某重机建设项目职业病危害因素检测及其结果分析

目的 分析某重机建设项目存在的职业病危害因素,对其结果进行分析。 方法 采用现场职业卫生学调查、工作场所职业病危害因素检测等方法对该项目职业病危害进行评价。 结果 该项目主要职业病危害因素为电焊烟尘、碳钢粉尘、二氧化氮、臭氧、锰及其无机化合物、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、丁酮、噪声、激光、工频电场。经检测,电焊烟尘合格率为80%,碳钢粉尘为98.5%,噪声仅为20%,其余均合格。 结论 该项目属于职业病危害较重的建设项目,电焊烟尘、噪声为重点控制的职业病危害因素。     

某熟料水泥企业职业病危害调查与评价

目的 识别与评价某熟料水泥企业存在的职业病危害因素,保护劳动者健康。方法 采用职业卫生现场调查法和职业病危害因素检测检验法相结合的方法对该项目进行评价。结果 水泥生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素包括生产性粉尘(石灰石粉尘、煤尘、水泥粉尘、其他粉尘、电焊烟尘)、化学毒物(一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、锰及其化合物)和物理因素(噪声、高温等),其中生产性粉尘合格率为78.6%,化学毒物合格率为100.0%,噪声合格率为62.5%。结论 该熟料水泥企业存在的主要职业病危害为粉尘和噪声,应改善作业环境,加强防护。     

某造船厂扩建项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的对某造船厂扩建项目职业病危害控制效果进行评价,控制和降低职业病危害因素对工作环境和劳动者健康影响,使工作场所职业病危害因素的浓度(强度)达到国家职业卫生标准要求,控制和杜绝职业病发生。方法通过收集相关资料、现场职业卫生学调查和职业卫生检测,采用检查表法和定量分级法进行综合评价。结果该扩建项目主要职业病危害因素是电焊烟尘、噪声、锰、三苯等;除成型区手工焊工段电焊烟尘和锰的浓度超过标准外,其余各检测点空气中粉尘和毒物的浓度以及噪声的强度均符合国家职业卫生标准。结论该项目在建设阶段基本上执行了国家的有关规定,针对各种职业病危害因素采取了相应的措施,降低了发生职业病的危险。     

某卫浴洁具制造企业职业病危害现状分析

目的了解某卫浴洁具制造企业职业病危害现状,为预防职业病危害提供依据。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查、职业卫生检测和职业健康检查等方法对舟山市某卫浴洁具制造企业职业病危害因素进行综合分析评价。结果该企业存在的职业病危害因素主要为粉尘、苯乙烯、丁酮、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、锰及其化合物、噪声、高频电磁场和紫外辐射。检测结果显示噪声强度超标率为13.33%,电焊工接触的电焊烟尘和锰及其化合物的浓度超标,超限倍数为7.80和10.00,其他检测结果均未超过职业接触限值。噪声强度超过85 d B(A)的岗位有4个,超标率为13.33%。职业健康检查发现粉尘职业禁忌证1人,装配工高频听力下降2人,职业健康检查率仅为5.70%。该企业的主要职业病危害防护措施为防尘防毒、降噪减振、防暑降温和重视个体防护。结论电焊烟尘、噪声、锰及其化合物为该企业的主要职业病危害因素,且职业健康检查率较低。     

浙江省某机械加工厂职业病危害现状调查及应对策略

目的对浙江省某机械加工厂存在的职业病危害现状及采取的防护措施、职业病危害应对策略及其效果进行分析评价。发现存在的问题,对未达到职业病危害防护要求的事项提出改进措施和方法。方法采用职业卫生调查、职业病危害因素现场检测、职业卫生健康检查等方法进行定性定量评价。结果该厂存在的职业病危害因素为粉尘(砂轮磨尘、电焊烟尘和金属粉尘)、有毒化学物(苯、甲苯、锰及其化合物、二氧化氮)和噪声。其中电焊工为粉尘和锰及其化合物的关键控制岗位,电焊烟尘浓度高达5.10 mg/m~3,超过职业卫生接触限值(4 mg/m~3),且锰及其化合物浓度达0.171 mg/m~3,超过职业卫生接触限值(0.15 mg/m~3);下料工和研磨工的接触噪声A声级分别达80.3和84.4 dB(A),属于噪声接触岗位,不符合国家的卫生标准要求,应按提出的建议完成整改。结论机械加工厂项目属于"职业病危害较重"的建设项目,需加强对电焊工岗位粉尘和化学毒物防护,提高下料工和研磨工的噪声防护措施,以确保职业病危害应对策略正常运行,加强个人防护措施和职业卫生管理制度落实到位。     

