氧化电位水杀微生物效果及影响因素的实验研究

目的 为研究氧化电位水对微生物的杀灭效果及其影响因素。方法 用悬液法检测氧化电位水原液对细菌繁殖体、细菌芽胞及HBsAg的杀灭效果,试验观察了温度、容器、紫外线对氧化电位水的ORP和有效氯影响。结果 氧化电位水的氧化还原电位为1152－1165mv,PH为2．21－2．27,有效氯为50．27－58．23mg/l。在19－21℃水溶条件下,悬液定量杀灭试验表明：氧化电位水原液作用30min、60min对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率分别为99．93％、100．00％;对大肠杆菌8099作用0.25min、对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538作用0.5min的杀灭率均达99.99%。作用0.5min可将含5％小牛血清的HBsAg抗原性破坏。温度、容器和紫外线对氧化电位水的ORP和有效氯有不同程度的影响。结论 使用方法适当氧化电位水原液对微生物有良好的杀灭效果,在消毒领域中有广泛的应用前景。     

复方邻苯二甲醛杀枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞效果及机制研究

目的 研究复方邻苯二甲醛杀枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞的效果及其机制.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌试验法研究复方邻苯二甲醛对枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞杀灭效果,从蛋白质、DNA漏出、超微结构探讨其杀芽胞机制.结果 在(20±1)℃条件下,含邻苯二甲醛(OPA)5000 mg/L的复方邻苯二甲醛作用枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞30 min,平均杀灭对数值＞5.00,枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞经复方邻苯二甲醛作用后,有蛋白质漏出,但无DNA漏出;透射电镜观察发现复方邻苯二甲醛作用后,芽胞形状不规则,外壳电子密度深浅不均,甚至部分缺损,核心区偏位,出现电子透明区.结论 复方邻苯二甲醛可有效杀灭枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞,其机制是在苯扎溴铵的协同作用下,芽胞的渗透压改变,通透性增加,OPA更易进入细胞内导致蛋白质变性、漏出而起杀灭作用.     

微波对染菌甲基丙烯酸树脂消毒效果的观察

目的 研究微波照射染菌甲基丙烯酸树脂的消毒效果.方法 采用定量杀菌试验方法,分别对甲基丙烯酸树脂试件进行金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞菌悬液染菌,试验组经功率119、462、700 W微波分别照射2、3、4、5 min,对照组染菌后不消毒处理,分别取样细菌培养,以杀灭对数值(KL)对消毒效果进行评价.结果 经462 W微波照射3 min,对甲基丙烯酸树脂表面的大肠埃希菌的杀灭对数值＞3.0,462 W微波照射4 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭对数值＞3.0,700 W微波照射枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞5 min的杀灭对数值＞5.0.结论 微波照射甲基丙烯酸树脂,可以达到消毒灭菌的要求,操作简便、省时高效,可用于甲基丙烯酸树脂义齿的消毒.     

氧化电位水杀菌效果及对细菌超微结构的影响

目的观察氧化电位水对细菌杀灭效果及其对细菌超微结构的影响,以探讨其杀菌机制。方法悬液定量杀菌试验法及透射电镜观察。结果50mg／L氧化电位水作用10min,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率在99．99％以上;150mg/L作用10min,对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的杀灭率也达99．99％。透射电镜下可见细菌细胞壁结构发生疏松、有皱褶、断裂等改变,核质出现不均一变化,固缩,核膜结构模糊,核心溶解,胞内物质缺失成空壳。结论氧化电位水对细菌有较好的杀灭效果,使细菌超微结构破坏。     

新型消毒剂对内镜消毒效果的研究

目的 了解目前新型高水平消毒剂对内镜中病原菌的现场杀灭程度,验证消毒效果.方法 分别选取酸性氧化电位水与2％的碱性戊二醛消毒剂对15份污染培养龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种的内镜进行现场模拟消毒效果比对,邻苯二甲醛、过氧乙酸与2％碱性戊二醛对10份枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞污染的内镜进行现场模拟消毒效果比;检测方法采用无菌毛刷头振荡后,再经过采用0.45 μm孔径负压膜过滤法直接用滤膜培养.结果 经过中和剂鉴定,龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种和枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞满足现场消毒试验要求,酸性氧化电位水和2％戊二醛浸泡消毒后,对龟分枝杆菌的除菌率均≥99.99％,但酸性氧化电位水消毒后龟分枝杆菌脓肿亚种菌数明显少于戊二醛组(P=0.019);过氧乙酸、2％戊二醛和邻笨二甲醛泡消毒后,对枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞除菌率均≥99.99％,但经氧乙酸消毒后枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞菌数结果明显少于其他两组(F=15838.512,P=0.000).结论 目前新型内镜专用消毒剂能满足目前内镜高水平消毒需要,采样方法及龟分枝杆菌培养技术在试验中得到了应用.     

