A dynamic study of thoracolumbar burst fractures

BACKGROUND: The degree of canal stenosis following a thoracolumbar burst fracture is sometimes used as an indication for decompressive surgery. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that the final resting positions of the bone fragments seen on computed tomography imaging are not representative of the dynamic canal occlusion and associated neurological damage that occurs during the fracture event. METHODS: A drop-weight method was used to create burst fractures in bovine spinal segments devoid of a spinal cord. During impact, dynamic measurements were made with use of transducers to measure pressure in a synthetic spinal cord material, and a high-speed video camera filmed the inside of the spinal canal. A corresponding finite element model was created to determine the effect of the spinal cord on the dynamics of the bone fragment. RESULTS: The high-speed video clearly showed the fragments of bone being projected from the vertebral body into the spinal canal before being recoiled, by the action of the posterior longitudinal ligament and intervertebral disc attachments, to their final resting position. The pressure measurements in the synthetic spinal cord showed a peak in canal pressure during impact. There was poor concordance between the extent of postimpact occlusion of the canal as seen on the computed tomography images and the maximum amount of occlusion that occurred at the moment of impact. The finite element model showed that the presence of the cord would reduce the maximum dynamic level of canal occlusion at high fragment velocities. The cord would also provide an additional mechanism by which the fragment would be recoiled back toward the vertebral body. CONCLUSIONS: A burst fracture is a dynamic event, with the maximum canal occlusion and maximum cord compression occurring at the moment of impact. These transient occurrences are poorly related to the final level of occlusion as demonstrated on computed tomography scans.     

Pressure changes in spinal canal and evaluation of spinal cord injuries in spinal section subjected to impact

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脊柱压缩性、爆裂性骨折的X线平片及CT的诊断价值

目的探讨X线平片、CT检查对脊柱压缩性缩性、爆裂性骨折的诊断价值。方法收集我院2005年2月-2008年11月间136例胸腰椎压缩性、爆裂性骨折病例,观察分析X线平片及CT上的脊柱骨性结构、椎管损伤情况。结果X线平片上136例患者127例显示胸腰椎压缩性、爆裂骨折,其中14例椎管内见明确小骨片（10％）;9例未见明确骨折征象。CT上全部病例可见椎体粉碎骨折。40例前柱骨折;22例椎体中柱骨折;25例后柱骨折;脊柱前、中两柱同时骨折23例：前、中、后三柱同时骨折26例。结论CT检查更能显示脊柱压缩性、爆裂性骨折中骨折碎片、脊椎前,中,后柱损伤的详情,临床上要重视X线平片及cT检查的互补作用。     

Influence of disc degeneration on mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures.

In order to clarify the pathomechanism of thoracolumbar burst fractures and to evaluate the influence of disc degeneration and bone mineral density, a biomechanical study was performed using cadaveric spines. Eleven motion segments of thoracolumbar spines from human cadavers were compressed vertically until a fracture occurred. In addition, bone mineral density and degree of disc degeneration were determined for each specimen. Compression of 7 of 11 specimens resulted in the typical burst fracture characterized by retropulsion of a bony fragment into the spinal canal and an increase of the interpedicular distance. All seven specimens showed disruptions of the middle end plate and disc materials in the vertebral body. The fracture line was located between the middle of the end plate and the middle of the posterior wall cortex. No burst fractures were seen in the specimens with severely degenerated discs and osteoporosis. In order to confirm the stress state in a vertebra that induces the burst fracture, finite element analysis of one motion segment was also carried out under the same mechanical conditions as the experiments in this study. As a result of calculation for the healthy disc, the highest stresses under axial compression were concentrated in the following areas: the middle of the end plate, the cancellous bone under the nucleus pulposus, and the middle of the posterior wall cortex. This implies that the above regions are more vulnerable to vertical compressive load. In the analysis of specimens with severely degenerated discs, stresses were very low at the end plate and cancellous bone under the nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Vertebral burst fractures: an experimental, morphologic, and radiographic study.

