微创手术治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形（附102例报告）

ChiariⅠ型畸形又称小脑扁桃体下疝畸形，常合并脊髓空洞症，后颅窝减压是治疗ChiariⅠ型畸形最有效的手术方法。我科自2001年1月至2007年10月，采用微创后颅窝小骨窗减压加扁桃体切除治疗ChiariⅠ型畸形102例，效果良好，现报道如下。     

19例Chiari畸形并脊髓空洞症的分型与手术

目的:探讨Chiari畸形并脊髓空洞症的分型与术式的关系。方法:对19例Chiari畸形并脊髓空洞症病例,根据临床症状及其MRI影像分为三种类型。结果:根据不同类型采用不同的手术方式,并获得了较满意的效果。其中行枕下减压扩大硬膜囊术5例,枕下减压扩大硬膜囊并脊髓空洞穿刺抽吸术10例,枕下减压扩大硬膜囊小脑扁桃体部分切除并脊髓空洞穿刺抽吸术4例。结论:Chiari畸形并脊髓空洞症的分型有利于术式的选择。     

Chiari畸形的解剖学特点与分型

Chiari畸形(Chiari malformation,CM)又名先天性小脑扁桃体下疝畸形,或者阿基氏畸形,是一系列异质性很高的解剖异常。除后脑(hindbrain,主要指延髓、脑桥及小脑)下疝外,Chiari畸形还同时包括多种颅脑及脊柱畸形。1883年,英国解剖学家John Cleland首次在文献中描述了此类畸形。1891~1895年,奥地利病理学家Hans Chiari首次系统地将此类畸形分为四型,即目前的传统分型:Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ型。近年来,随着诊断工具的发展以及对Chiari畸形认识的深入,许多文献报道了临床描述不符合传统分型的Chiari分型。在此基础上,Chiari畸形延伸出一些更细致的分型:Chiari畸形0型、1.5型和3.5型;同时,由于其中某些罕见的分型并不为临床工作者所熟知,对Chiari畸形的认识至今仍存在许多错误。目前国内尚缺少描述Chiari畸形解剖学特点的文献,而其准确分型关系到患者的治疗原则及预后,甚至影响基因研究的准确性。笔者旨在阐述这类畸形的准确分型,以便理解其中的差别。     

小脑扁桃体下疝切除术治疗Chiari畸形伴脊髓空洞症

Chiari畸形并脊髓空洞症是神经外科常见疾病之一,近年来,随着MRI的广泛应用,该病的诊断、治疗均有较多进步,但对其确切的发病机理仍然不清楚,手术方式较多,疗效各异.我们采用后路减压,显微外科手术软膜下切除小脑扁桃体、正中孔开放+硬膜扩大修补治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症17 例,报告如下.     

Chiari畸形后路减压手术术后近期并发症分析

Arnold Chiari畸形（Arnold Chiari malformation，ACM），也称小脑扁桃体下疝畸形,是一种以小脑扁桃体下疝人枕骨大孔为特征的先天性畸形。Chiari畸形的手术目的是解除颈枕部组织对脊髓的压迫，恢复正常的脑脊液动力学，缓解脊髓空洞。我院1998年1月～2006年6月共手术治疗Chiari畸形154例，对术后1个月内出现的各种并发症进行总结，报告如下。     

Chiari Ⅰ型畸形手术前后的诱发电位研究

[目的]研究Chiari Ⅰ型畸形患者手术前后的诱发电位的变化规律，观察手术前脊髓空洞的程度与诱发电位变化之间的关系。[方法]对2003年10月-2004年9月收治的15例Chiari Ⅰ型畸形患者，采取寰枕减压术、硬膜成形术。手术前第1～3d和手术后第10—14d分别检测BAEP、SEP、MEP，然后对这些患者经过6个月的随访，进行脊髓功能JOA评分和MRI复查。[结果]15例Chiari Ⅰ型畸形患者手术前14例SEP、MEP异常，手术后临床症状均有所缓解，脊髓功能JOA改善率为60．3％，MRI复查显示脊髓空洞明显缩小、诱发电位SEP检测P40-N22、N20-N13潜伏期与MEP检测中枢传导时间CMCT值和BAEP检测Ⅰ—Ⅴ峰间期，三者测的值比术前均缩短，差异有显著性。同时发现Chiari畸形患者的SEP与MEP检查测得皮层值术后比术前缩短，差异有显著性，而外周神经传导时间术后与术前比较却没有任何变化。[结论]诱发电位可以作为评价Chiari Ⅰ型畸形手术前后效果的客观而相对准确的检查方法。     

