早期陈旧性波及关节面跟骨骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨早期陈旧性跟骨波及关节面骨折的治疗方法。方法收治13例15足早期陈旧性跟骨骨折患者,骨折依据Sanders分型,Ⅱ型6足,Ⅲ型9足,均采用切开复位跟骨钛板内固定治疗。结果随访5～24个月,平均13.1个月。按张铁良等足部评分系统评价术后功能,优10足,良3足,可2足。结论切开复位跟骨钛板内固定治疗早期陈旧性跟骨波及关节面骨折,疗效优良。     

跟骨骨折畸形愈合的矫形治疗

目的：探讨跟骨骨折畸形愈合的治疗方法。方法：对8例跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者（Bohler角〈5°,跟骨增宽≥3mm）采用跟骨外侧骨突切除,腓骨长短肌腱松解,跟骨楔形截骨并距下关节融合术,术后石膏外固定。结果：根据天津医院骨科制定的评分标准,术前评分33～65分,平均50．1分,术后1-6个月随访评分70～93分,平均80．2分,优良率91．5％。结论：跟骨骨折严重畸形愈合矫形治疗,疗效满意。     

经后外侧入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的评价经后外侧人路行距下关节撑开植骨融合术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法回顾性研究自2009-03-2012—10收洽的采用后外侧人路距下关节撑开植骨融合术治疗且获得完整随访的27例陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者。定期随访观察术后切口愈合、骨折愈合及内固定情况,比较手术前后距骨跟骨角、距骨第1跖骨角、美国足踝外科协会（AOFAS）踝与后足评分。结果27例术后获平均20（12～36）个月随访,切口均一期愈合,无皮缘坏死、切口感染及内固定物、跟骨骨质外露发生。术后4～6个月X线片显示27例融合处均骨性愈合。距骨跟骨角由术前平均（15．8±3．0）°改善至术后平均（24．8±1．9）°,距骨第1跖骨角由术前平均（16．9±3.2）°改善至术后平均（5．6±1．9）°,AOFAS评分由术前平均（33．9±7．9）分提高至术后平均（84．9±7．5）分,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论跟骨后外侧人路可清楚显露距下关节,能在直视下对距下关节面进行彻底清理,撑开植骨矫正跟骨内、外翻畸形,恢复足弓,矫正或减轻跟骨骨折畸形愈合的主要病理改变,有效地改善症状,减少切口并发症,临床疗效满意。     

跟骨丘部及后距下关节重建治疗跟骨骨折畸形

目的探讨保留距下关节跟骨丘部及后距下关节重建治疗严重陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的方法及适应证。方法跟骨丘部及后距下关节重建治疗严重陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合8例，均为男性，年龄在21～34岁，平均31．5岁。单侧7例，双侧1例。损伤时间1～7个月，平均4．6个月。行重建丘部及后距下关节保留距下关节自体植骨的方法进行治疗，切除跟骨外膨的外侧壁，取跟骨外侧壁植骨7例，取髂骨植骨1例。结果8例9足获得随访，随访时间8～24个月，平均11个月。按美国足踝外科协会Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能：优4足，良4足，可1足，差0足，优良率为88．9％。所有患者术后足外形恢复良好。术后切口感染裂开1例、螺钉断裂1例，无跟骨内翻等并发症。骨折愈合时间10．5～16．2周，平均12．6周。术后X线片显示跟骨丘部高度、宽度、BoNer角，以及Gissane角基本恢复正常。结论重建跟骨丘部及距下关节自体植骨术具有矫正跟骨畸形，恢复后足外形及功能明显的优点，是治疗严重陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的有效方法。     

改良小L形入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折距下关节炎

目的：观察改良跟腱旁后外侧小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折距下关节炎的疗效。方法：2009年3月至2012年9月,应用改良小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合术治疗22例跟骨骨折伴距下关节炎患者,男13例,女9例;年龄22～49岁,平均35．3岁。病程11～32个月,平均21个月。根据Stephens-Sanders分型,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型6例。通过改良AOFAS踝与后足评分标准对手术前后患足功能进行评估,比较改善程度。结果：1例出现皮缘坏死,无感染、螺钉断裂、植骨吸收及距骨坏死等情况发生。术后21例获随访,时间18～46个月,平均29个月。术后4个月融合处均获骨性愈合。末次随访时改良AOFAS评分由术前32-65分（平均50．8分）提高至末次随访66～92分（平均82．6分）,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：改良小“L”入路距下关节撑开植骨融合术是治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折并发距下关节炎的一种有效方法,临床操作简单,并发症少,可矫正跟骨骨折畸形愈合的主要病理改变,恢复足部外形并改善后足功能。     

