2005～2007年济南市麻疹疫情资料分析

[目的]分析近3年济南市麻疹发病特征,为制定控制策略提供科学依据。[方法]对2005~2007年济南市麻疹疫情资料进行分析。[结果]2005~2007年济南市合计报告麻疹762例,年均发病率为4.18/10万。年均发病率城区与近郊为4.89/10万,远郊为3.44/10万(P<0.01)。762例病例中,3~7月占64.70%,11~12月占20.47%;男性占56.56%,女性占43.44%;<8月龄占17.19%,15~34岁占36.35%,35~69岁占6.56%;流动人口占9.97%;有麻疹疫苗免疫史的占14.44%;暴发疫情25起,发病127例。[结论]济南市麻疹发病近几年呈上升趋势,存在局部暴发。     

2004～2008年周口市麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]了解周口市近年来麻疹流行特征,为制订消除麻疹措施提供依据。[方法]对2004~2008年周口市麻疹疫情资料进行分析。[结果]周口市2004~2008年合计麻疹病例2 850例,年均发病率为5.29/10万,发病率逐年上升。10个县(市、区)中,年均发病率川汇区最高(35.55/10万)。2 850例中,3~6月发病1 651例,占57.93%;学龄前儿童2 514例,占88.21%。8月龄至14岁2 110例中,有麻疹疫苗免疫史占13.98%,无免疫史占51.23%,免疫史不详占34.79%。麻疹暴发疫情合计103起,发病514例,占同期发病总数18.04%。[结论]周口市近几年麻疹发病呈上升趋势,适龄儿童中存在麻疹疫苗免疫空白。     

日照市1990～2003年麻疹流行病学资料分析

[目的]探讨日照市麻疹的流行规律。[方法]采用描述流行病学分析方法，对日照市1990～2003年麻疹疫情、免疫接种和免疫监测资料进行分析。[结果]1990～2003年，麻疹累计发病250例，年均发病率为0．66／10万，1997年、1998年和2002年无发病；1～5月合计发病223例，占总数的89．20％；≤8月龄的10例，1～7岁的69例，15～38岁的112人；有麻疹疫苗免疫史的占49．20％；7起麻疹暴发疫情合计发病142例，占发病总数的56．80％。[结论]日照市麻疹疫情呈下降趋势，但8月年龄以下和大年龄组病例占相当比例，并有暴发疫情，应进一步加强监测。     

宁德市蕉城区2007年麻疹流行病学特征分析

[目的]了解宁德市蕉城区2007年麻疹流行病学特征,为防治提供依据。[方法]采用描述流行病学法对2007年麻疹监测资料进行分析。[结果]麻疹发病率为39.04/10万,疫情以散发为主,暴发病例占10.2%,发病高峰在5~7月;8月龄至6岁占52.1%,8月龄至14岁无麻疹减毒活疫苗免疫史占87.0%。[结论]应加强麻疹减毒活疫苗常规免疫,提高疫苗及时接种率和流动儿童疫苗的免疫覆盖率。     

2005年营口市麻疹疫情分析

[目的]了解营口市麻疹流行情况,为麻疹控制提供科学依据。[方法]对营口市2005年麻疹发病情况进行分析。[结果]2005年报告麻疹905例,发病率为39.36/10万;6个市(区)均有发病,其中鲅鱼圈区发病433例,发病率为142.54/10万;4~6月合计发病810例,占全年总数的89.50%;学龄前儿童366例(占40.44%);3月龄至14岁631例(占69.7%);暴发疫情发病183例,占20.24%;调查667例,8月至19岁的465例,无麻疹疫苗免疫史或不详的388例,占83.44%;检测麻疹疑似病例早期血清麻疹IgM抗体阳性率为88.58%(163/184)。[结论]由于发生麻疹暴发疫情,导致2005年麻疹疫情大幅度上升。     

2006～2011年许昌市麻疹疫情资料分析

[目的]了解许昌市麻疹流行特征,探讨其流行因素,为预防和控制提供依据。[方法]对许昌市2006～2011年麻疹疫情资料和麻疹监测资料进行分析。[结果]2006～2011年全市累计麻疹发病648例,年均发病率为2.28/10万。年发病率,2006年为2.52/10万,2007年为3.09/10万,2008年为0.59/10万,2009年为3.92/10万,2010年为2.95/10万,2011年为0.63/10万。2006～2011年的648例麻疹病例中,男性占47.22%,女性占52.78%;0～7月龄占18.83%,8～11月龄占22.38%,1～6岁占39.35%,7～14岁占7.72%,15～19岁占3.40%,20～29岁占5.25%,30～65岁占3.09%;3～4月发病的占39.20%;有麻疹疫苗免疫史者占44.60%,无免疫史者占43.06%,免疫史不详者占12.34%。2006～2011年累计发生麻疹暴发疫情10起,合计发病63例。[结论]2006～2011年许昌市麻疹发病率总体水平较低,存在局部暴发、流行。少数儿童未能及时接种麻疹疫苗是麻疹发病的重要原因。     

