休克时组织内细胞因子的表达及其与内毒素移位的关系

目的 探讨休克时组织内肿瘤坏死因子(TNF）α、白介素I(IL-1)β、白介素6(IL-6)的表达受其与内毒素移位的关系。方法 应用RT-PCR、ELISA等方法，观察小鼠和大鼠休克后肝、肺、肾、肠组织内TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6mRNA的表达。TKFα的释放和内毒素水平的变化。结果 失血性休克和复苏后，各重要器官内TNFα、IL-1β、IL-6等的基因相继表达增加，以TNFα表达最早；各组织内TNFα水平也均有不同程度升高，于复苏后3小时．三种组织内TNFα水平仍显著升高；肝、肺、肾组织中内毒素水平先后明显增加，与休克早期组织内TNFα水平呈明显的相关关系。结论 失血性休克及复苏后重要器官内细胞因子可相继表达、释放增多，可能与休克后内毒素的组织移位有关。     

失血性休克大鼠血浆及腹腔巨噬细胞释放细胞因子改变

目的：研究大鼠失血性休克前后血浆及腹腔巨噬细胞释放细胞因子的变化。方法：将30只大鼠分为失血性休克组（20只）和对照组（10只）,观察大鼠休克前后血浆和腹腔巨噬细胞释放肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）－α,白细胞介素（IL）－1β,IL－6和IL－8改变。结果：失血性休克90min后大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放TNF－α,IL－1β,IL－6和IL－8显著减少（P＜0．01）,而血浆中这些细胞因子水平明显升高（P＜0．01）。结论：失血性休克对大鼠细胞免疫功能有抑制作用。     

维生素C减轻失血性休克引起的大鼠肺树突细胞聚集及肺损伤

目的 探讨失血性休克对大鼠肺组织树突细胞聚集及肺损伤的影响,以及维生素C的保护作用.方法 SD大鼠(6～7周龄)42只,按数字随机法随机分为对照组、失血性休克2h、6h、24 h组及失血性休克+维生素C2h、6h、24 h组等7组,每组各6只.以股动脉放血法建立大鼠失血性休克模型.免疫组化和逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测肺组织树突细胞特异性细胞间粘附分子非整合素蛋白-3(DC-SIGN)表达情况.同时检测肺TNF-α、IL-6含量,髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性,并进行肺损伤评分.结果 对照组肺中DC-SIGN蛋白表达很少,失血性休克组表达显著升高(P＜0.05),失血性休克后2h肺DC-SIGNmRNA含量就开始增高,休克后24 h仍呈升高趋势.失血性休克组大鼠肺TNF-α、IL-6 mRNA水平升高(P＜0.05),MPO活性增加(P＜0.05),病理损伤显著加重(P＜0.05).失血性休克大鼠在复苏前给予维生素C干预后,上述现象均减轻(P＜0.05).结论 失血性休克可能通过促进肺组织树突细胞聚集引起急性肺损伤.维生素C对这一过程有抑制作用.     

转录因子Egr-1在失血性休克复苏后肝脏损伤中的作用

目的研究转录因子Egr-1在失血性休克复苏（HS/R）后肝脏损伤中的作用.方法利用Egr-1野生型（WT）和基因封闭型（KO）小鼠复制失血性休克复苏模型.取肝组织,RT-PCR法测定肝组织中TNF-α、IL-6、G-CSF、ICAM-1 mRNA的表达变化.通过检测肝组织中MPO的含量、血清ALT水平和组织学检查,评估肝脏炎症细胞浸润和损伤程度.结果失血性休克2.5 h＋复苏4 h后,Egr-1 KO小鼠肝组织中TNF-α、IL-6、G-CSF、ICAM-1 mRNA的表达水平明显低于Egr-1WT组;Egr-1 KO组失血性休克复苏后肝组织炎性浸润和损伤程度减轻,表现为血清ALT水平低,肝组织中MPO含量低,病理损伤轻.结论本实验结果表明转录因子Egr-1参与了失血性休克复苏后肝脏炎症反应基因表达的调节,在失血性休克复苏后的肝脏损伤中起一定的作用.     