某建筑工程机械生产项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的评价某建筑工程机械生产项目职业病危害控制效果。方法采用现场职业卫生学调查、职业病危害因素检测和定量分级法进行评价。结果项目存在粉尘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、锰、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、噪声等职业病危害因素。电焊工种1个点锰的时间加权平均浓度为0.287 mg/m3、4个工种的噪声强度区间为85.3～103 dB(A),超过国家标准,其他检测结果均低于国家标准规定。结论职业病危害控制措施基本可行有效,但需加强对电焊烟尘及噪声的职业病危害控制措施。     

某公司年产6万吨硅锰合金生产项目职业病危害因素识别与分析

目的对某公司硅锰合金生产项目生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素进行识别,分析其暴露水平及危害程度,判定其防护措施的有效性,为提出合理可行的防护措施提供科学依据。方法采用现场调查与检测、实验室检验等方法对该项目存在的职业病危害因素进行综合分析评价。结果作业环境空气中锰及其无机化合物、一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化硫(SO_2)、电焊烟尘、紫外辐射、工频电场等暴露水平均低于职业卫生接触限值,部分工种粉尘、噪声和高温暴露水平超标,其中粉尘TWA0.75～10.61 mg/m~3、噪声8 h等效声级84.0～93.6 dB(A)、高温31.0～37.8℃。结论粉尘、噪声、高温是该项目硅锰合金生产过程中重点职业病危害因素,应从职业病危害发生的关键控制点加强防治工作。     

某降噪设备及系统研发企业职业病危害调查

目的 分析降噪设备及系统研制项目存在的职业病危害因素, 评价职业病防护措施, 提出合理可行的职业病防护建议。
方法 通过职业卫生现场调查, 对主要职业病危害因素开展检测与分析, 对该项目职业病危害进行综合评价。
结果 项目主要存在的职业病危害因素有噪声、工频电场、高频电场、电焊弧光、电焊烟尘、砂轮磨尘、其他粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化氮、锰及其无机化合物、金属镍与难溶性镍化合物、臭氧、三氧化铬、二甲苯。经检测, 作业场所噪声合格率为88.9%, 其余均符合职业接触限值的要求。
结论 降噪设备制造属于职业病危害较重的建设项目, 其关键控制点为电焊、喷漆、玻璃棉包装及打磨岗位。
     

某造船建设项目职业病危害及关键控制点分析

通过收集资料、现场职业卫生学调查、职业卫生检测和健康监护,采用检查表法、定量分级和定性分析法对某船厂进行职业病危害现状评价。结果显示,生产过程中存在粉尘(包括电焊烟尘)、毒物、噪声等多种职业病危害因素,作业场所空气中锰、二甲苯浓度以及噪声强度超标,其余指标均符合国家职业卫生标准限值。职业健康检查主要为工人的电测听、胸片和肺功能异常。提示造船行业的职业病危害关键控制点为电焊、油漆、打磨、装配等作业,主要职业病危害因素为锰、二甲苯和噪声。 更多还原     

某机床厂综合厂房建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的依据《中华人民共和国职业病防治法)对某机床拟建综合厂房建设项目在可行性论证阶段对可能产生的职业病危害进行识别。方法分析并将其对工作场所和劳动者健康的危害程度进行预测,对拟采取的职业病防护设施的预期效果进行评价。结果该机床厂综合厂房正常生产状态下主要存在的职业病危害因素及作业分级,分别是溶剂汽油0级、砂轮机粉尘0级、噪声0级,电焊烟尘Ⅰ级等。结论该项目几种主要职业病危害因素(溶剂汽油、噪声和砂轮机粉尘作业)为安全作业;个别有超标的电焊烟尘在新建项目中加装除尘设备。该项目职业卫生防护措施符合要求。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.