Spinal burst fractures are produced by rapid compressive loading, and may result in spinal cord injury from bone fragments forced from the vertebral body into the spinal canal. This fracture is one of the most difficult injuries of the spine to successfully treat, in part because the biomechanics of reduction and the exact mechanism by which the distraction forces are transmitted to the intracanal fragments of the burst fracture have not been adequately investigated. The authors developed a reproducible technique for creating these fractures in vitro. The fractures produced were identical to those observed in clinical practice, and were used for investigating the mechanics of this fracture and its reduction. This work describes the pathologic anatomy of the burst fracture both on the gross structure and also on microtome sections of the vertebrae, and examines the biomechanics of fracture reduction. The margins of the vertebral bone fragment, which was forced posteriorly into the spinal canal during fracture, were noted to extend far laterally beyond the pedicles. The authors also found extensive damage not only to the disc above the injured level, but also to that below, explaining the clinical observation that disc degeneration frequently occurs at both levels. Examination of anatomic data provided by microtome section supported the hypothesis that the fibers that actually reduce the intracanal fragment originate in the anulus of the superior vertebra in the midportion of the endplate and insert into the lateral margins of the intracanal fragment. Investigations using magnetic resonance imaging confirmed that these obliquely directed fibers account for the indirect reduction of the fragment. The authors' studies demonstrate that the posterior longitudinal ligament provides only a minor contribution in the reduction of the fracture in comparison to the attachments of the posterior portion of the anulus fibrosus. The forces required to reduce this fragment were studied. Distraction was found to be the predominant force required for indirect posterior reduction. This was confirmed by a series of tests using devices that provided segmental fixation. The application of uniform distraction forces was most effective in the posterior reduction of the intracanal fragment.     

Reduction of the intracanal fragment in experimental burst fractures

An experimental investigation was carried out to create burst fractures and to evaluate the mechanisms and degree of reduction of the intracanal fragment with posterior instrumentation techniques in multisegmental human cadaver specimens. Reduction of the spinal fragment through kyphosis correction and distraction was evaluated using CT imaging. With kyphosis correction alone there was no decrease in canal compromise; in some cases there was a slight increase in canal compromise. Distraction, whether applied before or after kyphosis correction was the effective mechanism in reducing the fracture fragment. Kyphosis correction applied after distraction did not reduce the fragment further. Posterior devices that are used to treat burst fractures of the thoracolumbar spine with intracanal fragments should provide some form of distraction.     

经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2013-08—2017-08采用经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗的19例胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤,比较术前与术后6个月胸椎管前后径比值、横断面积比值、JOA评分以及ASIA脊髓损伤等级。结果 19例均顺利完成手术并获得完整随访,随访时间1~4年,平均2.2年。术后出现脑脊液漏1例,切口愈合不良1例,对症治疗后均治愈。术后6个月胸椎管前后径比值、横断面积比值、JOA评分较术前提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后6个月ASIA脊髓损伤等级:D级1例,E级18例。结论经后路保留胸椎后柱结构椎体次全切术治疗胸椎爆裂骨折及胸椎Kümmell病伴脊髓损伤在保留了脊椎后柱结构完整性同时,可以对胸椎管前方能充分减压,去除脊髓前方的压迫,获得满意临床疗效。     

