低出生体重儿发生的相关危险因素分析

目的 研究低出生体重儿发生的相关危险因素,探讨降低低出生体重儿的相关措施.方法 应用病例对照研究方法,对100例低出生体重儿和300例正常新生儿的相关资料进行单因素分析及非条件多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 母亲年龄(OR=3.232;95％ CI:0.453～ 3.348)、孕周(OR=2.454;95％CI:0.975 ～ 2.349)、双胎及多胎妊娠(OR=2.642;95％ CI:0.723 ～ 2.348)、妊娠期高血压疾病(OR=2.236;95％ CI:0.455～ 2.445)是低出生体重儿发生的相关危险因素,母亲文化程度(OR=3.642;95％ CI:1.347 ～ 3.425)、家庭月收入(OR=3.532;95％ CI:1.436～2.335)是低出生体重儿发生的保护性因素.结论 针对母亲年龄、孕周、双胎及多胎妊娠、妊娠期高血压疾病等危险因素开展针对性的防治工作是降低低出生体重儿发生率的有效措施.     

极低和超低出生体重儿并发脑室出血危险因素研究

目的 分析极低出生体重儿和超低出生体重儿发生脑室出血的危险因素,为临床治疗提供依据。方法 收集2016年7月—2018年7月广东医科大学附属医院新生儿科住院的185例极低、超低出生体重患儿临床资料,对可能影响脑室出血的因素进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 Logistic回归分析显示,低血糖(OR=8.772,95%CI:2.880～26.720,P＜0.01)、低血细胞压积(OR=0.211,95%CI:0.072～0.618,P=0.005)、脓毒血症(OR=6.427,95%CI:2.306～17.911,P＜0.01)和机械通气(OR=2.984,95%CI:1.013～8.785,P=0.047)是脑室出血的独立危险因素。结论 极低出生体重儿和超低出生体重儿并发脑室出血的高危因素较多,积极预防低血糖、低血红蛋白压积、感染及合理的机械通气有助于减少极低出生体重儿和超低出生体重儿并发脑室出血。     

极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良的高危因素

[目的]分析极低出生体重儿(VLBWI)罹患支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的高危因素。[方法]回顾性分析某院新生儿重症监护室近6年期间,出生体重≤1500g,胎龄≤36周并且存活时间≥28d的VLBWI69例病史资料。比较27例BPD(BPD组)和42例非BPD(对照组)VLBWI胎龄、出生体重、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、机械通气时间、生后24～48h液体摄取量、反复肺部感染情况。[结果]单因素分析显示,胎龄小、极低出生体重、NRDS、机械通气时间≥10d、反复肺部感染是VLBWI罹患BPD的独立危险因素(P﹤0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析显示,胎龄是VLBWI罹患BPD的高危因素(OR=0.656,P=0.031)。[结论]避免极低体重早产儿长时间机械通气和有效控制肺部感染是防治BPD的关键。     

中国活产新生儿低出生体重发生率及影响因素

目的 分析2006年中国活产儿低出生体重发生率及影响因素.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样,确定14个省、自治区、直辖市的43个城乡调查点.调查对象是2006年5-10月内出生的活产新生儿,按规范称量出生体重.利用问卷调查获得活产儿的信息,采用非条件logistic回归进行多因素分析.结果 共调查活产新生儿18554名,2006年中国新生儿低出生体重发生率为4.6%;东、中、西部低出生体重发生率分别为3.2%、4.4%、6.3%;城市为3.9%,农村为4.8%.logistic回归分析显示,母亲文化程度(OR=1.48;95%CI:1.181～1.861)、母亲孕前体质指数(BMI)(OR=1.52;95%CI:1.229-1.876)、孕期增重(OR=1.57;95%CI:1.246～1.965)、孕周(OR=20.16;95%CI:15.456～26.297)、多胎(OR=12.11;95%CI:9.229～15.893)、妊娠并发症和接受孕期营养指导(OR=0.66;95%CI:0.550～0.798)与低出生体重的发生有关.结论 母亲文化程度、母亲孕前BMI、孕期增重、孕周、妊娠并发症和孕期是否接受营养指导是我国新生儿发生低出生体重的主要影响因素.     