蛛网膜下腔引流治疗Chiari畸形伴脊髓空洞的疗效观察

目的:探讨蛛网膜下腔引流治疗Chiari畸形伴脊髓空洞的手术技巧,总结其临床效果。方法:对56例Chiari畸形伴脊髓空洞的患者进行后颅凹减压和蛛网膜下腔引流术。根据引流部位的不同分为两组,A组行椎板切除术后从正中切开脊髓放置引流;B组从神经根下入路切开脊髓放置引流。结果:两种手术方法术后患者疼痛和感觉减退均明显好转,临床效果满意。1例手术后3周因颈椎不稳猝死,3例手术后上肢麻木加重。结论:Chiari畸形伴脊髓空洞在枕骨大孔减压的同时行空洞蛛网膜下腔引流术效果好,不足之处为手术切口长,椎板打开节段数多,少数患者术后上肢麻木加重。     

先天性颅颈交界区畸形外科技术研究进展

先天性颅颈交界区畸形是枕寰枢区域骨与神经组织发育异常的一种先天性疾病,表现形式多样,其中寰枢椎脱位、颅底凹陷、Chiari畸形及复杂类型需外科治疗。手术技术有减压技术、矫形复位技术、内固定技术,手术入路分前路、后路、侧方入路,后路减压与矫形复位内固定术逐渐成为外科治疗的主流术式。     

手术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞的临床分析

目的:探讨对Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞的手术方式。方法:通过对36例Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞患者,根据脊髓空洞的大小采取后颅窝减压术或后颅窝减压加空洞-蛛网膜下腔分流术。结果:36例病人全部进行了随访,临床改善明显者22例,稍有改善9例,无明显改善5例,总有效率87.9％。结论:充分的后颅窝减压术对大多数病人可以取得较好的疗效,尤其空洞离下疝扁桃体越近者,手术效果越好;对空洞/弁髓比大于50％的患者行后颅窝减压术加空洞-蛛网膜下腔分流术是必要的,它可解除空洞对脊髓的膨胀性压迫;做到早诊断,早治疗,是提高本病疗效的重要手段。     

两种手术方法治疗Chiari Ⅰ型畸形疗效比较

目的 观察枕后减压硬膜扩大修补＋小脑扁桃体切除与枕后减压硬膜扩大修补两种手术方法治疗ChiariⅠ畸形的疗效.方法 回顾性总结2006年1月-2012年6月新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院神经外科总共97例ChiariⅠ型畸形患者,A组行枕后减压硬膜扩大修补＋小脑扁桃体切除55例;B组行枕后减压硬膜扩大修补42例,对比两组手术效果、空洞消退情况及术后近期并发症发病率.结果 门诊随访6个月～8年,共随访到85例患者,按Tator疗效标准,A、B组优、良、差率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,促进空洞消退对比差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.A、B两组术后分别有5例、4例患者发生切口感染,术后一过性头痛分别为25例、18例,术后早期脑脊液漏并皮下积液分别为8例、6例,A组死亡1例,总并发症发病率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 枕后减压硬膜扩大修补和枕后减压硬膜扩大修补＋小脑扁桃体切除均是治疗Chiari Ⅰ畸形的可靠方法,两者手术效果无明显差异,而枕后减压硬膜扩大修补手术步骤较少,损伤更小.     

Resolution of trigeminal neuralgia following third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus associated with Chiari I malformation: case report.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Cranial nerve dysfunction, including trigeminal neuralgia, has been associated with Chiari I malformations. In such cases, trigeminal neuralgia is thought to be related to tonsillar compression of the brainstem or to traction on the cranial nerves. Hydrocephalus may be a contributing factor. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old woman had right-sided lancinating facial pain typical of trigeminal neuralgia but was otherwise neurologically intact. Magnetic resonance imaging showed no evidence of a compressing vessel. Moderate hydrocephalus and a Chiari I malformation were noted incidentally. The visibility of the aqueduct was poor. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent a third ventriculostomy and her symptoms resolved completely. CONCLUSION: This is the first case in which trigeminal neuralgia was treated with a third ventriculostomy and one of only four cases of isolated trigeminal neuralgia associated with a Chiari malformation. Acquired aqueductal stenosis may have caused the hydrocephalus which, in turn, caused the Chiari malformation configuration that caused the trigeminal neuralgia. The rationale for the treatment modality and possible causes of Chiari I-induced trigeminal neuralgia are discussed.     