Indirect spinal canal decompression of vertebral burst fracture in calf model

Introduction An experimental study of experimental burst fractures in bovine spinal specimens was conducted to analyze the effects of transpedicular short-segment posterior fixation followed by reduction on indirect spinal canal decompression.Materials and methods For this purpose, experimental burst fractures were created in 11 bovine specimens with a hydraulic materials-testing machine. The specimens were evaluated with plain radiographs and CT scans before reduction. Thereafter, they were instrumented with titanium transpedicular screws and rods (short-segment posterior fixation); and reduction was achieved which included distraction and kyphosis correction maneuvers.Results Each spinal specimen was evaluated with plain radiographs and CT scans after reduction by applying distraction and kyphosis correction maneuvers. Plain radiographic analysis showed that the kyphosis angle and segmental height values improved. Furthermore, CT scans revealed that the spinal canal diameter values improved compared with those before reduction. The differences between before and after reduction in kyphosis angle, segmental height, anterior body compression, and percentage of retropulsion were statistically significant.Conclusion Short-segment posterior fixation followed by indirect spinal canal decompression led to an improvement over spinal canal retropulsion in experimental burst fractures. Furthermore, the kyphosis angle and segmental height values improved following the reduction compared with those before reduction.The present study was performed in the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, and Cumhuriyet University Technical School Laboratory.     

Anterolateral decompression for neural involvement in thoracolumbar fractures. A review of 78 cases

Of a total of 905 patients with fracture or fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine admitted from 1969 to 1982, a neurological deficit was present in 334 (37%). All unstable injuries were initially treated by reduction and posterior fusion. In 79 of these patients, an anterolateral decompression was undertaken later because of persistent neurological deficit and radiographic demonstration of encroachment on the spinal canal. One patient died of pulmonary embolism; 78 were reviewed after a mean period of four years. Of these 78 patients 18 made a complete neurological recovery while 53 appeared to have benefited from the procedure; 25 remained unchanged. The best results were obtained in burst fractures at thoracolumbar and lumbar levels when a solitary detached fragment of a vertebral body had been displaced into the spinal canal. These results indicate that anterolateral decompression of the spinal canal should be considered, after careful evaluation, for certain injuries of the spine in which there is severe neural involvement.     

Modified transpedicular approach for the surgical treatment of severe thoracolumbar or lumbar burst fractures.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Conventional transpedicular decompression of the neural canal requires a considerable amount of lamina, facet joint and pedicle resection. The authors assumed that it would be possible to remove the retropulsed bone fragment by carving the pedicle with a high-speed drill without destroying the vertebral elements contributing to spinal stabilization. In this way, surgical treatment of unstable burst fractures can be performed less invasively. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate both the possibility of neural canal decompression through a transpedicular approach without removing the posterior vertebral elements, which contribute to spinal stabilization, and the adequacy of posterior stabilization of severe vertebral deformities after burst fractures. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-eight consecutive patients with complete or incomplete neurological deficits as a result of the thoracolumbar burst fractures were included in this study. All patients had severe spinal canal compromise (mean, 59.53%+/-14.92) and loss of vertebral body height (mean, 45.14%+/-7.19). Each patient was investigated for neural canal compromise, degree of kyphosis at fracture level and fusion after operation by computed tomography and direct roentgenograms taken preoperatively, early postoperatively and late postoperatively. The neurological condition of the patients was recorded in the early and late postoperative period according to Benzel-Larson grading systems. The outcome of the study was evaluated with regard to the adequate neural canal decompression, fusion and reoperation percents and neurological improvement. METHODS: Modified transpedicular approach includes drilling the pedicle for removal of retropulsed bone fragment under surgical microscope without damaging the anatomic continuity of posterior column. Stabilization with pedicle screw fixation and posterior fusion with otogenous bone chips were done after this decompression procedure at all 28 patients included in this study. RESULTS: Twenty-three of 28 patients showed neurological improvement. The percent of ambulatory patients was 71.4% 6 months after the operation. The major complications included pseudarthrosis in five patients (17.8%), epidural hematoma in one (3.5%) and inadequate decompression in one (3.5%). These patients were reoperated on by means of an anterior approach. Of the five pseudarthrosis cases, two were the result of infection. CONCLUSION: Although anterior vertebrectomy and fusion is generally recommended for burst fractures causing canal compromise, in these patients adequate neural canal decompression can also be achieved by a modified transpedicular approach less invasively.     

