2008年六盘水市部分中学生视力不良状况调查

[目的]了解六盘水市中学生视力不良状况,为中学生的近视防治工作提供依据。[方法]2008年11月,对六盘水市2所中学的高一入学新生进行视力检测。[结果]调查学生2 097人,检出视力不良者1 199人,视力不良检出率为57.18%。视力不良者中,轻度视力不良占15.93%,中度视力不良占28.02%,重度视力不良占56.05%;近视占99.25%,其他眼疾占0.75%。视力不良率,男生为49.91%,女生为65.83%(P<0.01);第三中学为63.92%,实验中学为49.65%(P<0.01)。男生、女生视力不良率,均为第三中学高于实验中学(P<0.01)。[结论]2008年六盘水市中学生视力不良率较高。     

曲靖市第一中学2010-2013年学生视力不良情况分析

目的了解曲靖市第一中学学生视力不良状况,为开展中学生近视防治工作提供依据。方法采用统一的"国际标准对数视力表",对2010-2013年曲靖市第一中学生体检资料中的裸眼远视力检测结果进行统计分析。结果2010-2013年曲靖市第一中学学生总体视力不良率为92.19%,其中男生视力不良率为90.53%,女生视力不良率为93.90%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=70.41,P<0.05),各年级女生视力不良检出率均明显高于男生;视力不良检出率最高的年级是2013年11年级、12年级,男女生视力不良检出率均为96%以上,女生高达98%以上;男女生视力不良率及不良程度均随着检测年限的推移、年级和年龄的增长而不断上升。结论该学校学生视力不良问题十分严重,应积极采取综合防治措施保护中学生视力。     

2019年乐山市3个监测区县6～18岁中小学生视力不良现状调查

目的了解乐山市6～18岁中小学生视力不良现状,为制定干预政策和措施提供科学依据。方法在乐山市市中区、峨眉山市、犍为县3个监测点中采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取6所小学,11所中学共17所学校中6～18岁中小学生共7 878人进行远视力检查和自动电脑验光检测。数据双录入后,运用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,采用单因素χ~2检验及Cochran-Armitage趋势检验分析视力不良流行现状。结果乐山市中小学生视力不良检出率为57.7%,近视率为46.3%,近视占视力不良分类的80.1%。城区视力不良检出率高于郊县(χ~2=47.882,P0.01)。女生视力不良检出率高于男生(χ~2=65.297,P0.01)。学生视力不良率及近视率均随年级升高呈上升趋势(χ_(趋势)~2=1 677.758,P0.01)。近视率在小学一年级时最低(6.3%),视力不良率在小学二年级时最低(30.4%)。结论乐山市6～18岁中小学生近视率低于全国平均水平,但仍较高,应着力打造政府-家庭-学校-医疗防控体系,科学防控视力不良。     

北京市中高考学生2009-2018年视力不良现况与趋势

了解2000-2018年北京市中考及高考生视力不良情况与发展趋势,为科学预防学生视力不良提供依据.方法 对北京市2009-2018年中、高考学生体检视力检测结果进行统计分析,北京市中、高考生体检时间为每年3月份,分析中、高考生视力不良检出率趋势以及不同区县间视力不良率的差异.结果 北京市2009-2018年中考生、高考生视力不良率处于上升趋势,平均视力不良率分别为86.07%,76.36%.2018年中、高考生重度近视不良检出率较2017年增长16.39%,18.64%.重度近视不良率明显上升,而轻、中度近视不良趋于稳定.中考生视力不良率以西城区(84.75%)、朝阳区(84.03%)最高,高考生视力不良率以丰台区(91.17%)、东城区(89.82%)最高.结论 北京市中、高考学生视力不良检出率稳定上升,其中重度近视不良上升最为明显.视力保护健康教育对学生具有重要意义,应加强中、高考学生视力保护的广泛干预.     