休克期切痂对烫伤大鼠肝、肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1表达及促炎/抗炎平衡的影响

目的 观察休克期切痂对烫伤大鼠组织早期和晚期炎症介质变化规律及相应器官功能的影响,探讨休克期切痂改善预后的分子机制。方法 Wistai大鼠30％Ⅲ度烫伤后随机分为24h切痂组和72h切痂组。分别检测肝、肺组织高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、白介素-10(IL-10)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。结果烫伤后2d,肝、肺组织HMGB1、TNF-α mRNA表达增强,而IL-10mRNA伤后8d增强;24h切痂大鼠伤后4d肝、肺组织HMGB1和TNF-α mRNA表达下调,伤后8d其IL-10 mRNA表达恢复正常;72h切痂大鼠伤后8d肝、肺IL-10mRNA仍维持较高水平。伤后2．8d肝组织内TNF-α蛋白水平呈双峰改变,4d时减少;24h和72h切痂组肝TNF-α维持在正常范围;伤后2、4d肝TNF-α／IL-10比例升高,24h切痂可降低TNF-α／IL-10。此外,24h切痂组4、8d血浆天冬氨酸氨基转移酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶含量及肺组织髓过氧化物酶活性显著降低。结论休克期切痂可阻断严重烫伤大鼠肝、肺组织早期和晚期炎症介质过度表达,维持促炎／抗炎介质平衡,改善多脏器功能。     

丙酮酸腹膜透析液对大鼠失血性休克静脉液体复苏后腹腔脏器的保护作用

目的：研究丙酮酸腹腔透析液对大鼠失血性休克静脉液体复苏后腹腔脏器的保护作用。方法：雄性SD大鼠40只,随机分为4组（n=10）。大鼠按全身血容量的45％经股动脉放血制作失血性休克模型。单纯静脉复苏组（VR组）于休克1h后回输失血及2倍失血量的乳酸钠林格液行静脉复苏,其余3组在上述静脉复苏基础上,分别腹腔注射生理盐水（DPR组）、乳酸钠透析液（L组）、丙酮酸钠透析液（P组）20ml行腹腔复苏,时间30min。分别于休克前（O时）及休克后60（静脉复苏前）、180（腹腔复苏后1h）、360rain（腹腔复苏后4h）用PICCO心肺容量监测仪监测大鼠平均动脉压（MAP）;激光多普勒血流仪测定休克后180min和360min肝、肾和小肠黏膜血流量;生化法测定休克前及休克后180、360min血丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、二胺氧化酶（DAO）活性和肌酐（cr）水平;干／湿比重法测定休克后180、360min肝、肾、肠各组织含水率。结果：失血性休克后各组MAP骤降至（35±5）mmHg;休克后60min时,各组大鼠MAP无明显差异（P〉0．05）。腹腔复苏后,与VR组比较,L和P组均能显著提高失血性休克大鼠MAP（P〈0．05）,降低血ALT、Cr和DAO水平,减轻肝、肾、肠组织含水率,提高腹腔脏器血流量（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,在失血后360min时,P组的上述变化较其余复苏组更为显著。结论：丙酮酸腹腔透析液对大鼠失血性休克静脉液体复苏后腹腔脏器具有保护作用。     

Toll样受体4介导心肺复苏后肠粘膜损伤的研究

目的探讨Toll样受体4（TLR4）信号在心脏骤停及复苏后肠粘膜损伤中的作用。方法采用15只雄性大鼠建立心脏骤停及心肺复苏模型（窒息法）,自主循环恢复后,留取回肠标本,观察6、24和48小时肠粘膜的形态学改变及损伤情况：Westernblot检测回肠粘膜TLR4表达,以及ELISA法测定粘膜肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）的释放。结果复苏后动物肠粘膜显著受损,损伤程度均明显高于假手术组（sham）（P〈0．01）,其中6小时组为甚;TLR4表达在3个时间段均明显强于sham（P〈0．001）,并伴随着TNF-α表达升高。TLR4表达强弱与TNF-α释放及粘膜损伤程度变化呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论本研究与其他疾病研究结果基本相符合,心肺复苏后肠粘膜损伤伴随着TLR4的高炎症信号,TLR4信号失控通过诱导炎性介质产生导致复苏后肠粘膜损伤。     