脊柱后结构在胸腰段脊髓神经损伤及爆裂骨折分类中的作用

目的观察脊柱后结构在脊髓神经组织损伤中的作用,为脊髓神经损伤程度评估和预测脊髓神经功能恢复的可能性及进一步完善分类提供依据。方法实验采用高速准静态轴向加载法复制脊椎爆裂型骨折模型,检测椎管内压力变化及脊柱后结构损伤程度。对127例胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并截瘫患者的脊髓神经损伤程度及脊髓神经功能恢复情况与后结构损伤的相关性进行回顾性研究。结果实验证实后柱有损伤者椎管内压力变化峰值较小,无损伤者峰值较大。55例后结构损伤患者中伴脊髓神经损伤38例(69.09%),其中24例(63.16%)神经功能得到恢复,而72例无后结构损伤者有52例(72.22%)合并脊髓神经损伤,其中20例(38.46%)有神经功能改善。两组之间差异有显著性,提示无后结构损伤患者脊髓神经损伤和功能缺失的程度更重。结论无后结构损伤时脊髓神经损伤和功能缺失的程度明显高于有后结构损伤者,脊柱后结构的完整与否对脊髓神经损伤程度起着重要作用,可作为伤情评估、功能恢复预测和完善Denis分类的有效尺度。     

Finite element study on whether posterior upper wall fracture is a risk factor for the failure of short-segment pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of L1 burst fracture

PurposeTo establish the finite element model of T12 and L2 (T12-L2) pedicle screw fixation for severe L1 burst fracture, and quantitatively simulate and analyze the screw stress and vertebral displacement in different degrees of L1 posterior upper wall fracture (PUWF), and evaluate whether PUWF degree is a risk factor for fixation failure.MethodsThe data of 6 healthy volunteers were used to establish a finite element model of T12-L2 pedicle screw fixation for type A severe burst fractures. The stress and displacement of the conventional and Schanz pedicle screws for the different degrees of PUWF (including the anterior upper wall of the vertebral canal and the bipedicle) were evaluated.ResultsThe maximum stress and L1 displacement of conventional and Schanz pedicle screws were positively correlated with the severity of the PUWF (P<0.05). During anterior flexion, the maximum stress of conventional pedicle screws for 70% type I were 538.3±59.75MPa and the maximum stress of Schanz pedicle screws for 90% type Ⅱ, 90% type Ⅲ and 70% type IV fractures were close to the fatigue threshold. The maximum stress during anterior flexion were significantly higher than those during posterior extension, bending and rotation (P<0.05).ConclusionThe posterior upper wall fracture of vertebral body (VB) of type A burst fracture is not an independent risk factor for the failure of short-segment pedicle screw fixation (SSPSF). Anterior flexion of type A fractures combined with severe PUWF of VB was a risk factor for the failure of SSPSF.     

Percutaneous vertebroplasty for the treatment of osteoporotic burst fractures

Background  Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive surgical procedure which involves injecting polymethylmethacrylate into the compressed vertebral body. At present the indications include the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures, vertebral myeloma, and metastases. The value of vertebroplasty in osteoporotic compression fracture has been discussed comprehensively. The surgical operation for burst fractures without neurological deficit remains controversial. Some authors have asserted that vertebroplasty is contraindicated in patients with burst fracture. However, we performed the procedure, after considering the patents general condition, to reduce surgical risks and the duration of immobilisation. The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical outcomes, kyphosis correction, wedge angle, and height restoration of thoraco-lumbar osteoporotic burst fractures treated by percutaneous vertebroplasty. Materials and methods  Twenty-five patients with osteoporotic burst fracture were treated with postural reduction followed by vertebroplasty. We measured the kyphosis, wedge angle, spinal canal compromise and the height of the fractured vertebral body initially, after postural reduction, and after vertebroplasty. Findings  The average height of the collapsed vertebral bodies was 24.8% of the original height. Average kyphosis angle was 19.4° and average wedge angle was 19.8° at first. Mean canal encroachment was initially 25.1%. Kyphosis angle, wedge angle, and anterior, middle, and posterior height improved significantly after the procedure. The mean amelioration of the spinal canal encroachment after vertebroplasty was 23.3%. The average increase in anterior vertebral body height was 7.5 mm, central was 5.8 mm, and posterior was 0.9 mm. The mean reduction in kyphosis angle was 6.8° and the mean reduction in wedge angle was 9.7°. Conclusion  Although vertebroplasty has been considered as contraindicated in thoraco-lumbar burst fractures, we successfully used the procedure as a safe treatment in patients with osteoporotic burst fracture without neurologic deficit. This method could eliminate the need for and risks of major spinal surgery. We would like to offer it as a relatively safe and effective methods of management in thoraco-lumbar burst fractures.     

应用Moss Miami椎弓根钉系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折

目的探讨MossMiami系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的效果。方法对27例胸腰椎爆裂骨折患者施行后路手术MossMiami椎弓根钉系统撑开、复位、固定。结果27例随访6～24个月,无断棒断钉,伤椎前后高度及椎管狭窄率均较术前有显著改善(P<0.01)。11例有脊髓损伤患者中,神经功能恢复按Frankel分级评定,10例分别提高2～3级,1例A级无变化。结论MossMiami系统治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折,操作简单,复位固定效果满意。     

胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的影像学诊断与分类

目的 :进一步讨论胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的影像学诊断和分类。方法 :回顾性分析了 12 6例 13 9处胸腰椎爆裂性骨折 ,依据Atlas标准进行分类并比较其稳定性 ,对照了三种影像学诊断方法的优势及不足。结果 :Atlas分类A型 14例次 ,B型 79例次 ,C型 11例次 ,D型 19例次 ,E型 16例次。X线平片能发现大多数胸腰椎爆裂性骨折 ,但易漏诊、误诊 ;CT可准确显示椎体后缘、游离骨折片或椎间盘凸入椎管的程度 ;MRI能清晰显示韧带、椎间盘和脊髓变化。结论 :对怀疑或X线已诊断的胸腰椎骨折应常规作CT检查 ,MRI可作为判定脊髓损伤程度的补充。     

脊柱椎管损伤模型生物力学实验研究

目的：通过试验比较椎管创伤后产生不同的变化和各自的特点,构建一种精确模拟椎体骨折的测试模型,为临床手术提供科学依据。方法：研究应用冲击试验机测量人脊椎标本,分别测量不同冲击力的椎管直径的试验参数,进行分析。结果：发现在产生最小的脊柱破裂后增加冲击力和椎管骨质破裂应变有交互作用（R2=0．85,19〈0．05）。结论：逐步增量法是一种构建脊柱外伤的一种可靠的方法。     

腰椎狭窄软性椎管的应力改变分析

目的 探讨腰椎软性椎管改变与椎管狭窄的关系。方法 在本研究52例中分为椎管狭窄组和对照组，2003年1月至2007年12月，推管狭窄组从因腰椎管狭窄病行后路椎板减压术的患者中取黄韧带标本对照组黄韧带标本共为10例，取自青年腰椎骨折行后路椎板减压术患者，后纵韧带标本共4例取自腰椎爆裂骨折前路椎体减压术患者。分别观察两组标本切片镜下的表现并加以分析。结果 在腰椎管狭窄病组，黄韧带及后纵韧带镜下表现为纤维肥大，基质内可见脂肪及小囊肿；对照组则表现为纤维细胞排列规则、无纤维化表现。结论 腰椎管软性椎管的应力改变及退行性变，是导致腰椎管狭窄的一个因素。     

