CT引导下脊髓内穿刺骨髓间充质细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤后遗症60例临床疗效分析

目的探讨应用CT引导下脊髓穿刺骨髓间充质细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤后遗症的临床疗效。方法对60例脊髓损伤后遗症患者行CT引导下脊髓穿刺骨髓间充质细胞移植,并进行术前和术后半年ASIA损伤分级评分。结果患者感觉功能、运动功能、日常生活能力明显改善。结论CT引导下脊髓穿刺骨髓间充质细胞移植可以显著改善脊髓损伤后遗症患者的症状和体征,提高患者生活质量。     

骨髓间充质干细胞修复损伤脊髓的实验及临床应用短期随访

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞治疗脊髓损伤的研究已经逐渐由动物实验过渡到临床,但其作用机制还不完全清楚。 目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植对脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓功能的修复作用,并通过临床应用观察短期疗效。 方法：采用改良Allen's打击法造成Wistar大鼠脊髓损伤模型,将体外分离培养的骨髓间充质干细胞分别经尾静脉及损伤局部移植,应用改良Tarlov评分评定大鼠行为学变化,在光镜下对损伤脊髓病理切片进行对比分析。对5例脊髓损伤患者通过损伤原位注射、腰穿、静脉输注的方式行人自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植,并行神经功能及生活能力评定。 结果与结论：治疗后15 d,骨髓间充质干细胞尾静脉及损伤局部移植组大鼠运动功能评分较模型对照组显著提高;移植后7,15,30 d,脊髓病理切片显示骨髓间充质干细胞尾静脉及损伤局部移植组大鼠较模型对照组有显著恢复。临床患者骨髓间充质干细胞移植后半年神经功能及生活能力均有改善。     

脑卒中后尿失禁的尿动力学研究

目的 :研究脑卒中后尿失禁患者尿动力学异常 ,并与前列腺增生症、腰骶髓病变排尿异常进行比较。方法 :脑卒中后尿失禁患者 40例 ,腰骶髓病变患者 9例 ,前列腺增生患者 2 2例。患者均行尿动力学检查 ,分析膀胱尿道功能。结果 :脑卒中后尿失禁主要尿动力学异常为逼尿肌反射亢进 ( 70 0 % ) ,尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛 ( 3 7 5 % )。与逼尿肌反射亢进相关的主要病变为额叶和基底节。与腰骶髓病变、前列腺增生组尿动力学异常有显著差异。结论 :脑卒中后尿失禁患者尿动力学改变以逼尿肌反射亢进和尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛为主。     

常用脊髓损伤模型与骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤

脊髓损伤的病理生理机制非常复杂，建立适宜的脊髓损伤模型，对模型进行骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗，并分析其治疗脊髓损伤的机制，是进行临床脊髓损伤治疗的前提。目前常用的脊髓损伤模型包括挫伤型模型、牵张损伤模型、压迫损伤模型、切割或吸除型模型、缺血损伤模型等。常用的骨髓间充质干细胞移植方法有细胞悬液立体定位注射法、腰穿细胞悬液注射法、静脉内细胞悬液输入法等。骨髓间充质干细胞治疗脊髓损伤的机制可能有以下几方面：①骨髓间充质干细胞能向损伤处迁移，并向神经细胞表型分化。②发挥桥梁介导作用。③骨髓间充质干细胞移植后能够抑制神经细胞的凋亡。大量动物实验结果证明，骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的临床应用前景是广阔的。     

腰椎穿刺移植自体骨髓间充质干细胞治疗脑梗死后遗症6例

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞具有多向分化潜能,而且取材方便,扩增迅速,免疫原性低,在移植过程避免了免疫排斥等反应,是治疗脑梗死等神经系统疾病的理想种子细胞。 目的：探讨自体骨髓间充质干细胞培养后经腰穿治疗脑梗死后遗症的安全性、可行性及疗效。 方法：6例脑梗死后遗症患者进行自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植,骨穿采集自体骨髓单个核细胞,体外分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞4 d后经腰椎穿刺移植蛛网膜下腔,移植后观察疗效及并发症。 结果与结论：培养后骨髓间充质干细胞数量明显增多,患者手术前后肌力和NIHSS评分通过统计分析有显著性差异(P < 0.05),总体症状改善较术前有明显改善;移植后无严重不良事件发生。结果提示,自体骨髓间充质干细胞培养后移植治疗可使脑梗死后遗症患者症状明显改善,治疗安全有效且不良反应小。     

局部注射骨髓间充质干细胞治疗大鼠脊髓损伤：运动功能有改善吗？

背景：目前研究多为骨髓间充质干细胞的体外培养及细胞移植对颅内疾病的治疗,对植入细胞在损伤脊髓中的成活、分化、迁移、结构重建等了解有限。 目的：探讨局部骨髓间充质干细胞移植在脊髓损伤修复中的作用和骨髓间充质干细胞替代治疗的可行性。 方法：成年健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为细胞移植组和对照组,建立SD大鼠脊髓横断损伤模型,伤后即刻分别向损伤区局部移植大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞悬液或无钙镁磷酸缓冲液。在术前和术后1 d,1周,2周,3周,4周和8周进行BBB评分,观测大鼠的运动功能,并于移植后1周免疫组织化学染色法观察BrdU标记的骨髓间充质干细胞在脊髓损伤处的存活情况,移植后4周进行损伤脊髓的大体观察和组织学检测。 结果与结论：移植后第1~8周细胞移植组BBB评分均髙于对照组;术后1周免疫组织化学染色结果显示在细胞移植组大鼠脊髓远端检测到BrdU阳性细胞,术后4周脊髓损伤处发现有神经纤维。证实通过损伤后立即局部注射的方式将骨髓间充质干细胞移植进大鼠脊髓损伤区,细胞可在损伤区存活;存活的骨髓间充质干细胞可分化为神经元,在损伤局部形成神经元通路,从而促进脊髓神经纤维传导功能的恢复,并促进高位脊髓损伤后大鼠后肢运动功能恢复。     

人脂肪间充质干细胞静脉移植修复脊髓损伤：相关因子及行为学评价

背景：研究证实脂肪间充质干细胞在体外经丹参等诱导剂诱导后可分化为神经元样细胞,因此有可能成为治疗脊髓损伤新的种子细胞。 目的：探讨脂肪间充质干细胞尾静脉移植后,对急性闭合性脊髓损伤大鼠行为学及损伤脊髓组织中各因子表达的影响。 方法：无菌条件下体外分离培养人脂肪间充质干细胞,传至第4代,将细胞收集并制成浓度为1×109 L-1细胞悬液。盐水对照组、细胞移植组大鼠建立脊髓损伤模型,造模成功后1周,细胞移植组经尾静脉注射1 mL干细胞悬液,盐水对照组同法注射等体积的生理盐水,模型对照组不做任何处理。 结果与结论：与模型对照组和盐水对照组比较,细胞移植组大鼠后肢运动功能明显恢复,BBB评分明显升高(P < 0.05);胶质纤维酸性蛋白阳性表达明显减少(P < 0.05),神经元特异性烯醇化酶、巢蛋白的阳性表达均明显升高(P < 0.05)。移植后3 d及1周,在损伤区及临近的脊髓节段可见经荧光染料标记的脂肪间充质干细胞,主要聚集在受损伤脊髓节段1 cm范围内,呈不均匀分布。提示急性闭合性脊髓损伤大鼠经尾静脉移植人脂肪间充质干细胞后,其行为学得到改善,受损脊髓节段局部神经元细胞分化明显增多,修复速度加快。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植联用氨基胍对大鼠脊髓损伤修复的影响*

背景：体内实验发现,骨髓间充质干细胞可在体内神经组织中分化为神经元样细胞,表达神经元抗原,并且骨髓间充质干细胞的存在对神经元的损伤有保护作用,这可能与骨髓间充质干细胞分泌的活性物质有关。 目的：观察骨髓间充质干细胞移植联用诱导型一氧化氮合酶抑制剂-氨基胍对大鼠脊髓损伤修复的影响。 设计、时间及地点： 随机对照动物实验,细胞学观察,于2006-07/2008-02在河北工程大学附属医院外科实验室和中心实验室完成。 材料：Wistar大鼠36只随机分成对照组、骨髓间充质干细胞组、联合移植组,每组12只。氨基胍由美国Sigma公司提供。 方法：采用密度梯度离心法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,以Brdu标记细胞核。对照组：制备脊髓半切损伤模型不做处理。骨髓间充质干细胞组：制备脊髓半切损伤模型后,损伤上下各 1 mm处移植骨髓间充质干细胞悬液共2 μL。联合移植组：制备脊髓半切损伤模型后,损伤上下各 1 mm处移植骨髓间充质干细胞悬液8 μL,同时局部给予氨基胍100 mg/kg。 主要观察指标：术后采用斜板试验及改良Tarlov评分评价动物后肢运动功能恢复情况。术后2个月,显微镜下观察移植后脊髓形态结构变化及移植物存活情况。神经微丝和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白免疫组织化学评价移植对脊髓再生的影响。 结果：下肢运动功能评价联合移植组优于骨髓间充质干细胞组,骨髓间充质干细胞组优于对照组。免疫组织化学检测发现,脊髓损伤区有新生束状轴突伸向断端,嗜银染色可见脊髓断端的再生轴突长入断端间组织中,部分连接两端面。损伤阶段脊髓内可见Brdu标记阳性骨髓间充质干细胞存活,灰质分布较白质多,以注射部位向周围损伤组织迁移,联合应用氨基胍组Brdu标记阳性骨髓间充质干细胞存活多。联合移植组术后2个月神经微丝和胶质原纤维酸性蛋白免疫阳性反应的面积比均高于其他各组。 结论：骨髓间充质干细胞联合氨基胍移植促进大鼠半横断脊髓结构和功能恢复的效果明显优于单纯细胞移植组,两者联用具有协同效应。     

神经干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤效果与机制对比

目的比较神经干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗脊髓损伤的机制及实验效果。方法选择40只Wistar成年大鼠做脊髓半横切模型,随机分为神经干细胞注射组,骨髓间充质干细胞注射组,磷酸盐缓冲液注射组和假手术组,每组10只。对比4组大鼠移植后的运动功能和脊髓损伤的修复情况。结果神经干细胞注射组各个时间点的BBB评分明显高于骨髓间充质干细胞注射组,且2组BBB评分明显高于磷酸盐缓冲液注射组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);神经干细胞和骨髓间充质干细胞移植后的第8周,MRI显示空洞明显缩小,信号强度正常,能看到完整的脊髓,脊髓切片中能看到被标记的NSCs及BMSCs。结论脊髓损伤大鼠通过静脉注射NSCs和BMSCs均能改善运动功能,但NSCs治疗效果更为明显,应将两种方法结合起来,进一步提高治疗效果。     

骨髓间充质干细胞尾静脉移植脊髓损伤大鼠脑源性神经营养因子及神经生长因子的表达

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞移植对脊髓损伤有治疗作用,但其机制尚不完全清楚。 目的：应用免疫组织化学方法观察骨髓间充质干细胞静脉移植损伤脊髓局部脑源性神经营养因子及神经生长因子的表达,分析骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的作用途径。 方法：运用改良Allen法制备T10脊髓外伤性截瘫大鼠模型,假手术组6只,脊髓损伤组24只随机分为对照组和骨髓间充质干细胞移植组。骨髓间充质干细胞移植组、假手术组接受骨髓间充质干细胞单细胞悬液1 mL(1×106 cells)自大鼠尾静脉缓慢注射移植,对照组静脉注射PBS 1 mL。 结果与结论：脊髓损伤后损伤局部的脑源性神经营养因子、神经生长因子表达增加,骨髓间充质干细胞静脉注射移植后能促进脊髓损伤局部脑源性神经营养因子、神经生长因子更进一步的表达,这可能是促进神经结构及神经功能恢复的因素之一。     

Bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by microstimulation of S2 sacral spinal cord in spinal cord intact and chronic spinal cord injured cats

Urinary bladder and urethral sphincter responses evoked by bladder distention, ventral root stimulation, or microstimulation of S2 segment of the sacral spinal cord were investigated under alpha-chloralose anesthesia in cats with an intact spinal cord and in chronic spinal cord injured (SCI) cats 6-8 weeks after spinal cord transection at T9-T10 spinal segment. Both SCI and normal cats exhibited large amplitude reflex bladder contractions when the bladder was fully distended. SCI cats also exhibited hyperreflexic bladder contractions during filling and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia during voiding, neither was observed in normal cats. Electrical stimulation of the ventral roots revealed that the S2 sacral spinal cord was the most effective segment for evoking large amplitude bladder contractions or voiding in both types of cats. Microstimulation with a stimulus intensity of 100 microA and duration of 30-60 s via a single microelectrode in the S2 lateral ventral horn or ventral funiculus evoked large amplitude bladder contractions with small urethral contractions in both normal and SCI cats. However, this stimulation evoked incomplete voiding due to either co-activation of the urethral sphincter or detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Stimulation in the S2 dorsal horn evoked large amplitude sphincter responses. The effectiveness of spinal cord microstimulation with a single electrode to induce prominent bladder and urethral sphincter responses in SCI animals demonstrates the potential for using microstimulation techniques to modulate lower urinary tract function in patients with neurogenic voiding dysfunctions.     

An update on the treatment of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia with botulinum toxin type A

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relaxant effect of two preparations (BOTOX® versus Dysport®) of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on the external urethral sphincter in patients with neurogenic voiding disorders. Ten male spinal cord injury patients with detrusor- external urethral sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) were clinically assessed before, and 4–6 weeks after, transurethral or transperineal BTX-A injections (BOTOX® 100 U or Dysport® 250 U) into the external urethral sphincter. Patients with persistent difficulties in voiding or high post-void residual volumes were re-injected with the same product up to three times. All patients were urodynamically examined within 120 days of injection. In total, 30 BTX-A injection cycles (one to three injections) were administered. Significant ( P < 0.05) reductions in the DSD duration post-injection, the time interval between the start of bladder contractions and voiding, and DSD seventy post-treatment were observed. All patients who presented with a residual volume pre-treatment showed a marked decrease post-treatment. These effects lasted 6 months. Improvements in urodynamic parameters were significantly better following BOTOX® than DysporP treatment ( P < 0.05), although the Dysport® dose used is now considered less potent than that of BOTOX®. Thus, injections of BTX-A into the external urethral sphincter are a valuable treatment option for DSD in spinal cord injury patients. Treatment success appears to depend on the seventy of DSD before treatment.     

Pharmacologic and potential biologic interventions to restore bladder function after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury disrupts voluntary control of voiding and the normal reflex pathways that coordinate bladder and urethral sphincter function. The present review addresses studies in animals and humans that have evaluated various therapeutic approaches for normalizing lower urinary tract function after spinal cord injury.     

Urodynamic studies in evaluating detrusor sphincter dyssynergia and their effects on the treatment

One of the most frequent difficulties in the rehabilitation of the hyperreflexic bladder in patients with spinal cord injuries is vesico-sphincter-dyssynergia. Comprehensive urodynamic investigations of bladder pressure, abdominal pressure, urethral sphincter electromyography, cystometry and urethral flow were performed. In patients with vesico-sphincter-dyssynergia two methods of treatment were applied: conservative, by alpha-blocking agents, and surgical by incision of the urethral sphincter or bladder neck. In 80 per cent conservative measures were successful in early cases, whereas this figure fell to 50 per cent when undertaken at a later stage. Ten per cent required surgical measures, usually incision of the external urethral sphincter. Sometimes in difficult cases monitoring micturition cysto-urethrography was performed.     