日照市1990～2003年麻疹流行病学资料分析

[目的 ]探讨日照市麻疹的流行规律。 [方法 ]采用描述流行病学分析方法 ,对日照市 1990～ 2 0 0 3年麻疹疫情、免疫接种和免疫监测资料进行分析。 [结果 ] 1990～ 2 0 0 3年 ,麻疹累计发病 2 5 0例 ,年均发病率为 0 66/ 10万 ,1997年、1998年和 2 0 0 2年无发病 ;1～ 5月合计发病 2 2 3例 ,占总数的 89 2 0 %;≤ 8月龄的 10例 ,1～ 7岁的 69例 ,15～ 3 8岁的112人 ;有麻疹疫苗免疫史的占 49 2 0 %;7起麻疹暴发疫情合计发病 14 2例 ,占发病总数的 5 6 80 %。 [结论 ]日照市麻疹疫情呈下降趋势 ,但 8月年龄以下和大年龄组病例占相当比例 ,并有暴发疫情 ,应进一步加强监测     

2006～2010年深圳市宝安区沙井街道麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]掌握麻疹的流行特征,为下一步制定和调整麻疹预防控制策略提供科学依据。[方法]对深圳市沙井街道2006~2010年麻疹疫情资料进行分析。[结果]2006~2010年累计确诊麻疹928例(实验室诊断病例800例,临床诊断病例128例),无死亡,年均发病率为24.78/10万,各年发病率分别为28.64/10万、66.14/10万、26.64/10万、1.97/10万、0.50/10万(P<0.01)。2006~2010年麻疹年均发病率,男性为28.81/10万,女性为19.60/10万(P<0.01);0岁为1 445.94/10万,1~3岁为326.95/10万,4~9岁为82.74/10万,10~19岁为9.40/10万,20~29岁为9.34/10万,30~39岁为7.65/10万,≥40岁为1.39/10万(P<0.01)。928例病人中,年龄最小3月龄,最大43岁,其中,3~7月龄占15.95%,8~11月龄占17.89%,1~4岁占22.95%;散居儿童占61.10%,工人占22.31%;5~8月发病的占63.58%;有麻疹疫苗免疫史的占13.90%。5年中发生2起暴发疫情,合计发病8例。[结...     

通辽市2000～2004年麻疹监测资料分析

[目的]了解通辽市开展麻疹监测以来麻疹的流行病学特点,进一步完善麻疹监测工作。[方法]对2000~2004年通辽市麻疹监测资料进行分析。[结果]2000~2004年合计报告麻疹疑似病例194例,实验室确诊149例,年平均发病率为0.54/10万。149例确诊病例中,10~24岁99例,占66.44%;3~5月发病127例,占85.23%。2000年科尔沁区蒙古族中学和2002年奈曼旗一中发生的麻疹暴发,合计发病91例,占总数的61.07%。[结论]暴发疫情的发生影响了全市的麻疹发病率,应加强中小学生的麻疹疫苗接种工作。     

2007～2009年莱芜市莱城区麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]了解莱芜市莱城区麻疹疫情状况,为制定麻疹防控措施提供依据。[方法]对2007～2009年莱芜市莱城区麻疹监测系统和法定传染病常规报告系统的麻疹病例资料进行分析。[结果]2007～2009年莱芜市莱城区合计报告麻疹疑似病例654例,确诊438例,年均发病率为15.26/10万。凤城、鹏泉、张家洼、高庄4个街道办事处和苗山镇、口镇镇、牛泉镇3处乡镇合计发病368例（占84.02%）,3～5月合计发病375例（占81.51%）,学生和儿童合计发病242例（占55.25%）,男性232人,女性206人,14岁以下192例（占43.84%）,有麻疹疫苗免疫史者79人（占18.04%）。2008年有11处暴发点,发病279例（占63.70%）。[结论]2007～2009年莱芜市莱城区麻疹发病率较高,无麻疹疫苗免疫史是发病的主要原因。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.