2008年中原油田中学生视力不良状况调查

[目的]了解中原油田中学生视力不良状况,为学生的近视防治工作提供依据。[方法]2008年4~6月,对中原油田4所中学的在校学生进行视力状况检测。[结果]调查学生16 994人,视力不良检出率为60.37%。视力不良者中,轻度视力不良占33.15%,中度视力不良占34.43%,重度视力不良占32.43%;近视占95.38%,其他眼疾占4.17%。视力不良率,女生为69.17%,男生为53.56%(P0.01);初中生为47.45%,高中生为74.85%(P0.01);男生、女生和男女合计,均随着年级的升高而增高(P0.01)。[结论]2008年中原油田中学生视力不良率较高。     

1997—2011年承德市双桥区城区中小学生视力不良情况分析

目的了解承德市双桥区城区中小学生视力不良的发展规律和动向,为青少年近视防治工作提供科学依据。方法对承德市双桥区城区1997—2011年中小学生视力不良检查资料进行统计分析。结果中小学生视力不良率总体呈上升趋势;中小学生视力不良率女生高于男生;视力不良率与年级成正比,随着年级的增高,视力不良率随之增高;中学生视力不良率高于小学生,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论中小学生视力不良率呈明显上升,应引起社会高度重视,采取综合性措施,社会、学校、家长、学生就要相互配合。     

沈阳市2008-2012年中小学生视力不良状况

了解2008-2012年间沈阳市中小学生视力不良率变化情况,为有效开展近视防控工作提供参考资料.方法 利用每年1次的沈阳市中小学生体检资料,总结分析2008-2012年间学生视力不良检出率的流行特点.结果 2008-2012年沈阳市中小学生视力不良平均检出率分别为62.1%,62.7%,64.3%,65.8%,66.4%.各学段女生视力不良检出率均高于男生;随着年级增加,学生视力不良检出率增高;各学段城市学生视力不良检出率均高于乡村.结论 2008-2012年沈阳市学生视力不良检出率有逐年增高趋势,自2011年后视力不良增长率明显下降.应关注低年级学生的近视防控工作.     

上海市嘉定区2009-2013年中小学生视力不良流行趋势分析

了解嘉定区2009-2013年中小学生视力不良变化趋势,为中小学生近视防控工作的开展提供依据.方法收集整理嘉定区2009-2013年间的中小学生视力检查结果,并进行统计分析.结果 2013年嘉定城区小学生和初中生视力不良率(29.08%,78.61%)均高于农村地区(26.56%,68.63%),差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为109.22,182.85,P值均<0.05).近5a来,该区中小学生总体视力不良率由46.36%上升至47.83%,上升了1.47百分点,其中小学生视力不良率上升了3.67百分点,初中生上升了3.52百分点,高中生上升了1.94百分点.在视力不良构成方面,2009-2013年均以中、重度为主,其中重度视力不良学生的比例由46.40%上升至53.29%.结论 嘉定城区和农村地区中小学生视力不良率总体呈上升趋势,且重度视力不良的比例逐年上升,学生“防近”形势仍然严峻.应及早采取针对性的干预措施,控制近视的发生和发展.     

盐城市儿童青少年视力不良状况与屈光检测分析

目的 了解盐城市5～17岁儿童青少年视力不良与屈光不正状况,为近视的评估和预防提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,兼顾农村和城市、小学和中学,随机抽取4 330名在校学生进行视力检查和屈光检测。结果 盐城市2018年儿童青少年视力不良率、近视率分别为69.15%、59.98%。女生视力不良率(72.13%)高于男生(66.46%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.269,P<0.001)。城市学生视力不良率(68.63%)与农村学生(69.74%)差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.621,P=0.430)。不同性别、不同地区儿童青少年近视率不同,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),女生近视率(62.71%)高于男生(57.52%),城市学生近视率(62.56%)高于农村学生(56.98%)。学生视力不良率和近视率均随着学段升高而增加,近视占视力不良比例也随学段升高而增加,近视率增长幅度最大的年龄段为8～11岁。结论 盐城市中小学生视力不良率与近视率仍处于一个较高的水平,应采取综合干预措施进行防控,逐步降低视力不良与近视的发生,保障儿童青少年视力健康。     

北京市通州区托幼儿童和中小学生视力筛查结果分析

目的了解北京市通州区托幼儿童和中小学生视力不良现况,为全区视力不良防控工作提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法选取通州区16所幼儿园、中小学、职高,共4 945名儿童和学生,对其视力状况进行筛查。结果通州区托幼儿童和中小学生视力不良检出率58.40%,近视检出率50.54%,近视占视力不良的86.53%。视力不良和近视检出率女生高于男生,城区高于农村,并且随着年龄和学段上升呈逐步上升趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论通州区托幼儿童和中小学生视力不良检出率高,防控形势严峻,需要家庭、学校、社会共同努力采取有针对性的干预措施,改善儿童和学生视力不良流行状况。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.