2011—2021年上海市嘉定区新生儿低出生体重变化趋势及相关因素分析

目的 分析2011—2021年上海市嘉定区新生儿低出生体重的变化趋势及相关因素，为控制低出生体重儿发生提供参考。方法 收集整理2011—2021年上海市嘉定区出生监测数据，采用Joinpoint软件计算低出生体重儿发生率的年平均变化百分率(AAPC)；采用Logistic回归分析低出生体重的影响因素，检验水准α=0.05。结果 2011—2021年上海市嘉定区低出生体重儿总体发生率为3.45%。Joinpoint趋势检验表明，低出生体重儿发生呈上升趋势(AAPC=1.8,95%CI:0.7～3.0)，尤其在2017—2021年明显增加(APC=3.9,95%CI:0.8～7.0)。Logistic回归分析结果显示，女婴(OR=1.449,95%CI:1.338～1.568)、胎龄<37周(OR=77.631,95%CI:71.665～84.093)、第1产(OR=1.474,95%CI:1.339～1.623)、母亲<20岁和≥35岁(OR_<20岁=1.266,95%CI:1.046～1.533,OR_≥35岁=1.197,9...     

极低出生体重早产儿支气管肺发育不良高危因素分析

目的探讨极低出生体重(VLBW)早产儿支气管肺发育不良(BPD)发生情况及其高危因素。 方法选择2014年1月1日至12月31日，于广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院住院治疗的107例出生体重<1 500 g早产儿为研究对象。根据其是否被诊断为BPD，而将其分别纳入BPD组(n＝36)及非BPD组(n＝71)。回顾性分析这107例早产儿的临床病例资料，包括产科因素、早产儿出生时一般情况、治疗经过及住院期间主要并发症发生情况，共计4个方面的26项观察项目。采用t检验及χ²检验，对8项产科因素及10项早产儿出生、治疗相关因素，进行单因素分析；采用单因素logistic回归分析法，对早产儿住院期间发生的8个并发症因素进行分析；再结合已有研究结果及临床经验，以及上述单因素分析结果，将VLBW早产儿发生BPD的13项可能影响因素，进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析，以探讨VLBW早产儿发生BPD的独立影响因素。本研究符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求。 结果①对VLBW早产儿发生BPD影响因素的单因素分析结果显示：差异具有统计学意义的因素包括分娩方式、孕产妇宫内感染，早产儿出生体重、胎龄，新生儿窒息、经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)、有创机械通气、有创机械通气时间、吸入高浓度氧、使用肺表面活性物质(PS)、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、动脉导管未闭(PDA)及败血症。②多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示：采取有创机械通气(OR＝51.936, 95%CI: 2.395～1 126.182, P＝0.012)，吸入高浓度氧(OR＝76.269, 95%CI: 5.279～1 101.998, P＝0.001)，发生NRDS(OR＝4.497, 95%CI: 1.772～11.415, P＝0.002)及合并败血症(OR＝2.521, 95%CI: 1.006～6.319, P＝0.049)，为VLBW早产儿发生BPD的独立危险因素；剖宫产术分娩(OR＝0.045, 95%CI: 0.003～0.730, P＝0.029)为其独立保护因素。 结论VLBW早产儿若接受有创机械通气、吸入高浓度氧、发生NRDS、合并败血症，则容易发生BPD。临床应针对这些因素，对VLBW早产儿采取相应处理措施，以预防BPD发生。     

母亲身高与不良出生结局关联性分析

目的探讨母亲身高与早产、低出生体重儿、巨大儿、小于胎龄儿的关系。方法收集2014年9月—2018年3月于广东省妇幼保健院分娩的11 437名孕妇及其婴儿资料,根据母亲身高三分位数将研究对象分为3组(≤157.0、157.1～161.0以及 161.0 cm),采用多因素非条件logistic回归模型计算母亲身高与早产、低出生体重儿、巨大儿和小于胎龄儿的OR值及95%CI。结果研究对象中早产、低出生体重儿、巨大儿、小于胎龄儿的发生率分别为6.6%、6.3%、3.6%和16.5%。在控制可能的混杂因素后,结果显示母亲身高与早产、低出生体重儿、小于胎龄儿和巨大儿有统计学关联。母亲身高每增加1 cm,分娩低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿的风险分别减少4.7%(OR=0.953,95%CI=0.939～0.968)和6.8%(OR=0.932,95%CI=0.922～0.942),分娩巨大儿的风险增加11.6%(OR=1.116,95%CI=1.094～1.139)。相对于身高≤157.0 cm组,身高 161.0 cm组分娩早产儿、低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿的风险分别减少18.5%(OR=0.815,95%CI=0.677～0.980)、40.2%(OR=0.598,95%CI=0.492～0.726)和51.6%(OR=0.484,95%CI=0.426～0.551),而分娩巨大儿的风险增加207.0%(OR=3.070,95%CI=2.348～4.013)。结论身高较矮的孕妇分娩早产儿、低出生体重儿和小于胎龄儿的风险增加,身高较高的孕妇分娩巨大儿的风险增加。妇幼保健人员宜加强孕期监测,以减少早产儿、低出生体重儿、小于胎龄儿和巨大儿的发生风险。     

