脑卒中患者尿路感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 观察脑卒中患者尿路感染病原菌分布特点,分析其耐药性,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对2010年3月-2012年3月98例脑卒中并发尿路感染患者尿液按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行病原菌分离、培养鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验分析.结果 从98例脑卒中尿路感染患者尿液样本中分离出病原菌106株,8例患者发现两种病原菌同时感染,占8.2％,未见≥3种病原菌同时感染者,其中以革兰阴性菌为主占54.7％,其他依次为革兰阳性菌占25.5％、真菌占19.8％;大肠埃希菌、肠球菌属和白色假丝酵母菌分别是最主要的革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌和真菌,分别占34.9％、12.3％和11.3％;大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛、哌拉西林、头孢唑林和环丙沙星耐药率均＞70.0％,而对美罗培南、阿米卡星和头孢他啶的耐药率＜30.0％,未发现对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药菌株;肠球菌属对红霉素、磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶和青霉素的耐药率＞70.0％,对环丙沙星、庆大霉素和氨苄西林耐药率在40.0％～50.0％,未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的肠球菌属;白色假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑、制霉菌素耐药率仅为4.8％,未发现对两性霉素B和氟康唑耐药的白色假丝酵母菌.结论 脑卒中尿路感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌最为常见,细菌耐药现象较为严重,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物,同时避免真菌耐药现象的出现.     

老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的 了解老年患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布及其耐药性,供临床用药参考.方法 采用VITEK-32全自动细菌鉴定仪进行病原菌菌种鉴定,纸片扩散法(K-B)测定细菌药物敏感性,WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析.结果 3年共检出病原菌1637株,其中革兰阴性菌1112株,占67.93％,前4位病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌,分别占23.46％、20.28％、9.35％和7.15％；革兰阳性菌393株,占24.01％,前3位病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌和肠球菌属,分别占12.95％、6.05％和2.87％；真菌132株,占8.06％,前3位为白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌和光滑假丝酵母菌,分别占5.01％、1.59％和1.16％；肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌对氨曲南和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的耐药率为70.83％、71.88％和67.77％、71.08％,对亚胺培南未发现耐药株；鲍氏不动杆菌的耐药率普遍较高,并呈多药耐药,革兰阳性菌对青霉素的耐药率最高,＞85.00％,耐药率较低的药物有阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星和利福平,耐药率最低的为替考拉宁和万古霉素,未发现耐药株；肠球菌属的耐药率普遍较高.结论 老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,并出现多药耐药,临床应根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物.     

MICU病原菌分布及泛耐药菌感染危险因素分析

目的 了解综合医院内科重症监护病房病原菌分布及泛耐药菌医院感染相关危险因素.方法 2010年1至12月内科重症监护病房收治的266例患者临床标本中分离菌株673株,经VITEK-2微生物鉴定系统鉴定;回顾性分析资料完整的泛耐药菌感染病例60例,1∶1病例对照研究,logistic多因素回归分析筛选出泛耐药菌医院感染的危险因素.结果 分离的673株病原菌中,645株来源于呼吸道标本,其次来源于尿、血、皮肤创口脓液;338株为革兰阴性杆菌,包括非发酵革兰阴性菌37.9％,肠杆菌科细菌7.4％;其次是真菌210株,均为假丝酵母菌属;革兰阳性菌125株,占18.6％,包括葡萄球菌属11.4％、肠球菌属3.7％;泛耐药菌感染的独立危险因素为有创机械通气(OR=14.820)、住院时间＞30 d(OR=9.269)及应用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物(OR=4.857).结论 内科重症监护病房病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,非发酵菌多于肠杆菌科细菌;其次是真菌和革兰阳性球菌,假丝酵母菌多于革兰阳性球菌,屎肠球菌多于粪肠球菌;降低危险因素有助于预防和控制泛耐药菌引起的医院感染.     

血培养病原菌的临床分布及药物敏感性分析

目的:了解医院2006年1月-2009年6月血培养结果及病原菌的耐药状况,为血液感染性疾病的诊断、治疗提供依据。方法:回顾性分析我院导致血液感染的1345株病原菌的分布及其抗菌药物耐药状况。结果:从血液标本中培养分离病原菌1345株。其中革兰阴性菌550株,占40.8%,包括大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌;革兰阳性菌468株,占34.9%,包括金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、人型葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌、草绿色链球菌;酵母菌39株,占2.9%,包括热带假丝酵母菌、白色假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星的敏感性较高,革兰阳性球菌对利奈唑胺、磷霉素、万古霉素、替考拉宁较为敏感,真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、氟康唑、伊曲康唑均敏感。结论:血液感染患者菌种复杂,革兰阴性杆菌为引起菌血症的主要病原茵,药敏结果提示检出菌株耐药性强且广谱耐药,应加强病原菌耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