Surgical management of Chiari I malformation based on different cerebrospinal fluid flow patterns at the cranial-vertebral junction

Chiari I malformation has been shown to present different cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow patterns at the cranial-vertebral junction (CVJ). Posterior fossa decompression is the first-line treatment for symptomatic Chiari I malformation. However, there is still controversy on the indication and selection of decompression procedures. This research aims to investigate the clinical indications, outcomes, and complications of the decompression procedures as alternative treatments for Chiari I malformation, based on the different CSF flow patterns at the cranial-vertebral junction. In this study, 126 Chiari I malformation patients treated with the two decompression procedures were analyzed. According to the preoperative findings obtained by using cine phase-contrast MRI (cine PC-MRI), the abnormal CSF flow dynamics at the CVJ in Chiari I malformation was classified into three patterns. After a preoperative evaluation and an intraoperative ultrasound after craniectomy, the two procedures were alternatively selected to treat the Chiari I malformation. The indication and selection of the two surgical procedures, as well as their outcomes and complications, are reported in detail in this work. Forty-eight patients underwent subdural decompression (SDD), and 78 received subarachnoid manipulation (SAM). Ninety patients were diagnosed as having Chiari I malformation with a syrinx. Two weeks after the operation, the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (mJOA) scores increased from the preoperative value of 10.67 ± 1.61 to 12.74 ± 2.01 (P < 0.01). The mean duration of follow-up was 24.8 months; the mJOA scores increased from the postoperative value of 12.74 ± 2.01 to 12.79 ± 1.91 at the end of follow-up (P = 0.48). More complications occurred in the patients who underwent SAM than in those who received SDD (SAM 11 of 78 (9.5%) vs SDD 2 of 48 (3.5%)). The abnormal CSF flow dynamics at the CVJ in Chiari I malformation can be classified into three patterns. A SAM procedure is more feasible in Chiari I malformation (CM1) patients with pattern III CSF flow dynamics, whereas a SDD procedure is more suitable for CM1 patients with pattern I CSF flow dynamics. In CM1 patients with pattern II CSF flow dynamics, an intraoperative ultrasound after craniectomy could play an important role in the selection of an effective decompression procedure.     

Fulcrum-bending像与伴发脊髓空洞或(和)Chiari畸形脊柱侧凸的手术治疗

[目的]探讨Fulcrum-bending(支点弯曲位)像对伴发Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞的脊柱侧凸手术治疗的帮助及新思路,并分析手术疗效。[方法]18例伴发脊髓空洞和(或)Chiari畸形的脊柱侧凸患者的治疗方案分两组:(1)牵引后前后路联合脊柱侧凸矫形手术(6例):对脊柱侧凸有手术矫形指征、伴发无明显神经损害的Chiari畸形和(或)脊髓空洞者,先行Halo颅骨牵引,1周后行脊柱侧凸矫形手术;(2)直接行后路脊柱侧凸矫形手术(12例):术前拍Fulcrum-bending像,并根据其结果对脊柱侧凸进行矫形。[结果]6例牵引后手术患者Cobb’s角平均矫正率为61%;6例柔软型侧凸患者直接后路手术患者均未出现神经并发症,Cobb’s角平均矫正率为60%,且术前Fulcrum-bending像与术后Cobb’s角相接近;6例僵硬型侧凸患者中1例出现轻微神经损害情况,后逐渐恢复,Cobb’s角平均矫正率为52%,手术存在过度矫正。[结论]对无明显神经损害的伴发脊髓空洞或ChiariI型畸形的脊柱侧凸柔软患者,不必行术前牵引而直接行后路手术,且可以获得与牵引后前后路联合手术类似的矫形效果。     

Chiari type I malformation with an associated intramedullary schwannoma

A case of Chiari type I malformation associated with a cervical intramedullary schwannoma is presented. A review of the literature concerning intramedullary schwannomas revealed their most frequent location to be in the cervical region. Their optimal treatment seems to be total removal as early in the course as is feasible. Emphasis is given to the need for actual demonstration of the cystic nature of the swollen spinal cord when dealing with Chiari type I malformation.     

Hydrosyringomyelia and its management in childhood

Syringomyelia, once regarded as a degenerative disease of adults, is now recognized to be a disorder usually associated with the Chiari malformation and occurring in patients of all ages. We have reviewed 47 patients with syringomyelia treated on the Neurosurgical Service at the Hospital for Sick Children during the years 1977 to 1985. Twelve of these patients had a Chiari I malformation, 30 had a Chiari II malformation, and 5 had an acquired Chiari malformation. Thirty-one of these patients were treated by decompression of the Chiari malformation and plugging of the obex, 5 were treated by a simple posterior fossa decompression, 9 were treated by shunting of the syringomyelic cavity, and 2 were treated by a combined decompression of the posterior fossa and shunting of the syrinx. The Gardner procedure (decompression of the Chiari malformation and plugging of the obex) was the procedure most commonly used in managing our group of patients and resulted in improvement in over 70% of patients.     

