G蛋白偶联内向整流钾通道亚基2 mRNA在颞叶癫疒间大鼠海马内的表达

目的探讨G蛋白偶联内向整流钾通道亚基2(GIRK 2)在颞叶癫癎大鼠海马内的表达变化.方法应用腹腔注射海人酸致癎大鼠,采用原位杂交法检测大鼠海马GIRK 2 mRNA的表达.结果 GIRK 2 mRNA在癫癎大鼠海马齿状回表达增加,与正常对照组相比差异有显著性( P<0.01).结论癫癎大鼠海马内GIRK2增高是机体对神经元网络过度兴奋的代偿反应.     

颞叶癫癎大鼠海马TrkB mRNA及其蛋白表达的动态变化

目的探讨颞叶癫瘸发作大鼠海马TrkB mRNA及其蛋白表达的动态变化特征.方法建立匹罗卡品(PILO)颞叶癫癎大鼠模型,应用原位杂交及免疫组织化学方法分别检测致瘸大鼠海马齿状回、CA3区及CAi区TrkB mRNA及其蛋白质表达的变化.结果 PILO致瘸后3～6 h,海马齿状回颗粒细胞层、CA1、CA3区锥体细胞层TrkBmRNA表达显著增高(P＜0.01),稍后TrkB蛋白表达也随之增高.第7～30d,TrkBmRNA及其蛋白在齿状回、CA3区呈现第二次表达增强.结论在癫癎发作早期,TrkB表达增强,提示其可能参与急性癜癎状态的发生;后期表达增强则可能参与了海马的可塑性反应而与慢性自发性发作形成有关.     

颞叶癫(癎)大鼠模型内嗅皮质和齿状回内Sema3A及其受体Np1的表达变化

目的 探讨颞叶癫(癎)大鼠脑内Sema3A及其受体Np1的表达变化在癫(癎)发病中的作用.方法 SD大鼠制成颞叶癫(癎)模型,Neo-Timm染色证实苔藓纤维出芽,免疫组化和原位杂交技术对致(癎)后不同时间点内嗅皮质和齿状回的Sema3A mRNA、Np1 mRNA和蛋白表达进行分析.结果 与对照组比较,颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马齿状回内分子层存在苔藓纤维出芽(7 d:0.70±0.42,15 d:1.50±0.52,30 d:2.20±0.41,60 d:2.50±0.51,P＜0.05);在匹罗卡品致(癎)后7 d,实验组内嗅皮质区Sema3A mRNA的表达(0.3006±0.0675)明显低于对照组(0.4562±0.0457,P＜0.01);齿状回内Np1mRNA(0.2337±0.0358)及蛋白(0.2706±0.0389)的表达亦明显低于对照组(P＜0.01).结论 内嗅皮质区Sema3A mRNA、齿状回内Np1 mRNA和蛋白的表达下调,可能参与了苔藓纤维的出芽机制.     

颞叶癫大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化

目的 研究颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马轴突导向分子Sema3F及其受体Np2表达的变化.方法 给SD大鼠腹腔注射匹罗卡品、氯化锂制作颞叶癫(癎)模型.用免疫组化法和原位杂交技术对致(癎)后不同时间点大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回的Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白表达进行检测,并与正常对照组比较.结果 颞叶癫(癎)大鼠致(癎)后7 d、15 d,海马CA1区、CA3区Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.05～0.01), 致(癎)后30 d、60 d表达与正常对照组差异无统计学意义;而齿状回Sema3F mRNA、Np2 mRNA和蛋白的表达与正常对照组的差异无统计学意义.结论 颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区Sema3F、Np2表达在致(癎)后早期明显下调,而在慢性期恢复正常.     

神经营养因子-3在颞叶癫(癎)后的表达与海马苔藓纤维发芽的关系

目的 探讨神经营养因子-3(NT-3)在颞叶癫(癎)大鼠海马内表达与苔藓纤维发芽(MFS)的可能关系.方法 大鼠侧脑室注射红藻氨酸(KA)建寺颞叶癫(癎)模型后,侧脑室注射NT-3反义寡核苷酸(ASODN)及正义寡核苷酸(SODN);应用免疫组化法观察海马NT-3表达;应用Timm银染方法,光镜和电镜观察海马MFS,并与空白对照组及脂质体对照组进行比较.结果 致(癎)后大鼠海马齿状回NT-3表达下降;海马苔藓纤维明显粗乱,侧支发芽;齿状回内分子层可见银标记突触末端,主要为轴-树型非对称突触,其中ASODN组海马NT-3蛋白水平降低及MFS程度更明显.结论 KA致痢和NT-3 ASODN均能降低大鼠海马齿状回NT-3表达,增加MFS程度.提示NT-3可能通过对MFS及突触重组作用来影响颞叶癫(癎)的发生和发展.     

