合琼脂糖凝胶电泳对31例AIDP患者、33例AMAN患者和132名健康对照进行HLA－A、B位点等位基因分型。结果 AIDP组HLA－A33频率（22．6％）较对照组（3．5％）升高，相对危险度（RR）为6．1，校正概率值Pc＝0．011；AMAN组HLA－B35、B15频率（34．5％，51．7％）较对照组（6．9％，20．8％）高，RR分别为7．1、4．1、Pc分别为0．0008、015。结论 AIDP和AMAN与健康对照比较，有着不同的HLA等位基因分布。HLA－A33与AIDP易患性相关联，HLA－B15、B35与AMAN易患性相关联。推测AIDP和AMAN发病机制、病理改变的差异与在免疫应答、调控等各环节有关键作用的HLA的型别有关。     

广东汉族人群缝隙连接蛋白37基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的关系

目的探讨广东汉族人群缝隙连接蛋白37(Cx37)基因多态性与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死的关系。方法应用SNaPshot技术,检测250例动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患者(病例组)和200例健康人(对照组)的Cx37基因rs1764391多态位点的基因型和等位基因频率。结果病例组与对照组Cx37基因的多态位点rs1764391的基因型分布无统计学意义(P=0.217);病例组的T等位基因频率高于对照组(22.4%vs 17.7%,P=0.085);病例组中,TT+CT基因型(T等位基因携带者)的颈总动脉内膜-中膜厚度大于CC基因型,差异有统计学意义(P=0.032)。结论广东汉族人群Cx37基因的多态位点rs1764391与动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死无关,T等位基因增加颈总动脉内膜-中膜厚度。     

CAMSAP1L1基因多态性与我国中部地区人群癫痫的相关性分析

目的 探讨我国中部地区汉族人群中CAMSAP1L1基因两个SNP位点rs6660197和rs2292096的多态性与癫痫遗传易感性的关系.方法 采取病例对照研究方法,分别选取157例癫痫患者,其中包括122例良性癫痫伴中央颞区棘波（BECT）和35例难治性癫痫（RE）患儿;选取160例正常体检儿童作为研究对象.利用PCR-RFLP的方法测定两个SNP位点多态性分布,并进行统计分析.结果 在所有患者中SNP位点（rs6660197）的基因型（CC,CT,TT）频率和等位基因C频率与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;SNP位点（rs2292096）的基因型（AA,AG,GG）频率两组比较差异无统计意义（P＞0.05）.SNP位点（rs6660197）与我国中部地区汉族人群BECT的易感性相关（P=0.040）,CC为风险基因型,C等位基因为风险因子,与对照组比较OR =1.584,95％ CI：1.046～2.398,P=0.029.RE患者SNP位点（rs2292096）的基因型与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0.028）,A等位基因为风险因子（OR=2.431,95％CI：1.265～4.134,P=0.010）,等位基因频率明显高于对照组（P=0.010）.结论 CAMSAP1L1基因SNP位点（rs6660197）与BECT的易感性相关,而SNP位点（rs2292096）与RE的易感性相关.     

自身免疫调节因子基因多态性与重症肌无力的相关性

目的探索自身免疫调节因子AIRE基因rs3761389和rs1800520位点多态性与重症肌无力(MG)的易感性和严重程度的相关性。方法采用i MLDR技术对AIRE基因rs3761389和rs1800520位点进行基因分型,比较等位基因频率在480例MG患者(MG组)、487例健康对照者(对照组)以及MG各亚组的分布。在共显性、加性和过显性遗传模型下比较基因型频率。结果 rs3761389位点G等位基因MG组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.035),基因型频率在加性模型下差异有统计学意义(P=0.046)。rs1800520位点MG组与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义。结论 AIRE基因rs3761389位点可能与MG的易感性相关,未发现其与MG严重程度相关;未发现rs1800520位点与MG的易感性和严重程度相关。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -