青年和中年精神分裂症患者心理旋转信息加工系统研究

目的 探讨年龄因素对精神分裂症患者心理旋转信息加工系统的影响.方法 对78例精神分裂症患者,按不同年龄段将其分成两组,青年组38例,中年组40例,和76名(青年组36名,中年组40名)健康被试进行心理旋转任务的测定,测量其错误数和反应时.结果 (1)与对照组[(15.2±5.8)％]相比,患者组错误率升高[(42.8±7.6)％,P＜0.05].在对照组内,青年组正像和镜像错误率均低于中年组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在患者组内,青年组与中年组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)与对照组[(744.3±93.1)ms]相比,患者组反应时升高[(947.8±97.8)ms,P＜0.05].在对照组内,青年组正像和镜像反应时均短于中年组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在患者组内,青年组与中年组相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)线性回归分析发现,对照组青年、中年组正镜像错误率、反应时均随着旋转角度递增呈线性递增函数(P＜0.001);患者组无此线性关系.结论 精神分裂症患者心理旋转信息加工机制受损,且年龄效应消失,其中青年受损程度大于中年患者.提示大脑神经系统的中年化在一定程度上能对心理旋转信息加工系统起保护作用.     

抑郁症患者心理旋转能力的初步研究

目的探讨抑郁症患者与健康人心理旋转能力的差异性。方法对30例抑郁症患者和28例健康人进行心理旋转任务测定。测量其错误率和反应时。结果 (1)与对照组相比,患者组错误率正像显著性升高,镜像显著性降低,正像和镜像反应时均显著性升高(P<0.05)。(2)与对照组相比,患者组正像不同旋转角度中只有0°、30°错误率无显著性差异(P>0.05),60°、90°、120°、150°、180°错误率显著性升高(P<0.05);镜像0°、30°、90°无显著性差异(P>0.05),60°、120°、150°、180°错误率显著性降低(P<0.05)。患者组正像和镜像所有角度的反应时均显著性长于对照组(P<0.05)。(3)两组错误率、反应时正像都在0°至180°呈线性递增,而镜像却是非线性的。结论抑郁症患者心理旋转能力受损,其正像严重受损,而镜像得到了补偿,提示正像和镜像旋转能力可以相互转化,心理旋转能力受损可作为诊断抑郁症的临床辅助指标。     

首发抑郁症患者自我旋转任务下诱发电位P500研究

目的 探讨抑郁症的自我旋转能力及其脑电生理机制,进一步了解抑郁症空间认知能力的损害.方法 对23例首发抑郁症患者和22名健康对照者进行自我旋转任务下的事件相关电位测定,检测被试者的神经心理学表现和P500的潜伏期、波幅.结果 与对照组相比,患者组左手和右手的错误率均升高[(28±5)％vs.(24±4)％,P＜ 0.05; (26±4％) vs.(24±3％),P＜0.05],而且左手和右手的反应时也均较对照组延长[(1193.79±53.32)ms vs.(742.62±15.21)ms,P＜ 0.05;(1105.57±51.61)ms vs.(732.10±16.53)ms,P＜ 0.05];患者组左手错误率升高值、反应时延长值均大于右手(P＜0.05).患者组左手、右手的P500波幅均降低[(5.22±2.41)μV vs.(8.28±3.11)μV,P＜0.05; (6.79±3.24)μV vs.(8.29±3.41)μV,P＜ 0.05],左右手潜伏期均较对照组延迟[(551.37±45.27)ms vs.(508.22±28.22)ms,P＜0.05; (542.74±46.73) ms vs.(507.52±31.48)ms,P＜0.05];患者组的左手波幅降低值、潜伏期延迟值均大于右手(P＜0.05).结论 首发抑郁症患者自我旋转能力受损提示其信息加工的速度与深度均受损,左手受损程度大于右手,提示左右手加工的生物学机制可能不同.     

精神分裂症患者心理旋转的优势半球效应(英文)

背景心理旋转(mental rotation)是一种想象客体或自我旋转的空间表征转换能力。精神分裂症患者的心理旋转能力受损。目的记录精神分裂症患者和健康对照者完成正像和镜像心理旋转任务时的脑电生理指标,比较这些指标的差异,深入评估精神分裂症患者的认知损害情况。方法对来自解放军第三医院精神科32例精神分裂症患者和29例健康对照者在完成正像和镜像的心理旋转任务时的事件相关电位测定,比较两组错误发生比例、反应时以及事件相关电位的脑地形图。结果对照组正像与镜像的错误率比较无明显差异,正像与镜像的反应时间亦无明显差异。而患者组镜像的平均(标准差)错误率比正像高[42%(6%)比32%(9%),t=2.64,p=0.031],患者组镜像的反应时比正像长[587(11)ms比571(18)ms,t=2.83,p=0.028]。无论是镜像还是正像,患者组Pz(顶区)、Cz(中央区)、P3(左侧顶区)和P4(右侧顶区)的P500波幅均低于对照组。与P3极点相比,两组正像和镜像P4点波幅都偏高。结论精神分裂症患者正像和镜像心理旋转能力都受损。患者大脑左半球心理旋转能力减弱,反应时缩短,对正像与镜像反应存在差异,这些都与对照组不同。研究提示完成心理旋转任务时特定的脑地形图可作为诊断精神分裂症的一个辅助参考指标。     

事件相关电位P300与抑郁症严重程度的关系

目的 探讨事件相关电位P300与抑郁症严重程度之间的关系。方法 对28例中度抑郁症 患者、41例重度抑郁患者与70例健康对照的P300行对照研究。结果 抑郁症患者P3潜伏期与HAMD 评分呈正相关（r=0.514，P ＜ 0.01）；中、重度抑郁组较健康对照组 N2、P3潜伏期延长，P3波幅降低，差 异均有统计学意义（P ＜ 0.05）；重度抑郁组较中度抑郁组P3潜伏期延长，差异有统计学意义（P=0.017）。 结论 抑郁症的认知功能损害与严重程度有关，P3潜伏期可能是抑郁症严重程度的预测性指标。     

抑郁症首次发病与复发患者的空间认知功能的研究

目的:探讨首次发病与复发的抑郁症患者空间认知功能的差异. 方法:对30例首次发病的抑郁症患者(首发组)、32例复发的抑郁症患者(复发组)进行视觉空间旋转任务检测,并与30名健康志愿者(对照组)比较. 结果:错误率:首发组[(16.9±5.1)％]、复发组[(33.7±7.1)％]显著高于对照组[(10.4±3.8)％],复发组显著高于首发组(P均＜0.05).反应时:首发组[(813.5 ±92.6)ms]、复发组[(972.6 ±94.5)ms]显著长于对照组[(737.1 ±86.5)ms],复发组显著长于首发组(P均＜0.05).线性回归分析:对照组及首发组正像及镜像错误率、反应时均随着旋转角度递增呈线性递增函数(P均＜0.01);复发组没有随着旋转角度递增呈线性递增函数. 结论:首发抑郁症患者因动机减弱、注意力下降致感知觉系统的识别与编码过程受损;复发抑郁症患者视觉空间认知功能受损.     

首发抑郁症患者心理旋转任务的事件相关电位研究(英文)

背景抑郁症患者的心理旋转意象能力受损,但与此相关联的异常脑电生理机制仍不清楚。目的比较抑郁症患者与健康对照完成心理旋转任务时的事件相关电位(event-related potentials,ERPs)的差异。方法对32例住院或门诊首发抑郁症患者和29名对照进行心理旋转任务的ERP测定,给予不同旋转角度的测试刺激。测定4个脑区的ERPs(PZ、CZ、P3和P4)。测量指标包括错误数、反应时以及P500潜伏期和波峰值。结果与对照组相比,患者组完成心理旋转任务的反应时显著延长[689(98)ms 比 569 (55)ms; t=4.36, p0.001],错误率显著升高[30.2%(11.4%)比20.3%(7.2%); t=3.61, p=0.015],且在所有4个旋转角度均有差异。完成心理旋转任务时的事件相关电位测定发现,抑郁症患者在4个脑区的总P500潜伏期有所增加,但无统计学意义,而P500波峰值显著降低。患者组与对照组错误率、反应时、P500潜伏期及波峰值均随着旋转角度(0°~180°)的递增而呈逐渐增加。对照组平均ERP波形在700ms处出现一个正波峰,而在患者组未见。结论本研究证实了既往研究利用心理旋转任务评定抑郁症患者认知功能缺陷的有效性。本研究发现心理旋转任务诱发的事件相关电位的电生理指标,特别是P500及P700波峰值,可能是抑郁症的潜在生物学标记。需要前瞻性研究测定上述指标在抑郁症病程中的变化,以证实其有效性。     

老年抑郁症的闪光视觉和听觉诱发电位实验研究

目的探寻老年抑郁症与正常老人在闪光视觉诱发电位(F-VEP)和听觉诱发电位(AEP)实验中的不同特点.方法34例老年抑郁症患者和40例健康老人,应用美国Spirit脑诱发电位仪以及光和声刺激,完成F-VEP、AEP二项检测.结果老年抑郁症患者AEP主成分带有小切迹,VEP个别呈双峰波.YEP和AEP诸指标在Fz、Cz和Pz记录点无差异.老年抑郁症患者VEP-P2潜伏期在顶区、N2潜伏期在额区以及AEP-N2潜伏期在额区、顶区均右侧延迟于左侧,但在中央区左侧延迟于右侧,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).与健康老人比较,老年抑郁症患者VEP和AEP的P2和P3波幅均下降(P＜0.05)、VEP的P1、P2潜伏期提前(P＜0.05),AEP的N2、P3潜伏期延迟(P＜0.05).结论VEP和AEP中的50-500毫秒长潜时成分能辅助评定老年抑郁症患者的认知功能.     

项目记忆和来源记忆随年龄增长变化特征的实验研究

目的 探讨项目记忆与来源记忆随年龄增长的变化特征.方法 青年组、中年组1、中年组2、老年组各30名被试接受神经心理学量表检查,完成行为学实验以评估项目记忆与来源记忆.结果 来源判断的正确率在四个年龄组被试间差异有统计学意义（F3,116=10.6,P＜0.01）,老年组显著低于青年组和中年组1（均P＜0.05）,与中年组2比较差异无统计学意义.再认击中率在四个组间差异有统计学意义（F3,116=7.2,P＜0.01）.老年组显著低于青年组和中年组（均P＜0.05）.老年组来源判断正确的反应时间显著长于青年组和中年组1（均P＜0.05）,但与中年组2比较差异无统计学意义.结论 来源记忆在中年后期即开始退化,项目记忆保留到老年才开始退化.     

精神分裂症患者心理旋转能力的事件相关电位研究

目的探讨精神分裂症患者心理旋转的脑电生理机制,完善与精神分裂症患者在空间能力方面的事件相关电位(event-related potentials,ERP)的功能联系。方法对来自解放军第三医院的30例精神分裂症患者和28例正常健康人进行心理旋转任务的ERP测定。测量其P300家族成分中P500的潜伏期、波幅及其错误数和反应时。结果与对照组P500[PZ:(493.39±54.00)ms,(5.63±4.22)μv;P3:(495.68±42.00)ms,(6.50±3.76)μv;P4:(478.89±43.42)ms,(4.93±3.67)μv;CZ:(487.11±45.21)ms,(5.34±4.10)μv]相比,患者组合计潜伏期均延迟[PZ:(573.37±45.01)ms,t=3.38;P3:(584.70±43.13)ms,t=2.92;P4:(578.30±41.71)ms,t=-2.30;CZ:(493.39±54.00)ms,t=-2.56],合计波幅均降低[PZ:(3.04±1.32)μv,t=3.26;P3:(4.02±1.52)μv,t=2.80;P4:(2.73±2.00)μv,t=-2.20;CZ:(5.63±4.22)μv,t=-2.43],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);区分正镜像时,患者组正像和镜像潜伏期都延迟、波幅都降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者心理旋转能力受损,正镜像受损程度不一致,正镜像加工的电生理机制可能不同,提示可作为临床辅助诊断指标。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]