锌冶炼劳动卫生监测三年资料分析

为了解决大型锌冶炼企业劳动卫生现状及存在问题，我们对近三年监测结果的变化趋势和有害因素的分布特征进行了分析。1．粉尘：车间空气中粉尘属氧化锌粉尘，1994～1996年三年各检测样品33、31、69个，浓度超标率分别为15％、23％、26％、浓度最高达223mg／m‘，超标ZI倍，样品超标一般为1～8倍。2毒物：锌冶炼存在氧化锌、氧化镐、铅（尘或烟）和二氧化硫等毒物。三年浓度检测结果，氧化锌超标率为2％、2％、0；氧化银超标率为5％：15％、11％；铅超标率为45％、2％、56％；二氧化硫超标率为0、0、9％。其中，铅超标率相对较高。3．噪声：…     

上海市南汇区工业园区职业卫生现况调查

目的了解当前工业（园）区的职业病危害现状和园区内企业职业病防治管理情况。方法随机选择上海市南汇区内市级、区级和镇级三个级别的3个工业园区内15家企业进行作业场所粉尘、毒物等职业危害进行监测采样,监测指标为有机溶剂作业的苯、甲苯、二甲苯,电焊作业的电焊烟尘、打磨作业其他粉尘和木粉尘的短时间接触浓度。结果粉尘作业点超标率为2.2％,毒物作业点超标率为9．1％,尘毒作业总的点超标率为5．6％,超标企业率为26．7％,超标的职业危害主要为二甲苯和电焊烟尘,而油漆、涂胶等有机溶剂作业中苯的样品检出率仅为1．2％。结论工业园区内生产企业的职业病危害不容忽视,园区管理机构的职业卫生管理机制有待加强和完善。     

某钢铁企业粉尘污染状况调查

通过对１９９５年至１９９７年某钢铁企业８个厂矿的卫生检测资料进行分析,发现近二年来该企业的粉尘检测样品合格率有逐年提高趋势,但样品的年平均深度逐年下降趋势不明显,韩旺铁矿、浇涛和烧结厂粉尘污染较重。韩旺铁矿和浇锋厂粉尘中的游离二氧化硅含量超过１０％,分别为３２．９％和２２．１％,样品合格率最低分别为１８．２％和１３．３％;烧结厂的粉尘样品平均浓度最高为５５．２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３,样品合格率也较低为４８．     

1679个粉尘样品质量控制结果分析

为了解粉尘样吕质量状况，对近几年来日常性监测所取取的１６７９个粉尘样品进行了质量控制分析。结果显示，选定流量不合格率为４．１７％、采样时间不合格率为５３．６％、现场粉尘浓度〉１０ｍｇ／Ｌ的样品采样气量不合格率为８６．４％；〈２ｍｇ／ｍ＾３的样品气量不合格率为１００％，滤膜粉尘增量不合格率为４８．３０％，显示粉尘样品的质量控制急待加强与规范。     

2007年胶州市22家机械制造业职业卫生现状调查

目的掌握机械制造企业职业卫生现状，为卫生决策部门制定相应卫生政策提供依据。方法2007年4～7月，对胶州市22家机械制造企业职业卫生现状进行调查。结果22家企业有职工8997人，接触职业病危害因素的为4201人，占46．69％。2006年合计检测818个点，超标的430个点，超标率为52．57％。其中苯、甲苯等有机溶剂超标率为27．53％，电焊尘、铸尘超标率为38．42％，噪声超标率为71．29％。大型企业有机溶剂超标率为21．52％，中小企业超标率为32．32％。大型企业粉尘超标率为29．03％，中小型企业超标点比率为44．85％。大型企业与中小型企业粉尘、有机溶剂超标点比率的差异有统计学意义。结论胶州市机械制造企业职业卫生总体现况较好，但职业病防治形势依然严峻。     

广州市职业卫生状况调查

目的了解广州市工厂企业工作场所中职业病危害因素的种类、浓度、危害较大的关键因素及其在时间、空间上的分布和消长规律。方法按照单纯随机抽样法抽取228家工厂企业,于2008年1-12月对这些企业进行调查。结果粉尘以棉尘的超标率最高,短时间接触浓度（STEL）和时间加权平均（TWA）浓度超标率均为33．3％;其次为炭黑粉尘,其STEL和TWA超标率均为20．0％。有机毒物中以丙烯腈的超标率最高,STEL和TWA超标率均为28．6％,且其超标1倍以上点数构成比为75．0％;其次为三氯乙烯,STEL和TWA超标率均为25．0％。无机毒物中以铅的超标率最高,STEL超标率为15．5％,TWA超标率为23．8％。结论这些工厂企业职业有害因素监测超标率普遍偏低,表明广州市的职业卫生管理监督体系相对比较完善,但部分职业有害因素的监测合格率仍比较低,相关卫生部门仍应继续加强监督执法力度。     

河源市石英砂加工行业粉尘危害现状调查

目的通过对河源市18家石英砂企业粉尘危害现状的调查,了解河源市石英砂加工行业粉尘危害现状,为石英砂行业的粉尘危害防治提供依据及相应的对策。方法采用随机抽样的方法,抽取已完成职业病危害申报的18家石英砂企业,进行现场卫生学调查和现场粉尘浓度及粉尘中游离二氧化硅（SiO2）含量检测。结果①总粉尘检测85个作业点,粉尘浓度范围为0．23—207．6mg／m^3,平均值为13．47mg／m^3,超标率高达81．2％,最高超限倍数达415．2倍;②抽取的18个游离SiO2样品中,粉尘中游离Si02含量全部超过80％,其范围在83．21％～98．83％,均值为92．5％。结论河源市石英砂加工行业粉尘危害严重,游离SiO2含量高,用人单位及政府应加强粉尘的防治工作。     

2008年方山电厂工作场所职业卫生学调查

[目的]掌握电力企业工作场所职业病危害因素的污染状况,规范电力系统职业病防治工作。[方法]2008年7月,对吕梁煤电有限公司方山电厂工作场所进行卫生学调查与职业病因素检测。[结果]方山电厂工作场所职业病危害因素是粉尘、噪声和毒物。检测粉尘58个点,超标率为8．62％;噪声49个点．超标率为34．69％;氮氧化物、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、苯并（a）芘各、氟化物各15个点,盐酸5个点,均未超标。[结论]方山电厂作业场所噪声超标较普遍,粉尘超标率较低．毒物未超标。     

淄博市企业粉尘作业卫生学调查

目的了解淄博市粉尘作业企业的职业卫生状况,为今后企业职业卫生管理提供依据。方法对淄博市粉尘作业企业的基本职业卫生状况、生产性粉尘浓度、游离二氧化硅(SiO2)含量进行调查与测定。结果粉尘共测502点,462点超标,超标率为92.03%;游离(SiO2)样品数100份,69份超标,超标率为69%。结论粉尘浓度、游离SiO2含量超标率均过高,该市粉尘作业企业职业卫生管理需进一步加强。     

口腔修复实验中粉尘浓度检测与分析

目的了解口腔修复实验操作的粉尘污染情况，为实验室操作防护提供理论依据。方法分别对产生粉尘的口腔修复实验项目进行定点监测，收集结果，与国家职业接触限值对照分析。结果固定桥牙体预备、铸造金属全冠打磨、可摘局部义齿打磨3个实验粉尘时间加权平均容许浓度（PC—TWA）分别是8．77、11．05、10．74mg／m^3，10个检测点超标率为100％，烤瓷全冠形态修磨实验粉尘浓度超标率为40％。结论在进行产生粉尘的口腔修复实验时应采取有效的措施进行个人防护，保障师生健康。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.