常见非发酵菌的临床分布与耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染非发酵菌的临床分布特点及耐药性。方法API20NE进行菌种鉴定,K-B法进行药敏试验。结果7年间医院从各种临床标本中共分离出21348株细菌,其中非发酵菌3767株,占革兰阴性杆菌的17.6%;居前4位的依次为铜绿假单胞菌占43.8%、不动杆菌属占39.9%、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌占6.7%、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌占2.7%;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、美罗培南的耐药率〈20.0%;不动杆菌属对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素的耐药率〈20.0%;嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对米诺环素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星的耐药率〈20.0%;洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对米诺环素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率〈20.0%。结论非发酵菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、米诺环素、亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性最高,为临床治疗非发酵菌引起感染的首选药物。     

2003-2005年医院感染不动杆菌属耐药调查分析

目的 了解医院感染不动杆菌属细菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药现状.方法 对2003-2005年198例不动杆菌属医院感染病例进行回顾性调查及耐药情况统计.结果 不动杆菌属主要来源于痰液(74.75%)和创伤分泌物(11.61%)标本;除哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和美罗培南外,其他药物3年间耐药水平差异无统计学意义;198株不动杆菌属对13种抗菌药物总耐药率为:亚胺培南/西司他丁2.53%、美罗培南2.02%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦30.81%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦38.38%、阿米卡星53.54%、头孢吡肟61.11%、左氧氟沙星66.67%、头孢他啶66.16%、环丙沙星68.69%、庆大霉素67.68%、复方新诺明63.64%、哌拉西林70.72%、氨曲南85.35%.结论 不动杆菌属细菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药现象严重,仅亚胺培南/西司他丁和美罗培南保持高度抗菌活性.     

医院金黄杆菌属分布变迁与耐药性研究

目的了解医院金黄杆菌属感染的菌种在临床的分布状况以及对抗菌药物的耐药趋势,为临床治疗金黄杆菌属感染,合理选择抗菌药物提供正确依据,指导临床用药。方法从医院临床标本中分离获得790株金黄杆菌属,用VITEK-32全自动微生物鉴定药敏分析系统进行菌种的鉴定和药物敏感性试验(部分采用K-B法作药物敏感性试验);用WHONET5统计软件对结果进行统计和分析。结果共分离获得金黄杆菌属790株,其中产吲哚金黄杆菌472株,脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌279株,黏金黄杆菌39株;药敏结果显示,产吲哚金黄杆菌对比阿培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为11.2%、29.4%和33.5%;对妥布霉素、左氧氟沙星等7种抗菌药物的耐药率均>80.0%;脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率分别为9.3%、10.0%和27.6%;对妥布霉素、亚胺培南等4种抗菌药物的耐药率均>80.0%;在检出的790株金黄杆菌属中产金属酶脑膜脓毒金黄杆菌167株,产酶率为59.9%,产吲哚金黄杆菌中有307株产金属酶,产酶率为65.0%。结论金黄杆菌属在医院感染有逐年增加趋势,菌种分布发生变迁,多药耐药菌株明显上升;比阿培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对产吲哚金黄杆菌均有很强的抗菌活性,是目前治疗多药耐药产吲哚金黄杆菌感染的最佳选择。     

216株金黄杆菌属的医院感染分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析医院216株金黄杆菌属医院感染及其耐药性.方法 选取医院2009年1月 - 2012年2月发生的216例金黄杆菌属医院感染病例为研究对象,采用VITEK-AMS 60全自动微生物分析系统及配套革兰阴性杆菌鉴定卡(GIN)对216例标本进行分析,并用纸片扩散法(K-B法)检测其耐药率.结果 216份金黄杆菌属标本主要来源于ICU、呼吸科、神经外科、儿科及老年病科,分别占33.33％、23.61％、13.89％、12.04％、11.11％;该组216株金黄杆菌属对常用12种抗菌药物药敏试验结果显示,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率最高,为99.07％,其次为万古霉素、利福平,敏感率为74.54％、60.65％,而对头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、亚胺培南、美罗培南、左氧氟沙星敏感率较低,耐药率均≥75.00％,分别为79.17％、75.00％、78.24％、89.35％、85.19％.结论 金黄杆菌属医院感染多发生于重症医学科、呼吸科以及神经外科等,并对多种抗菌药物耐药;临床治疗应根据药敏试验结果选择较敏感的抗菌药物,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦可作为临床治疗金黄杆菌属细菌感染的首选抗菌药物.     

124株多重耐药菌株对5种抗菌药物的敏感性

目的探讨多重耐药菌株对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及头孢西丁的耐药性,为临床医生提供抗菌药物选药参考. 方法应用纸片扩散法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及持续高产1型诱导酶(AmpC),应用K-B纸片法对124临床分离的多重耐药菌株进行药物敏感试验. 结果 124株多重耐药菌株ESBLs检出率为42%,AmpC检出率为50%,同时产ESBLs和AmpC两种酶检出率为18%;对亚胺培南、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及头孢西丁的敏感性分别为98%、71%、69%、44%及26%,其耐药性分别为2%、18%、19%、16%及74%,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦中介为40%. 结论 124株多重耐药菌株对5种抗菌药物的敏感性依次为亚胺培南>头孢吡肟>头孢哌酮/舒巴坦>哌拉西林/他唑巴坦>头孢西丁,其耐药性依次为亚胺培南<哌拉西林/他唑巴坦<头孢吡肟<头孢哌酮/舒巴坦<头孢西丁.     