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis in newborns with neuraxial malformations--two case reports--

Two neonates presented with inspiratory stridor due to bilateral vocal cord paralysis associated with occipital encephalocele, Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus in one patient, and cervical meningomyelocele and Chiari malformation in the other patient. The clinical symptoms dramatically regressed after repair of the encephalocele or meningomyelocele with no requirement for craniovertebral decompressive procedures or shunts in the acute phase. Careful evaluation of neonatal stridor and recognition of vocal cord paralysis are important, as treatment of associated congenital central nervous system anomalies is likely to achieve satisfactory surgical results.     

Transverse Microincisions of the Outer Layer of the Dura mater Combined with Foramen Magnum Decompression as Treatment for Syringomyelia with Chiari I Malformation

Summary Numerous surgical procedures have been proposed for treatment of syringomyelia associated with Chiari I malformation, but the optimal treatment has not yet been uniformly standardised. The main aim of the surgical treatment of syringomyelia/Chiari I complex is directed toward restoration of physiological cerebrospinal fluid dynamic at the craniovertebral junction. We report the surgical results of eight patients, affected by syringomyelia and Chiari I malformation, age range from 18 to 62 years, treated by bony foramen magnum decompression combined with transverse microincisions of the outer layer of the dura mater. In an average postoperative follow-up period of two years neurological symptoms and signs improved in seven patients. Postoperative Magnetic Resonance showed a decrease in size of the syrinx in seven patients. These results suggest that foramen magnum decompression combined with transverse microincisions of the outer layer of the dura 1) is an effective and safe treatment option for syringomyelia and Chiari I malformation, 2) corrects the circulatory disturbances of cerebrospinal fluid dynamic, 3) leads to a decrease in size of the syrinx and to a significant improvement in neurological signs and symptoms, 4) avoids complications of intradural approaches and syringosubarachnoid shunting.     

Transoral decompression evaluated by cine-mode magnetic resonance imaging: a case of basilar impression accompanied by Chiari malformation

Cine-mode magnetic resonance imaging provides simultaneous images of cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics. A patient with a basilar impression accompanied by a Chiari malformation and von Recklinghausen's disease who underwent transoral decompression is reported. Preoperative cine-mode magnetic resonance imaging visualized an associated obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pulsatile flow at the level of the foramen magnum. Tonsilar herniation (Chiari I malformation) and hydrocephalus were also present. Postoperatively, the obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow was resolved concomitant with the correction of the cervicomedullary angulation. On the basis of observations made by magnetic resonance imaging, the surgical treatment of basilar impression accompanied by Chiari malformation is briefly discussed.     

Rapid development of Chiari I malformation in an infant with Seckel syndrome and craniosynostosis. Case report and review of the literature

To illustrate the rapidity with which a child can develop a severe, symptomatic Chiari I malformation, the authors present the case of a 3-month-old infant with Seckel syndrome (microcephaly, micrognathia, craniosynostosis, and multiple other abnormalities) and posterior sagittal and bilateral lambdoid synostosis. The infant underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging shortly after birth; the initial image demonstrated the cerebellar tonsils in the posterior fossa, with no herniation. He subsequently developed severe apneic episodes and bradycardia; repeated MR imaging at 3 months demonstrated severe tonsillar herniation with compression of the brainstem. The child underwent posterior fossa remodeling surgery, including release of the posterior sagittal and lambdoid sutures and decompression of the Chiari I malformation. The patient's apnea gradually improved; however, he died of complications of pneumonia and sepsis several weeks later. The authors identified from the literature 21 patients in whom there was a documented MR image or other neuroimage that did not reveal evidence of a Chiari I malformation, followed by a subsequent study with clear documentation of the presence of Chiari I malformation. The interval between the initial study and the development of the tonsillar herniation ranged from 11 days to 18.5 years. In most cases, a lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion had been performed. This patient developed a severely symptomatic Chiari I malformation during a 3-month period. These reports illustrate that the Chiari I malformation can develop rapidly in the face of increased intracranial pressure, craniosynostosis, and spinal CSF diversion.     

Syringomyelia with Chiari malformation; 3 unusual cases with implications for pathogenesis

Summary Syringomyelia is an important cause of neurological deficit. Most cases of non-traumatic syringomyelia occur in association with a Chiari malformation. We present three unusual examples of syringomyelia with such an association. The first case is that of syringomyelia in a young woman with Marfans syndrome, a spontaneous CSF leak and intractable intracranial hypotension. The second is a woman with long-standing lumbo-peritoneal shunt for pseudotumour cerebri who developed an acquired Chiari malformation. A young woman with a Dandy-Walker cyst that herniated into the upper cervical canal is the third case. These cases provide a basis for discussion of the pathogenesis and management of syringomyelia and the Chiari malformation in such cases.