失血性低血容量休克多器官功能障碍综合征的机制探讨

目的探讨失血性低血容量休克病人血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素-1（IL-1）水平与预后的关系。方法应用ELISA法检测29例失血性低血容量休克病人（休克组）血清TNF-α和IL-1浓度，与20例择期手术病人（对照组）进行比较，观察TNF-α和IL-1水平与多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）的关系。结果休克组全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）、MODS和感染的发病率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；休克组血清TNF-α和IL-1浓度明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；MODS组血清TNF-α浓度较非MODS组明显升高（P〈0．05），血清IL-1浓度差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；休克组中死亡病人血清TNF-α浓度较存活病人明显增高（P〈0．05），血清IL-1浓度差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论失血性低血容量性休克发生SIRS是较为常见的，并且是导致MODS的重要原因之一；血清TNF-α浓度的高低与预后密切相关。     

前列地尔预处理对犬失血性休克肺损伤的影响

目的通过观察前列地尔对犬失血性休克致肺损伤肺组织前B细胞集落增强因子(pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor,PBEF)以及血清细胞因子的影响来探讨前列地尔肺保护的机制。方法实验用杂种犬24只,随机均分为四组:对照组(C组)、失血性休克组(S组)、前列地尔30ng组(P1组)、前列地尔60ng组(P2组)。C组仅行动静脉插管不放血,S组股动脉放血,MAP降至(40±5)mm Hg,制备失血性休克急性肺损伤(ALI)模型,间断回输或放血维持此MAP 90min,然后股静脉回输全部失血,维持MAP休克前水平。P1、P2组分别股静脉持续泵注前列地尔30ng·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(P1组)、60ng·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)(P2组)维持30 min,预处理1h后建立失血性休克ALI模型。分别于休克前(T_0)、休克90min(T_1)、复苏4h(T_4)取动脉血,行动脉血气分析计算氧合指数(OI),取肺组织采用RT_-PCR技术检测PBEF mRNA表达情况;并于T_0、T_1、复苏1h(T_2)、复苏2h(T_3)、T_4时取2ml静脉血通过ELISA法检测T_NF-α、IL~(-1)β、IL~(-1)0、PBEF的浓度。结果与C组比较,T_1、T_4时S、P_1和P_2组OI明显降低,IL~(-1)β、T_NF-a、IL~(-1)0、PBEF浓度和PBEF mRNA表达明显升高(P0.05);与S组比较,T_1、T_4时P1和P2组OI明显升高,IL~(-1)β、T_NF-α、IL~(-1)0、PBEF浓度和PBEF mRNA表达明显降低(P0.05)。结论前列地尔可能通过下调PBEF的基因表达,抑制炎症因子IL~(-1)β、T_NF-α、IL~(-1)0的释放,从而减轻失血性休克肺损伤。     

核因子-κB、细胞间黏附分子-1和炎症细胞因子在急性胰腺炎肝损伤中的作用

目的 观察核因子（NF）-κB、细胞间黏附分子（ICAM）-1和炎症细胞因子在急性胰腺炎（AP）肝损伤中的作用。方法 36只SD大鼠随机分为AP组、假手术组（SO组），通过胰胆管逆行注射3．5％牛磺胆酸钠溶液制作大鼠AP模型。术后3、6、12h胰腺组织光镜检查；肝组织光镜、电镜观察；检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）；放射免疫法（RIA）测定血清肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-6；酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测IL-10；实时定量聚合酶链反应（Real—time PCR）检测肝组织TNF-αmRNA、IL-6mRNA；肝组织Envision法免疫组织化学测定NF-κB、ICAM-1。结果 病理学证实建立AP组，出现肝损伤的病理形态变化；与SO组比较，AP组的血清ALT以及TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-10水平显著增高（P〈0．05），其中血TNF-α水平在3h升高、6h达高水平，血IL-6在AP3h明显升高，下降缓慢。AP6、12h组肝NF-κB活化，AP各组间肝NF-κB活性表达差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=15．048，P〈0．05），ICAM-1无表达。AP3～12h内，AP组肝TNF-αmRNA在3h明显升高、6h高表达；AP组的肝IL-6mRNA则在3h已增加、3h后缓慢下降，均显著高于各自时段的SO组（P〈0．05）。结论 AP发生后，肝脏NF-κB活化，可能介导肝TNF-αmRNA、IL-6mRNA的表达来参与肝损伤，ICAM-1对AP早期肝损伤无明显作用。     

Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation during mouse prostate development in situ, in renal grafts, and in vitro