Botulinum A toxin as a treatment of detrusor- sphincter dyssynergia in patients with spinal cord injury: MRI controlled transperineal injections

OBJECTIVES—To correlate clinical and urodynamicfindings with MRI in patients with spinal cord injury anddetrusor-sphincter dyssynergia who were consecutively treated withtransperineal injections of botulinum-A toxin (BTX-A) under EMG control.
METHODS—Six patients with spinal cord injury andupper motor neuron bladder dysfunction associated with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia were prospectively analysed. One hundredinternational units (IU) BTX-A (Botox® in 1 ml normal saline withoutpreservative) diluted 1 to 1 with 1 ml gadopentetate were injectedtransperineally under EMG control. MRI was started immediately afterneedle withdrawal.
RESULTS—In all six patients gadopentetate waslocated in the external urethral sphincter on MRI. In no patient didtraces of gadopentetate appear in the perineal musculature located inthe vicinity of the external urethral sphincter. No patient developedresistance to BTX-A. All patients showed an (ongoing) improvement oftheir voiding function after BTX-A injections.
CONCLUSIONS—Transperineal injections of BTX-Aunder EMG control are efficient in the release or amelioration of lowerurinary tract obstruction due to detrusor sphincter dyssynergia inpatients with spinal cord injury. Despite well described methods, EMGof the external urethral sphincter is difficult and it is not possibleto definitively exclude false recordings of the surrounding perinealmusculature. By the use of MRI it was shown that both the EMGrecordings and transperineal injection method are precise.

     

Artificial autonomic reflexes: using functional electrical stimulation to mimic bladder reflexes after injury or disease

Autonomic reflexes controlling bladder storage (continence) and emptying (micturition) involve spinal and supraspinal nerve pathways, with complex mechanisms coordinating smooth muscle activity of the lower urinary tract with voluntary muscle activity of the external urethral sphincter (EUS). These reflexes can be severely disrupted by various diseases and by neurotrauma, particularly spinal cord injury (SCI). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) refers to a group of techniques that involve application of low levels of electrical current to artificially induce or modify nerve activation or muscle contraction, in order to restore function, improve health or rectify physiological dysfunction. Various types of FES have been developed specifically for improving bladder function and while successful for many urological patients, still require substantial refinement for use after spinal cord injury. Improved knowledge of the neural circuitry and physiology of human bladder reflexes, and the mechanisms by which various types of FES alter spinal outflow, is urgently required. Following spinal cord injury, physical and chemical changes occur within peripheral, spinal and supraspinal components of bladder reflex circuitry. Better understanding of this plasticity may determine the most suitable methods of FES at particular times after injury, or may lead to new FES approaches that exploit this remodeling or perhaps even influence the plasticity. Advances in studies of the neuroanatomy, neurophysiology and plasticity of lumbosacral nerve circuits will provide many further opportunities to improve FES approaches, and will provide "artificial autonomic reflexes" that much more closely resemble the original, healthy neuronal regulatory mechanisms.     

Fluoxetine,a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor used clinically,improves bladder function in a mouse model of moderate spinal cord injury

After spinal cord injury,the upward conduction of the spinal cord is lost,resulting in the loss of micturition control,which manifests as detrusor sphincter dyssynergia and insufficient micturition.Studies have shown that serotonergic axons play important roles in the control of the descending urination tract.In this study,mouse models of moderate spinal cord contusions were established.The serotonin agonists quipazine(0.2 mg/kg),8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin(8-OH-DAPT,0.1 mg/kg),buspirone(1 mg/kg),sumatriptan(1 mg/kg),and rizatriptan(50 mg/kg),the serotonin reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine(20 mg/kg)and duloxetine(1 mg/kg),and the dopamine receptor agonist SKF-82197(0.1 mg/kg)were intraperitoneally administered to the model mice 35 days post-injury in an acute manner.The voided stain on paper method and urodynamics revealed that fluoxetine reduced the amount of residual urine in the bladder and decreased bladder and external urethral sphincter pressure in a mouse model of moderate spinal cord injury.However,fluoxetine did not improve the micturition function in a mouse model of severe spinal cord injury.In contrast,the other serotonergic drugs had no effects on the micturition functions of spinal cord injury model mice.This study was ethically approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine(approval No.2020DW-20-02)on September 11,2020.     