后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤

目的：探讨后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折并脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年6月收治的16例严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折（椎管侵占率>50%、椎体后缘存在翻转骨块）合并脊髓损伤的患者,其中男10例,女6例;年龄19~57岁。高处坠落伤8例,车祸伤6例,其他伤2例。骨折部位：T₁₁ 4例,T₁₂ 5例,L₁ 5例,L₂ 2例。所有患者采用后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定的手术方式,通过测量伤椎前缘丢失高度、伤椎邻近节段Cobb角、椎管侵占率评价影像学效果,并通过Frankel脊髓损伤评级和视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）评价临床疗效。结果：16例均获得完整随访,随访时间11~28（15.9±5.4）个月。手术时间（234±41）min,术中出血量（431±93）ml。伤椎前缘高度丢失术前（52.25±10.10）%,术后3 d（8.93±3.61）%,末次随访（9.25±2.88）%;术后3 d、末次随访时较术前恢复（P<0.01）,末次随访时较术后3 d无明显变化（P>0.05）。伤椎邻近节段Cobb角术前（28.19±10.89）°,术后3 d（5.31±5.14）°,末次随访（6.81±4.59）°;椎管侵占率术前（67.68±12.45）%,术后3 d（7.69±4.46）%,末次随访（4.75±1.63）%,术后3 d、末次随访时较术前恢复（P<0.01）,末次随访时较术后3 d也有一定程度恢复（P<0.05）。末次随访时12例脊髓神经功能获得改善,4例未获得改善,未出现神经功能恶化者;VSA评分由术前的（7.8±0.9）分改善至末次随访的（1.8±0.7）分。结论：对于椎管侵占率> 50%、椎体后缘存在翻转骨块的严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折合并脊髓损伤时,后路经侧前方椎管减压结合伤椎置钉短节段固定具有复位精确、减压彻底、固定牢固等特点。     

经皮间接减压内固定术治疗伴有神经损伤的胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的探讨后路经皮间接减压内固定术治疗伴有神经损伤的胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的有效性及安全性。方法 2015年6月—2017年6月,共25例伴神经损伤的胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者接受后路经皮间接减压内固定术治疗。采用Frankel分级评估神经功能等级,采用疼痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分评估腰背部疼痛程度。测量并记录术前、术后及末次随访时矢状位Cobb角、伤椎椎体前缘高度百分比、伤椎楔形角、椎管占位率等影像学指标。结果所有患者手术均顺利完成,随访6～24(12.6±5.6)个月,末次随访时所有患者腰背部疼痛症状均明显改善,椎管得到有效减压,神经功能均明显改善,椎体骨折复位愈合,随访无明显丢失,无内固定相关并发症发生。结论后路经皮间接减压内固定术可避免椎管内直接减压,保护脊柱后方结构,减少手术创伤,临床疗效满意,对于伴有不完全神经损伤的胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的治疗是一种微创、安全、有效的选择。     

椎板回植椎管成形治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折伴椎管狭窄

目的：探讨椎板回植椎管成形治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折伴椎管狭窄的手术技巧、疗效及适应证。方法：41例胸腰椎骨折伴椎管狭窄患者，采用椎板回植椎管成形术。观察术后伤椎椎管大小、脊柱的稳定性、椎体高度的恢复及神经功能恢复情况。结果：全部病例经1～3年的随访，伤椎椎体前缘高度由术前58％恢复至97％，椎体后缘（中柱）高度由术前76％恢复至98．7％，Cobb角由术前平均24．6。恢复至术后1．8°。伤椎椎管剩余容积由术前43％恢复至术后93％。瘫痪恢复按Frankel分级：A级中1倒无变化，余40例均提高1-3级。结论：椎板回植椎管成形治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折伴椎管狭窄是一种较理想的手术方法，此方法操作相对简单、安全，彻底解除神经及硬膜囊压迫的同时扩大了椎管，杜绝了继发性椎管狭窄，重建了后柱结构，增加了脊柱稳定性，值得推广。