人工肝支持系统在治疗重型肝炎中的临床应用

目的探索人工肝支持系统(ALSS)治疗重型肝炎的临床疗效和机制.方法对71例重型肝炎患者在综合疗法的基础上给予ALSS治疗,观察治疗前后临床表现,监测治疗前后肝功能、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、内毒素及一氧化氮(NO)水平.并比较重型肝炎不同类型及时期应用ALSS的治疗效果.结果重型肝炎患者在ALSS治疗后,肝功能明显改善,白蛋白、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)较治疗前明显提高,TNF-α、内毒素及NO水平明显下降.急性、慢性重型肝炎应用ALSS治疗治愈好转率分别为61.5%、25.6%,慢性重型肝炎早、中、晚期治疗治愈好转率分别为72%、42%、0%.结论ALSS治疗重型肝炎疗效可靠,急性重型肝炎的治疗效果较好,慢性重型肝炎在早、中期治疗最为适宜,并能降低TNF-α、内毒素及NO等病理成分,从而减轻重型肝炎时免疫反应对肝细胞的损伤,能明显提高其生存率.ALSS后生化监测和临床表现能提示预后.     

人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎26例分析

目的:研究人工肝支持系统对重型肝炎的临床疗效.方法:对26例重型肝炎患者根据病情分别选择血浆置换、血浆置换联合血液滤过等人工肝支持方法进行治疗,比较治疗前后患者临床症状、肝功能、肾功能、血氨、凝血功能等指标.结果:治疗后患者症状明显缓解,血清总胆红素、总胆汁酸、血氨下降,凝血酶原时间缩短,凝血酶原活动度上升(P<0.01).结论:人工肝支持系统能显著改善重型肝炎患者临床症状及生化指标,提高近期存活率.     

人工肝支持系统治疗重症肝炎的临床研究

目的观察人工肝支持系统(ALSS)治疗重症肝炎的临床疗效.方法应用血浆置换(PE),胆红素吸附及连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)对重症肝炎进行治疗,评价临床疗效并观察治疗前后TBIL、ALB、G、ALT、AST、ALP、PTA、BUN、Scr及凝血酶原活动度(PTA)等指标.结果ALSS可显著改善患者临床症状,治疗前后血清胆红素水平降低(P＜0.01),PTA明显改善(P＜0.05),PE、CVVH能降低血清ALT、AST、ALP水平,胆红素吸附对血清ALT、AST、ALP水平影响不大(P＞0.05).结论ALSS可显著改善重症肝炎患者临床症状及生化指标,提高近期存活率.     

人工肝支持系统治疗慢性重型肝炎临床分析

目的 :评价联合应用人工肝支持系统治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效。方法 :联合应用持续缓慢式血液滤过透析 (CHDF)和血浆置换 (PE) ,对 13例慢性重型病毒性肝炎患者进行人工肝支持治疗评价疗效。结果 :13例进行人工肝治疗的患者 ,中毒症状明显好转 ,血清总胆红素下降 ,凝血酶原时间缩短 ,血氨 ,内毒素 ,白介素 6 (IL 6 ) ,肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)明显下降 ,电解质紊乱纠正 ,肾功能好转 ,经统计学处理有显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :人工肝支持系统联合CHDF PE对重型病毒性肝炎肝功能衰竭有明显的支持治疗作用。     

人工肝支持系统治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效观察

目的：观察人工肝支持系统治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效。方法：177名患者分成治疗组和对照组，治疗组在综合药物治疗的基础上加用人工肝支持系统，而对照组只采用药物治疗。观察二组患者临床症状、肝功能、凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)及各期存活率。结果：治疗组在临床症状、肝功能、PT、PTA等指标的改善上明显优于对照组(P<0．05)；治疗组早、中期存活率明显优于对照组(P<0．05)。结论：联合人工肝支持系统能明显提高药物治疗慢性乙型重型肝炎的疗效。     

综合治疗联合人工肝治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床研究

目的 观察人工肝治疗慢性重型肝炎的临床疗效。方法 对60例慢性重型肝炎患者在综合治疗基础上给予人工肝治疗。结果 60例慢性重型肝炎患者治疗前血清胆红素[(656.7±297.8)μmol/L],内毒素[(60.2±11.3)ng/L]、肿瘤坏死因子α[(2835.9±810.7)ng/L]、白介素-1β[(2041.9±890.6)ng/L]、白介素-6[(162.5±178.6)ng/L]、凝血酶原活动度为22.2％±10.3％,均有明显的消化症状,经人工肝治疗后,血清胆红素、内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子α下降[(436.1±255.7)μmol/L,(30.8±10.6)ng/L,P<0.01;(2462.1±920.7)ng/L,P<0,05],但对白介素-1β[(2031.5±836.8)ng/L,P>0.05]及白介素-6[(141.7±154.7)ng/L,P>0.05]无明显下降。凝血酶原活动度上升[(38.1％±13.2％),P<0.01],部分患者消化道症状明显改善,人工肝治疗慢性重型肝炎治愈及好转率为38.3％,降低了慢性重型肝炎的病死率。结论 人工肝为重型肝炎的治疗提供了有效手段。     