116例早产儿脑损伤的临床特点及危险因素分析

目的探讨早产儿脑损伤患儿的临床特点,并分析其发生的相关危险因素。方法选择2015年1月1日-2017年1月1日出生即在温州医科大学附属义乌医院新生儿重症监护室住院治疗的357例早产儿,收集并分析所有病例的临床特点及相关危险因素,采用颅脑B超和MRI检查诊断早产儿脑损伤,采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨早产儿脑损伤影响因素。结果357例早产儿中检查出116例早产儿具有脑损伤,占32.4%,产妇患绒毛膜炎(OR=3.3,95%CI:1.582～6.885)、窒息复苏史(OR=3.342,95%CI:1.293～8.636)、新生儿败血症(OR=4.426,95%CI:2.159～9.075)及机械通气(OR=3.44,95%CI:1.488～7.956)为早产儿脑损伤的危险因素(P0.05)。胎龄分组(OR=0.189,95%CI:0.090～0.355)和产前使用糖皮质激素(OR=0.348,95%CI:0.202～0.598)为早产儿脑损伤的保护因素(P0.05)。结论胎龄越小、出生体质量越低,早产儿脑损伤发生率越高;产妇患绒毛膜炎、新生儿败血症、窒息复苏史及机械通气为早产儿脑损伤的危险因素,产前使用糖皮质激素是其保护因素。     

高危儿父亲抑郁症状影响因素分析

目的 探讨高危儿父亲抑郁症状的影响因素。方法 选取于2017年10月1日～2019年10月31日在昆明市儿童医院就诊的418名高危儿父亲作为研究对象,出生后至3月龄的高危儿父亲进行抑郁自评量表(SDS)的调查,并分析高危儿父亲抑郁症状的影响因素。结果 418名高危儿父亲抑郁症状阳性检出率为11.5%;单因素分析显示,家庭月收入、孕周、出生体重、高危因素、NICU、发育商与抑郁症状的发生有关,差异有统计学意义。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,出生体重1.5～2.49Kg(OR=3.745,95%CI:1.090～12.859)、出生体重<1.5Kg(OR=15.247,95%CI:3.685～63.095)、发育商40～54(OR=6.508,95%CI:1.492～28.385)及发育商<40(OR=7.227,95%CI:1.709～30.565)是高危儿父亲抑郁症状发生的危险因素。结论 高危儿出生体重<2.5Kg、发育商<55的高危儿父亲抑郁症状发生的危险性大,提示需对这类高危人群进行早期筛查、识别及预防、诊断和治疗。     

孕期职业应激和不良生活事件与低体重儿的关系

目的 探讨孕期职业应激和不良生活事件对低体重儿的影响.方法 以某省2家妇幼保健院出生的孕周≥28周且<42周、体重<2500 g的单胎、活产、无畸形的438例低体重儿为病例组,按1:1匹配的原则,选择同一家医院分娩、新生儿同性别、分娩时间不超过1周的438例足月正常体重儿为对照组,进行病例对照研究.由培训合格的调查员对其母亲进行调查,内容包括产妇一般情况、职业应激和孕期不良生活事件等.在控制产妇年龄、职业、文化程度和家庭月人均收入等因素后,应用条件logisfic回归探讨孕期职业应激和不良生活事件对低体重儿的影响.结果 与低技术使用度和低工作决策相比,拥有高技术使用度(OR=0.62;95%CI=0.43～0.91)和高工作决策(OR=0.67;95%CI=0.46～0.97)可明显降低低体重儿的危险性.与孕期未发生生活事件的孕妇相比,在孕中期生活事件指数3分及以上(OR:18.85:95%CI=1.58～225.02)、孕晚期生活事件指数1分(OR=2.67;95%CI=1.14～6.28)、整个孕期生活事件指数2分(OR=2.80;95%CI=1.04～7.52)和≥3分(OR=2.94;95%CI=1.22-7.09)是低体重儿的危险因素.结论 孕期发生不良生活事件可影响低体重儿的发生,且不同孕期发生的不良生活事件对低体重儿的影响存在差异.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.