微型钢板内固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗陈旧性跖骨骨折

目的探讨微型钢板内固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗陈旧性跖骨骨折的方法及疗效。方法 2009年5月-2010年7月,收治7例外伤致陈旧性跖骨骨折患者。男5例,女2例;年龄25～43岁,平均33岁。多发跖骨骨折5例,单发跖骨骨折2例。伤后至该次手术时间为4～12周。X线片检查示骨折断端间有少量骨痂,伴短缩、成角或旋转移位。术中切开复位后,采用微型钢板内固定联合自体髂骨植骨,植骨量1.5～2.5 cm3。术后石膏外固定4～6周,平均5周。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。7例均获随访,随访时间8～18个月,平均13.5个月。骨折临床愈合时间为6～12周,平均8.4周。患者站立及行走时无明显足底疼痛。术后3个月参照美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)中前足评分标准,评分为75～96分,平均86.4分。结论微型钢板内固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗陈旧性跖骨骨折内固定可靠、骨折愈合率高、术后并发症少,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

跟骨旋转截骨丘部重建距下关节融合治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 探讨跟骨旋转截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术治疗严重跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效.方法 2008年2月至2010年2月采用跟骨旋转截骨丘部重建距下关节融合的方法治疗8足陈旧性跟骨骨折严重畸形愈合患者7例,男5例(6足),女2例(2足);年龄47～ 68岁,平均52.4岁.按Stephen和Sanders分型:Ⅱ型4例(5足),Ⅲ型3例(3足).跟骨外侧“L”形切口,在跟骨外膨的外侧壁切除基础上行跟骨旋转截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术. 结果 所有患者术后获5 ～53个月(平均13.5个月)随访.按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能:优5足,良2足,可1足,优良率为87.5％.X线片示B(o)hler角、Gissane角、跟骨宽度、高度及跟骨丘部恢复良好. 结论 跟骨旋转截骨丘部重建距下关节融合术是治疗严重陈旧性跟骨舌形骨折畸形愈合的一种有效方法,可明显矫正跟骨畸形,恢复后足外形及功能,疗效满意.     

Ilizarov外固定支架治疗StephenⅢ型旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合

目的 评价llizarov外固定支架治疗StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的疗效。方法 自2006年7月至2009年2月,采用一期距下关节融合、跟骨截骨并Ilizarov外固定支架牵伸二期纠正畸形治疗StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者25例,男19例,女6例;年龄19 ～49岁,平均32岁;左足15例,右足10例。既往累计手术次数1～5次,平均2次。术后应用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分系统进行评价。结果 所有患者术后获18.3个月（6～36个月）随访。治疗结束时所有患者内、外翻畸形均得到完全或大部分矫正,可以用足底行走负重。距下关节均一期融合,跟骨高度、宽度、长度、B(o)hler角及Gissane角均得到明显恢复。81％的患者取得内、外翻畸形的解剖复位或近解剖复位。AOFAS评分平均为79.4分,优2例,良18例,一般4例,差1例,优良率为80.0％。所有关节融合的部位最后均获得骨连接,无一例患者发生内、外翻畸形需再次手术。结论 对于StephenⅢ型陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合患者,采用一期距下关节融合、跟骨截骨并Ilizarov外固定支架缓慢牵伸纠正畸形可获得良好疗效。     

截骨矫形、保留距下关节治疗陈旧跟骨骨折

目的探讨采用截骨矫形、保留距下关节、锁定解剖钢板内固定治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折畸形愈合的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2016年6月～2018年12月我科收治的21例伤后5～16周陈旧跟骨关节面压缩骨折患者的临床资料,均行跟骨外侧壁切除、跟骨截骨寻找关节面、矫形复位关节面、锁定解剖接骨板内固定治疗。术后采用Maryland足部评分系统评价术后患肢功能。结果本组21例均手术经过顺利,手术时间平均65(50～80)min,术中出血量平均70(50～100) ml。所有骨折均复位,直视下见关节面恢复平整,Bohler角平均33°(22°～35°)。21例均获随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均(18±6)个月,骨折愈合时间为术后10～12周。末次随访患足功能按Maryland足部评分:优13足,良7足,可1足,优良率为95.24%。1例患者出现跟骨伤口转角处皮肤坏死,经换药后伤口一期愈合。结论采用截骨矫形、保留距下关节、锁定钢板内固定治疗陈旧跟骨关节面压缩骨折可重建跟骨关节面,保留距下关节活动度,恢复距下关节匹配,疗效确切,值得临床推广应用。     

保留距下关节的切开复位内固定手术治疗陈旧性跟骨骨折

目的 探讨陈旧性跟骨骨折行切开复位内固定手术的临床效果.方法 对17例(17足)陈旧性跟骨骨折采用切除骨痂,再次骨折后重新复位、对合关节面,矫正跟骨力线,恢复Bohler角和Gissane角的关系,植骨充填缺损,钢板内固定手术治疗.结果 随访5～20个月,平均10个月,骨折全部愈合.Maryland足部评分:优9足,良5足,可2足,差1足.术后跟骨长度、宽度、Boller角、Gissane角和轴位角与手术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 对陈旧性跟骨骨折患者有选择性的采用切复内固定术的治疗,可以取得较好效果.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.