人工肝支持系统治疗慢性重型肝炎临床研究

目的探讨人工肝支持系统(ALSS)治疗慢性重型肝炎的疗效及可能机制.方法对85例慢性重型肝炎患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组43例患者只给予综合治疗,治疗组42例患者在综合疗法基础上给予ALSS治疗,并分别检测治疗前后肝功能、凝血酶原时间(PT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、内毒素及一氧化氮(NO)水平.结果慢性重型肝炎患者在ALSS治疗后,肝功能明显改善, PT、 TNF-α、内毒素及 NO 水平明显下降 (P<0.05～0.001),血清Cl-水平也明显降低(P<0.001).ALSS治愈好转率为50.0%(21/42),而对照组治愈好转率为20.9%(9/43),两组疗效比较差异有显著意义(P<0.01).ALSS不良反应发生率为28.6%(12/42).结论 ALSS治疗慢性重型肝炎能显著改善患者肝功能,并降低TNF-α、内毒素及NO等病理成分,能明显提高其治愈好转率,其中早、中期患者疗效明显好于晚期患者.     

人工肝血浆置换治疗乙型重型肝炎时病毒负荷量的变化及其临床研究

目的 探讨人工肝血浆置换治疗乙型重型肝炎患者的效果及治疗前后乙型肝炎病毒负荷量的变化.方法 136例乙型重型肝炎按随机数字表法分为观察组76例和对照组60例,2组均给予卧床休息、综合护肝、促进肝细胞再生、支持治疗等,未应用抗病毒治疗.观察组在对照组基础上给予人工肝血浆置换治疗.观察2组治疗前后患者的症状、体征的变化,比较2组的存活率;比较观察组治疗前后主要肝功能指标[总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、白蛋白(ALB)、胆碱脂酶(CHE),凝血酶原活动度(PTA)]、细胞因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]、内毒素(LPS)及乙型肝炎病毒负荷量(HBV-DNA)水平.结果 观察组76例中,53例好转,23例死亡,存活率69.7%;对照组60例中,28例好转,32例死亡,存活率46.6%.组存活率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组患者人工肝血浆置换治疗后TBIL,TNF-α,IL-6,LPS均明显下降(均P<0.01),PTA,CHE均明显提高(均P<0.01),HBV-DNA由(7.62±1.68)×10(7)copies·ML(-1)下降到(4.75±1.35)×10(4)copies·ml(-1)(P<0.01),结论人工肝血浆置换对乙型重型肝炎患者有肯定的治疗作用,能快速清除乙型肝炎病毒负荷量和蓄积的毒性,提高患者的存活率.     

血浆置换联合连续性血液净化治疗肝衰竭疗效观察

目的:探讨人工肝辅助装置血浆置换(PE)联合连续性静-静脉血液滤过(CVVH)治疗重型肝炎肝衰竭的疗效、安全性及可行性。方法:对25例重型肝炎肝衰竭患者应用上述人工肝方法进行治疗70次,通过比较治疗前后患者临床症状、肝功能、凝血酶原活动度(PTA)、血氨、胆碱酯酶等指标判断临床疗效,观察治疗相关的不良反应及患者耐受情况,判断安全性及可行性。结果:患者意识模糊、黄疸、乏力、腹胀、纳差等症状均明显缓解,血清总胆红素治疗后较治疗前降低,PTA上升,治疗后近期有效率达72%,不良反应主要以血浆过敏居多,未发生大出血、休克等严重并发症,患者耐受良好。结论:在内科综合治疗的基础上PE联合CVVH可显著改善重型肝炎肝衰竭患者临床症状及生化指标,提高近期存活率,且安全可行,值得在国内推广应用。     

人工肝支持系统治疗重症肝炎的临床观察

[目的]探讨应用人工肝支持系统治疗重症肝炎的疗效和安全性.[方法]对50例重症肝炎患者应用人工肝方法进行治疗,通过比较治疗前后患者的临床症状,肝功能、电解质、凝血酶原活动度（PTA）、胆碱酯酶（CHE）变化及存活率和不良反应,并与40例病情相似行常规治疗的患者相对照.[结果]人工肝治疗组临床症状明显改善,近期存活率50%,对照组为30.0%.治疗组不良反应10%,血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、总胆红素（TBIL）、总胆汁酸（TBA）均较治疗前和对照组明显下降,且有显著差异（P＜0.01）,PTA、胆固醇（CHOL）、CHE则明显上升（P＜0.01）.电解质、血常规两组及治疗前后相比无明显变化.[结论]人工肝支持系统能明显改善重症肝炎患者的临床症状和生化指标,提高存活率,其对重症肝炎是安全有效的.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.