Reduction of bladder contractility after alpha-adrenergic blockade and after ganglionic blockade

Seven spinal cord injured patients were evaluated with cystometry bladder, electromyography, and pressure profiles of the external urethral sphincter before and after phenoxybenzamine administration. Seven more patients were evaluated before and after mecamylamine administration. Both drugs reduced the contractility of the bladder. The reduction of bladder contractility may reflect decreased sympathetic stimulation to the bladder. Bladder electric potentials reflect the intrinsic tone of the detrusor muscle.     

Separate urinary bladder and external urethral sphincter neurons in the central nervous system of the rat: simultaneous labeling with two immunohistochemically distinguishable pseudorabies viruses

This work examines the distribution, in the central nervous system, of virus-labeled neurons from the rat urinary bladder and the external urethral sphincter simultaneously within the same tissue sections. Two immunohistochemically distinct pseudorabies virus strains were injected into male Sprague--Dawley rats (approximately 280 g). One virus was injected into the bladder and the other into the external urethral sphincter. After incubation intervals of 2, 2.5 and 3 days, sections from the spinal cord and brain were treated immunohistochemically to detect cells which were labeled separately by each virus or were labeled by both viruses. The major result of these experiments is that each strain of virus labeled a separate population of neurons and that some neurons were labeled by both strains. In the lumbosacral cord, 3 days post-infection, neurons labeled by virus from the external urethral sphincter were found in Onuf's nucleus, the dorsal gray commissure, and the superficial dorsal horn. Neurons labeled by virus from the urinary bladder were found in the L6--S1 and L1--L2 spinal cord segments within the dorsal gray commissure, the intermediolateral area and the superficial dorsal horn. Double-labeled interneurons were mainly located in the dorsal gray commissure although some were also found in the intermediolateral area and the superficial dorsal horn. In the medulla, external urethral sphincter neurons and bladder neurons and double-labeled neurons were found in the reticular region and the raphe. More rostrally, bladder neurons were located in the pontine micturition center and external urethral sphincter neurons were found in the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus. A very small number of double-labeled neurons were found in the pontine micturition center and the locus coeruleus or subcoeruleus.     

Plasticity in reflex pathways to the lower urinary tract following spinal cord injury

The lower urinary tract has two main functions, storage and periodic expulsion of urine, that are regulated by a complex neural control system in the brain and lumbosacral spinal cord. This neural system coordinates the activity of two functional units in the lower urinary tract: (1) a reservoir (the urinary bladder) and (2) an outlet (consisting of bladder neck, urethra and striated muscles of the external urethra sphincter). During urine storage the outlet is closed and the bladder is quiescent to maintain a low intravesical pressure. During micturition the outlet relaxes and the bladder contracts to promote efficient release of urine. This reciprocal relationship between bladder and outlet is generated by reflex circuits some of which are under voluntary control. Experimental studies in animals indicate that the micturition reflex is mediated by a spinobulbospinal pathway passing through a coordination center (the pontine micturition center) located in the rostral brainstem. This reflex pathway is in turn modulated by higher centers in the cerebral cortex that are involved in the voluntary control of micturition. Spinal cord injury at cervical or thoracic levels disrupts voluntary control of voiding as well as the normal reflex pathways that coordinate bladder and sphincter function. Following spinal cord injury the bladder is initially areflexic but then becomes hyperreflexic due to the emergence of a spinal micturition reflex pathway. However the bladder does not empty efficiently because coordination between the bladder and urethral outlet is lost. Studies in animals indicate that dysfunction of the lower urinary tract after spinal cord injury is dependent in part on plasticity of bladder afferent pathways as well as reorganization of synaptic connections in the spinal cord. Reflex plasticity is associated with changes in the properties of ion channels and electrical excitability of afferent neurons and appears to be mediated in part by neurotrophic factors released in the spinal cord and/or the peripheral target organs.