BACKGROUND: In vitro organ culture and renal grafting of the urogenital sinus (UGS) have both been used as models of prostate development. However, neither has been rigorously examined for its fidelity to replicate the canonical process of prostate differentiation in situ. METHODS: We assessed size, morphology, histology, and the mRNA expression of differentiation marker genes of the E14 male mouse UGS grown for 0-28 days as sub-renal capsule allografts in nude mice or in culture containing androgen and compared these to UGS development in situ. RESULTS: Development of grafted tissues was morphologically and histologically similar to development in situ but differentiation occurred more rapidly. UGS growth in organ culture resulted in bud formation, but did not trigger cellular differentiation. However, the potential for differentiation was maintained and could be rescued by grafting tissues into nude mice. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro organ culture and renal grafting of UGS tissues may be appropriate models for studying prostatic bud formation, but only grafting is an appropriate model for prostatic differentiation.     

Distribution, elimination, and action of d-tubocurarine in neonates, infants, children, and adults

The relation of plasma concentration of d-tubocurarine (dTc) to neuromuscular blockade, and the distribution and urinary excretion of dTc was determined in neonates (n = 4), infants (n = 6), children (n = 8), and adults (n = 8). The plasma concentration-time course curves to 24 hr are best described for all groups by three-compartment models. Both neonates and infants exhibit decreased plasma clearance (CLP), 1.1 +/- 0.08 and 1.0 +/- 0.06 ml X kg-1 X min-1, and in addition a prolonged t1/2 terminal phase, 311 +/- 44 and 306 +/- 35 (mean +/- SEM, min). The neonates' 24-hr urinary excretion, 27 +/- 2 (mean +/- SEM, % total dose) is significantly less than the adult value, 45 +/- 4% total dose. There was no significant difference seen in the log plasma concentration-evoked compound electromyogram (ECEMG) response between 20-80% paralysis for adults, children, infants, and five of the seven neonates studied. Two of the neonates had a significant shift of their log concentration-response curve to the right. There was also no significant difference between any of the groups in the time for 50% return of ECEMG stimulus height or the time required for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value. for recovery of the ECEMG from 25 to 75% of control value.     

Heparin, protamine, and ionized calcium in vitro and in vivo

The possibility that hypotension associated with protamine or heparin might be related to changes in levels of serum ionized calcium values was determined by in vitro and in vivo studies in dogs. In vitro protamine did not decrease serum calcium levels, but heparin did in a dose-dependent fashion. The reduction ranged from 7% with 10 units/ml of heparin to 20% with 100 units/ml of heparin. Ionized calcium concentrations initially decreased by heparin were restored toward control levels by our increasing the dose of protamine, indicating that the electrostatic attraction between protamine and heparin molecules is stronger than that between heparin and ionized calcium. Despite significant reductions in blood pressure and heart rate, clinical doses of protamine did not decrease ionized calcium in vivo. Although the results of the in vitro study suggested that heparin-induced hypocalcemia might occur in vivo, in vivo heparin caused neither a decrease in ionized calcium nor hypotension. The reduction of ionized calcium by heparin might have been rapidly compensated for in vivo. The results indicate that hypotension due to protamine or heparin is unlikely to be related to changes in serum ionized calcium levels.     

Oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and sperm abnormalities in ex-addict to heroin, morphine, and hashish

A 40-year-old male had been addicted to heroin, morphine, hashish, and other narcotics for 12 years. At examination, 2 years after abstinence from drugs, his semen analysis revealed oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and morphologically abnormal spermatozoa such as "round-headed" and "kinked"--sperm with neck abnormalities and immature forms. There was no evidence of other morphological abnormalities or of the presence of morphologically normal sperm. A possible correlation is discussed between the long-lasting drug addiction and morphological sperm abnormality, endocrinological function, karyotype, and immunological status.     

Transcapillary exchange and retention of fluoride,strontium, EDTA,sucrose, and antipyrine in bone

Summary The extractions of⁸⁵Sr²⁺,¹⁸F⁻, sucrose-¹⁴C, EDTA-⁵¹Cr, and antipyrine-¹⁴C in bone were determined by the multiple indicator-dilution method. Fluoride and strontium extractions were 18 to 70% during a single transcapillary passage, and those of EDTA and sucrose were from 11 to 59%, whereas extraction of antipyrine was 87%. Injections of⁸⁵Sr²⁺ and¹⁸F⁻ made when perfusion was done alternately with blood and plasma resulted in similar fractional extractions. When flow and extraction were measured simultaneously, extraction was related inversely to flow.