铜绿假单胞菌在临床分离菌中构成比与耐药变迁分析

[目的]探讨铜绿假单胞菌在临床分离菌中构成比及耐药变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据.[方法]回顾分析2002～2007年我院细菌室所有铜绿假单胞菌分离株,药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法.[结果]6年共分离出铜绿假单胞菌864株,占临床分离菌的15.3%(11.6%～18.7%);864株铜绿假单胞菌中痰标本占516株(59.7%).17种抗菌药物耐药率总体呈上升趋势;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星对铜绿假单胞菌较为敏感,耐药率依次为17.7%、18.1%、24.0%、33.3%、36.3%和41.2%;氨苄西林、头孢唑啉和头孢呋辛则呈现高度耐药;其他所试抗菌药物表现为程度不同的耐药.[结论]铜绿假单胞菌是医院感染常见条件致病菌,耐药及多重耐药严重,合理用药十分重要.     

1998～2007年医院感染铜绿假单胞菌及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院感染铜绿假单胞菌分布及对多种抗菌药物的耐药性动态变迁,为临床治疗医院获得性铜绿假单胞菌感染提供参考.方法 对1998年1月～2007年12月由铜绿假单胞菌引起的医院感染进行回顾性统计分析.结果 10年中医院感染患者各类标本中共分离出铜绿假单胞菌751株,标本来源以痰、创口分泌物和尿为主;医院感染主要发生在老年科(26.8%)、重症监护病房(18.6%);铜绿假单胞菌对12种抗菌药物耐药率在2005年前有逐年增高趋势,2005年后有下降趋势;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、亚胺培南的总耐药率为22.6%、23.9%、26.9%,环丙沙星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、哌拉西林、氨曲南、替卡西林/克拉维酸的总耐药率分别为31.4%、33.6%、33.7%、36.9%、39.0%、40.0%、63.1%;全耐药铜绿假单胞菌共18株.结论 铜绿假单胞菌引起的医院感染严重,治疗棘手,加强对铜绿假单胞菌引起的医院感染的耐药性监测,合理应用抗菌.药物十分重要.     

铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布与耐药性变迁

目的 调查医院铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布,耐药性及其变迁情况,指导临床合理用药.方法 采用回顾调查的方法对454株铜绿假单胞菌的标本来源、临床分布及耐药情况进行分析.结果 454株中有64.9%来自痰及咽拭子,铜绿假单胞菌感染主要发生在重症监护病房(50.4%);17种抗菌药物2006-2007年耐药率呈上升趋势,2008年细菌耐药上涨势头得到较大程度的控制;其中亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对铜绿假单胞菌较为敏感,平均耐药率依次为16.7%、18.5%、21.5%、24.2%;氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、呋喃妥因和复方新诺明高度耐药.结论 铜绿假单胞菌是医院感染常见条年致病菌之一,耐药严重且有上升趋势,依据药敏结果合理用药十分重要.     

下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的了解医院下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌耐药谱变化,指导抗菌药物合理使用。方法回顾性调查医院2005年6月-2006年12月下呼吸道感染患者痰标本培养情况,对分离的229株铜绿假单胞菌药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果2005年6月-2006年12月共送检痰标本5411份,检出病原菌2291株(42.34%),分离铜绿假单胞菌229株(10.00%);铜绿假单胞菌对妥布霉素、亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟敏感率均>60.00%;对复方新诺明的敏感率最低(1.31%)。结论治疗铜绿假单胞菌引起的下呼吸道感染,在结合药物敏感试验结果的同时应考虑该菌的耐药机制;同时应加强抗菌药物的管理,密切监测耐药谱变化,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。     

下呼吸道感染的铜绿假单胞菌348株耐药性分析

目的分析引起下呼吸道感染的348株铜绿假单胞菌(PAE)耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集该院2011—2012年住院的下呼吸道感染患者痰标本中分离的铜绿假单胞菌348株,采用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪进行菌种鉴定和17种抗菌药物药敏试验。结果 PAE对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、复方新诺明、头孢曲松、替卡西林/克拉维酸、替卡西林、美洛培南和亚胺培南的耐药率分别为99.71%、97.13%、74.43%、55.46%、54.89%、50.57%和50.29%;对其他10种抗菌药物:哌拉西林、氨曲南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、左氧氟沙星、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、环丙沙星和阿米卡星的耐药率均50%,耐药率在49.14%~18.39%之间。结论下呼吸道感染PAE对多种抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,多重耐药严重,应加强耐药性监测,根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