重症监护病房非发酵革兰阴性杆菌耐药性变迁

目的 研究重症监护病房(ICU)非发酵革兰阴性杆菌感染状况及耐药性,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 收集2003年1月-2007年12月ICU所分离的非发酵革兰阴性杆菌,采用纸片扩散法进行体外药敏测定.结果 5年中共分离到非发酵革兰阴性杆菌386株,最多见的依次是不动杆菌属219株、铜绿假单胞菌117株和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌36株;非发酵革兰阴性杆菌对大多数抗菌药物呈高耐药性,不动杆菌属对亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率最低,分别为3.7%、28.3%和42.9%;2007年对亚胺培南的耐药率升高至21.7%;近2年铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率明显升高(58.0%),对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的总耐药率最低(20.5%);嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌较敏感的是头孢他啶、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦.结论 非发酵菌是ICU重要的病原菌,加强其流行及耐药性监测可以为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.     

医院获得性肺炎与呼吸机相关性肺炎的病原菌构成及耐药性差异

目的了解医院获得性肺炎(HAP)与呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的病原菌构成及耐药性差异。方法对2008年5月-2010年1月,呼吸科及呼吸重症监护病房发生的HAP和VAP患者下呼吸道分泌物进行细菌学鉴定和耐药性分析。结果 VAP和HAP中,铜绿假单胞菌分别占55.2%、53.9%,其对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星的耐药率VAP组明显高于HAP组(P≤0.05),且耐药率均>50.0%,对亚胺培南的耐药率在两组中分别为5.4%和7.7%,对美罗培南的耐药率和敏感率与亚胺培南相似;不动杆菌属对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均>50.0%;在VAP组,不动杆菌属对米诺环素耐药率为0,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为33.3%,在HAP组,不动杆菌属对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率为12.0%,对米诺环素的耐药率为33.3%。结论 VAP与HAP中主要的病原菌是革兰阴性菌,耐多药细菌明显增加,VAP病原菌的耐药率更高;米诺环素和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦在对不动杆菌属引起的VAP和HAP的治疗中仍有重要的价值。     

心外科重症监护病房鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的 分析心外科重症监护病房鲍氏不动杆菌耐药情况,了解其现状,为控制感染和临床治疗提供可靠依据.方法 对2008年心外科重症监护病房的感染标本采用常规方法分离细菌,对所分离的细菌使用VITEK-Jr全自动细菌鉴定仪鉴定菌种,并用GNS-133药敏卡测定鲍氏不动杆菌对13种抗菌药物的体外药敏结果,并使用扩散法进行头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的药敏试验;利用WHO所提供WHONET-5软件进行统计.结果 在14种抗菌药物中,亚胺培南耐药率为74.4%;氨苄西林耐药率100.0%;氨基糖苷类抗菌药物阿米卡星、庆大霉素和妥布霉素耐药率分别为93.0%、93.0%和88.4%;其他抗菌药物,包括第三代头孢菌素、氟喹诺酮类、复方新诺明、哌拉西林等抗菌药物的耐药率均>70.0%,仅有头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率18.6%,敏感率为41.9%.结论 鲍氏不动杆菌对于抗菌药物多药耐药现象严重,仅头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率>40.0%,应继续加强对该菌耐药性的监测.     

医院肠杆菌科细菌耐药谱分析

目的 了解医院常见肠杆菌科细菌的耐药性动态趋势,为临床医师合理用药提供参考.方法 收集2009年1月-2011年12月医院住院患者中分离出的2437株病原菌,应用细菌鉴定仪及药敏板进行细菌鉴定及药敏试验.结果 检出肠杆菌科细菌1190株,占48.83％,其对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物亚胺培南和美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率一直保持在较低水平,耐药率为0～8.65％,而对大多数β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的耐药率一直维持在较高水平,耐药率为＞70.00％,其中对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,2009、2011年各年的耐药率均＞90.00％.结论 医院肠杆菌科细菌的检出率一直维持在较高水平;亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦可作为经验性治疗肠杆菌科细菌引起的重症感染的首选抗菌药物.     

头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的抗菌活性

目的 调查头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对医院非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的体外抗菌活性情况,了解头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的体外抗菌作用.方法 收集医院2008年6月1日-2009年6月1日临床标本中分离到非发酵菌362株,并检测其对9种抗菌药物的耐药性.结果 医院非发酵菌感染以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌为主;其对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为29.2%、20.8%、25.0%、27.3%,其抗菌活性优于亚胺堵南和美罗培南,更强于哌拉西林/他唑巴坦.结论 医院非发酵菌感染耐药率高,且多药耐药严重,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对治疗多药耐药非发酵菌感染具有广阔的临床应用前景.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.