G蛋白偶联内向整流钾通道亚基2在红藻氨酸致癎大鼠海马内的表达变化

目的　观察G蛋白偶联内向整流钾通道 (GIRK)亚基GIRK2mRNA和蛋白在红藻氨酸致大鼠海马表达的时空变化 ,探讨其在癫发生发展中的作用。方法　采用红藻氨酸致颞叶癫大鼠模型 ,运用原位杂交和免疫细胞化学检测不同时间点大鼠海马齿状回 (DG)、CA1、CA3 区GIRK2mRNA和蛋白表达。结果　GIRK2mRNA和蛋白在大鼠海马内分布广泛 ,表达丰富 ;大鼠腹腔注射红藻氨酸后 ,GIRK2mRNA在DG区表达逐渐增多 ,12h(实验组 0 4 2 36± 0 0 380 ,对照组 0 3396±0 0 343)、2 4h(实验组 0 4 2 5 3± 0 0 4 37,对照组 0 3173± 0 0 315 )达到高峰 ,与对照组比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 1) ;此后逐渐下降 ,但仍高于对照 ;30d又达到高峰 (P <0 0 1) ;致大鼠海马内GIRK2蛋白仅DG区在 30d时与对照组比较增高有显著意义 (P <0 0 1)。结论　GIRK2mRNA和蛋白在癫大鼠海马内表达增高 ,特别是在DG区 ,提示GIRK2增高是机体对神经元过度兴奋的代偿或适应性反应 ;其合成增加将降低神经元的兴奋性 ,阻止海马内过度兴奋在DG→CA3 →CA1方向的扩散。     

颞叶癫痫大鼠海马TrkB mRNA及其蛋白表达的动态变化

目的 探讨颞叶癫痫发作大鼠海马TrkB mRNA及其蛋白表达的动态变化特征。方法 建立匹罗卡品(PILO)颞叶癫痢大鼠模型,应用原位杂交及免疫组织化学方法分别检测致(?)大鼠海马齿状回、CA3区及CA1区TrkB nRNA及其蛋白质表达的变化。结果 PILO致(?)后3～6 h,海马齿状回颗粒细胞层、CA1、CA3区锥体细胞层TrkB mRNA表达显著增高(P<0.01),稍后TrkB蛋白表达也随之增高。第7-30 d,TrkB mRNA及其蛋白在齿状回、CA3区呈现第二次表达增强。结论在癫(?)发作早期,TrkB表达增强,提示其可能参与急性癫痫状态的发生;后期表达增强则可能参与了海马的可塑性反应而与慢性自发性发作形成有关。     

Noggin参与海人酸损伤后成年大鼠海马颗粒下区颗粒细胞增殖

目的 探讨侧脑室注射海人酸(KA)致大鼠海马损伤后Noggin的表达变化及其与颗粒细胞增殖的关系.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠32只采用随机数字表法分为实验组(16只)及对照组(16只).对照组又分为生理盐水对照组和空白对照组,各8只.实验组大鼠侧脑室注射KA,生理盐水对照组注射等剂量生理盐水.空白对照组不作处理.侧脑室注射KA 1周内,尼氏染色检测海马神经元的丢失.免疫荧光染色与原位杂交的方法检测海马齿状回BrdU标记细胞与Noggin mRNA阳性细胞的变化.结果 在侧脑室注射KA致海马损伤后1周,海马CA3、CA4区神经元丢失明显.与生理盐水对照组比较,实验组海马齿状回BrdU阳性细胞升高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.006),其中注射侧较对侧更为明显.海马Noggin mRNA阳性细胞在第3天时升高,第7天时下降.结论 侧脑室注射KA致海马损伤后.成年大鼠海马齿状回颗粒细胞异常增殖可能与Noggin表达波动有关.     

匹罗卡品癫(癎)模型中蛋白质netrin-1的表达与苔藓纤维出芽的动态变化

目的:探讨神经诱向因子蛋白质netrin-1在癫(癎)持续状态后海马苔藓纤维出芽(MFS)中的作用.方法:氯化锂-匹罗卡品建立大鼠颞叶癫(癎)(TLE)模型,采用Timm染色和免疫组化的方法分别检测MFS和netrin-1在大鼠海马组织中的表达.结果:TLE组大鼠在模型形成的第2周和第4周,海马齿状回内netrin-1的表达较正常对照组明显增加,并可见到MFS,穿越齿状回颗粒细胞层到达内分子层,并形成一条致密的层状带.结论:癫(癎)状态后在海马齿状回netrin-1的表达上调,证明其可能参与了癫(癎)后MFS过程.     

GAD67/GAD65在颞叶癫痫大鼠海马内源性促痫机制中的作用

目的探讨GAD67/GAD65在颞叶癫痫发生后大鼠海马内源性促痫机制中的作用.方法112只雄性SD大鼠随机分为实验组(n=70)与对照组(n=42),实验组大鼠选用海人酸腹腔注射法建立颞叶癫痫模型,对照组大鼠腹腔注射无菌生理盐水.选取腹腔注射后3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、7 d、30 d为研究的时间点,颞叶海马的CA1区、CA3区、齿状回为研究部位.腹腔给药后每天观察大鼠的行为学变化,大鼠处死前进行EEG描记.免疫组织化学法检测GAD65、GAD67蛋白的表达.结果海人酸致痫后6 h,实验组大鼠海马CA1区、CA3区GAD67/GAD65的比率较对照组升高(P＜0.01);海人酸致痫后30 d,实验组大鼠海马齿状回GAD67/GAD65的比率较对照组降低(P＜0.05).结论颞叶癫痫急性期CA1区、CA3区GAD67/GAD65比率的增高及慢性期齿状回GAD67/GAD65比率的降低与颞叶癫痫发生及癫痫发生后机体的内源性抗痫机制密切相关.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]