Medilox中性离子水的消毒效果研究

目的 检测有效氯68×10~(-6)、pH6.5、氧化还原电位825的Medilox离子水对微生物杀菌效果.方法 按<消毒技术规范>(2002年版)的方法进行.结果 Medilox离子水对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎链球菌菌悬液作用1 min、对枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用10 min杀灭率均达100.00%;菌悬液不含小牛血清时,消毒剂作用1 min,对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭率均达100.00%,当菌悬液分别含25%、50%小牛血清时,作用15 min,杀灭率分别为100.00%、99.98%;物体表面淌毒后细菌数均<8 CFU/cm~2,杀灭对数>1;对30人次医务人员手的杀灭对数平均值为2.54.结论 Medilox中性离子水具有快速、高效杀菌作用.     

酸氧化电位水对微生物杀灭效果的观察

目的测定酸氧化电位水消毒液对细菌芽胞的杀灭效果和对HBsAg抗原性的破坏作用,了解该消毒液用于医疗器械消毒时的使用剂量.方法采用载体流动浸泡定量杀菌试验、载体浸泡定性HBsAg抗原性的破坏试验和医疗器械模拟现场消毒试验,分别测定酸氧化电位水消毒液对细菌芽胞的杀灭效果、HBsAg抗原性的破坏作用和使用消毒效果.结果酸氧化电位水消毒液在氧化还原电位值(1150±50)mV、pH值2.2±0.2和有效氯含量(55±10)mg/L时,流动浸泡作用15min可杀灭枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞达消毒要求,载体浸泡作用10min可破坏HBsAg的抗原性,连续流动浸泡消毒45min,对干燥于医疗器械表面的枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭率可达99.90%以上.     

百消净牌二氧化氯溶液杀灭微生物效果与腐蚀性检测

目的 了解百消净牌二氧化氯消毒剂的杀菌效果及腐蚀性。方法 用悬液法测定对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果，用称量法和测定腐蚀性。结果 该消毒剂经活化后二氧化氯浓度为80mg／L时，对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌作用10分钟，含二氧化氯浓度为800mg／L时对枯草变种芽胞作用20分钟，杀灭率均达100％。有机物存在对杀菌效果有影响，结论 该消毒剂具有较强的杀菌效果。     

医用消毒剂聚已缩胍杀菌效果及毒性试验研究

目的 了解以聚已缩胍(PHMB)为主要成分的医用消毒剂杀菌效果和毒性.方法 采用悬液定量杀菌、能量、动物毒性实验对其杀菌效果和毒性进行实验观察.结果 以含180 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对悬液内大肠埃希菌作用5 min,平均杀灭率为99.95%;240 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对金黄色葡萄球菌作用5 min,平均杀灭率为99.91%;320 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对枯草芽胞杆菌黑色变种芽胞作用10 min,平均杀灭率为99.94%;以1250 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液作用5 min,完全破坏悬液内HBsAg的抗原性;菌悬液内体积分数>25.00%小牛血清对其杀灭大肠埃希菌效果有轻度影响;将消毒剂于37℃存放90 d,聚已缩胍的下降率为8.20%,小鼠急性经口LD50值>5000 mg/kg,以520 mg/L聚已缩胍消毒液对家兔皮肤刺激试验指数为0.32,属于轻度刺激性.结论 医用聚已缩胍消毒液性能稳定,对细菌繁殖体和细菌芽胞具有良好的杀菌效果,属无毒、低刺激性消毒剂.     

不同厂家的生成机制备的酸化电位水对微生物杀灭效果的研究

目的　比较不同厂家生产的酸化电位水生成机制备的酸化电位水对微生物的杀灭效果,并对杀菌因子和影响因素进行探讨。方法　应用悬液定量杀灭试验检测酸化电位水对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞的杀灭效果,ＨＣｌ＋ 次氯酸钠和蒸馏水＋ 次氯酸钠对金黄色葡萄球菌的杀灭效果及有机物对酸化电位水杀灭枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞效果的影响。应用ＨＢｓＡｇ 抗原性悬液定性破坏试验检测酸化电位水对ＨＢｓＡｇ 抗原性的破坏效果。结果　所试厂家的生成机制备的酸化电位水对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌作用３０ ｓ 其平均杀灭率均为１００ ％ ,对ＨＢｓＡｇ 作用３０ｓ,可破坏ＨＢｓＡｇ 的抗原性。蒸馏水中加入次氯酸钠,其杀菌效果与酸化电位水相同。在枯草杆菌黑色变种芽胞悬液中加与不加１％ 的蛋白胨, 酸化电位水对该芽胞作用２０ｍｉｎ ,其平均杀灭率分别为５９ ．５４ ％ 和１００ ％ 。结论　所试厂家的生成机制备的酸化电位水对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和ＨＢｓＡｇ 具有快速的杀灭和破坏作用。酸化电位水的主要杀菌因子是有效氯。１ ％ 蛋白胨对酸化电位水杀灭芽胞的效果有明显影响     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.