支气管扩张症继发感染患者的病原菌及耐药性分析

目的观察支气管扩张症继发感染患者的病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法选取2007年3月-2016年3月支气管扩张症继发感染患者107例痰液进行病原菌分离、培养鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验分析。结果共分离出113株病原菌,以革兰阴性菌为主,共85株占75.2%;铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌是主要革兰阴性菌,分别占23.0%、16.8%和13.3%,对青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢唑林耐药率>70.0%;铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、妥布霉素、阿米卡星和亚胺培南等耐药率<10.0%;大肠埃希菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、阿米卡星和头孢吡肟等耐药率<20.0%;肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、阿米卡星等耐药率<20.0%。结论支气管扩张症继发感染患者以革兰阴性菌为主,耐药现象较为严重,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理应用抗菌药物,防止耐药现象进一步加重。     

运用Cox-Staurt趋势检验分析医院感染铜绿假单胞菌耐药趋势

目的研究医院感染铜绿假单胞菌流行病学特征和耐药趋势。方法采用VITEK-2Compact自动化微生物分析系统对2008-2010年医院感染患者送检标本进行细菌鉴定和耐药性检测,并用Cox-Staurt趋势检验分析耐药趋势。结果 2008-2010年医院感染铜绿假单胞菌分离率为18.78%,为检出细菌首位,且呈上升趋势,其主要分布在干部保健特诊科、重症医学科、血液科;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢曲松、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、头孢唑林、头孢替坦、氨苄西林的总耐药率>70.0%,对妥布霉素、庆大霉素、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、氨曲南的总耐药率<30.0%;Cox-Staurt趋势检验分析,铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松、头孢唑林、头孢替坦、亚胺培南的耐药率呈上升趋势,而对哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、氨曲南、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率无上升趋势。结论铜绿假单胞菌引起的医院感染越来越严重,应定期进行细菌耐药性监测,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,预防控制耐药菌株的产生和流行。     

1999～2003年铜绿假单胞菌耐药性变迁的分析

目的研究1999～2003年铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株对常用抗菌药物耐药率的变迁,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据. 方法回顾分析1999～2003年我院住院患者所有分离株,药敏试验采用K-B纸片扩散法. 结果铜绿假单胞菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率有逐年增高的趋势;哌拉西林从1999年的17.6%增至2003年的79.2%,对头孢他啶的耐药率2003年增至46.2%;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低(6.3%). 结论铜绿假单胞菌是医院感染常见条件致病菌,其耐药问题已十分突出,应严格限制抗菌药物的使用.对铜绿假单胞菌感染的治疗,可首选头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、环丙沙星、亚胺培南等,β-内酰胺类 阿米卡星为较优化的组合治疗方案.     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的了解医院2003年1月-2006年12月重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌的耐药情况,给临床使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法收集重症监护病房分离的铜绿假单胞菌,培养鉴定,采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)测定其对12种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果427株铜绿假单胞菌其药物敏感率依次为亚胺培南82.2%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦74.94%、哌拉西林67.92%、阿米卡星64.87%、头孢他啶59.95%、妥布霉素等52.93%、头孢吡肟49.88%、环丙沙星49.65%、头孢曲松44.50%、庆大霉素41.92%、氨曲南38.17%和头孢噻肟35.60%。结论铜绿假单胞菌仅对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、哌拉西林、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、妥布霉素等抗菌药物保持较高敏感性;对环丙沙星及氨曲南的敏感性低;对多种抗菌药物具有高度耐药性,应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析

目的了解医院呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌耐药谱变化,为临床预防感染以及合理用药提供依据。方法回顾性调查医院2007年6月-2008年12月下呼吸道感染患者痰标本培养情况,对分离的158株铜绿假单胞菌药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果从359份标本中分离出铜绿假单胞菌158株,总分离率为44.01%,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的体外抗菌性最好,耐药率为16.46%,其次为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦21.52%;耐药率最高的是磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶、氨苄西林、头孢唑林,均为100.00%。结论铜绿假单胞菌的分离率及耐药率较高,且耐药性严重,对多药耐药菌株的感染应以预防为主,建立耐药监控体系,加强耐药性监测,合理选用抗菌药物,以减少耐药菌株的出现。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.