2008-2009年肝胆外科病房病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的调查肝胆外科医院近2年病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2008年1月-2009年12月医院肝胆外科患者各类送检标本的病原菌种类、分布和对25种抗菌药物的耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共分离出病原菌594株,其中革兰阴性菌418株(70.4%),革兰阳性菌142株(23.9%),真菌34株(5.7%);革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌(19.9%)居多、革兰阳性菌以屎肠球菌(10.1%)居多,真菌主要为热带假丝酵母菌和白色假丝酵母菌;主要分离部位为腹腔引流液、痰液和胆汁;革兰阴性杆菌对碳青酶烯类以及含有酶抑制剂的药物耐药率较低,鲍氏不动杆菌对目前的抗菌药物耐药率高达81.7%～99.7%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)对常用抗菌药物耐药性高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);没有检测到对万古霉素耐药的葡萄球菌属;肠球菌属对利奈唑胺和万古霉素的耐药率较低。结论肝胆外科患者医院感染主要病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,定期监测病原菌并按照药敏结果选择药物治疗很有必要。     

吉首市人民医院11852例标本病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院感染病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌类药物、控制医院感染提供依据。方法对吉首市人民医院2015年1月-2016年12月的全院11 852例标本进行病原菌统计分析,采用VITEK全自动微生物鉴定系统对病原菌进行鉴定,并测定其对相应抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 11 852例标本共检出病原菌2 641株,检出率22.28%。其中革兰阳性菌820株,占31.05%,革兰阴性菌1 586株,占60.05%,真菌235株,占8.90%。检出的病原菌,其标本来源前三位是痰液(985株,37.30%)、血液(618株,23.40%)、尿液(448株,16.96%)。在科室中以儿科检出最多(525株,19.88%),其次为肾病内科(359株,13.58%)、ICU(286株,10.83%)。主要的革兰阴性菌为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌复合菌,其中大肠埃希菌对头孢唑汀完全耐药,铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌复合菌对头孢唑啉和氨苄西林完全耐药;主要的革兰阳性菌包括金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、人葡萄球菌人亚种、粪肠球菌,其中葡萄球菌对青霉素完全耐药,粪肠球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺无耐药,对克林霉素完全耐药。主要真菌为白色假丝酵母菌,其次为热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌,其中白色假丝酵母菌对常见的抗真菌药物耐药率低。结论应加强综合医院病原菌分布及耐药检测,合理指导临床使用抗菌药物,减少多重耐药的产生。     

1023株中段尿培养的病原菌分布和耐药性

目的了解尿培养的病原菌分布和耐药性,为尿路感染的诊断及抗菌药物的合理使用提供依据。方法回顾性分析2018年8月至2020年7月医院住院患者中段尿培养的病原菌分布和耐药性,采用珠海迪尔公司96-DL全自动细菌鉴定和药敏分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,按照美国临床和实验室标准协会(CLSI)发布的最新版标准判读药敏试验结果。结果7395例中段尿标本共分离出1023株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌710株(69.40%),主要为大肠埃希菌404株(39.49%),肺炎克雷伯菌95株(9.29%),奇异变形杆菌60株(5.87%);革兰阳性菌195株(19.06%),主要为屎肠球菌75株(7.33%)、粪肠球菌71株(6.94%);真菌118株(11.53%)。3种主要的革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率最高,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率最低;屎肠球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高,粪肠球菌对四环素的耐药率最高,2种主要的革兰阳性菌均对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁的耐药率最低;热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌对抗真菌药物的耐药率较高,白假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌对抗真菌药物的耐药率较低。结论大肠埃希菌为中段尿培养的主要病原菌,其耐药率高,临床医师应根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物,以减少病原菌耐药的发生。     

血液需氧培养病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 回顾性分析3年血培养标本病原菌分布,了解病原菌耐药性变迁,为临床用药提供依据.方法 收集2009年1月-2011年12月住院患者送检血液需氧培养标本3380份,采用VERSATREK-48型全自动血液培养仪进行细菌培养,HX-21型微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定和药敏分析,纸片扩散法(K-B法)对药敏试验进行补充.结果 3380份血培养标本中分离出病原菌505株,培养阳性率14.94％,其中革兰阴性菌244株占48.32％,革兰阳性菌237株占46.93％,真菌24株占4.75％；常见凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌分别占24.75％、16.83％、10.89％;产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为55.29％和36.00％,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为40.00％和76.80％；病原菌检出率最高的病区是神经内科155株占30.69％,其次是呼吸内科占21.39％、新生儿科占20.79％；革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林的耐药率＞90.00％,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺的耐药率为0；白色假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌对氟胞嘧啶的耐药率均为0；对氟康唑的耐药率分别为6.67％和20.00％.结论 血液培养中葡萄球菌属是主要致病菌,但革兰阴性菌所引起的感染也在逐渐升高,深部真菌的感染也不容忽视；只有做到合理使用抗菌药物,才能避免高耐药与多药耐药菌株的产生.     

2004-2009年血培养标本中病原菌分布及其耐药性

目的分析血流感染病原菌及其耐药性,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2004年1月-2009年12月临床送检血培养标本所分离的病原菌及药敏试验结果。结果 7153份血培养标本中共获得701株病原菌,革兰阳性菌占52.1%,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占首位,葡萄球菌属对苯唑西林的耐药率高,检出2株耐万古霉素肠球菌;革兰阴性菌占34.5%,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分别占15.1%、4.6%、2.7%,其中60.4%大肠埃希菌和36.8%肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs阳性,两者均对亚胺培南、美罗培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感性高;真菌占13.4%,以热带假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、白色假丝酵母菌为主,对抗真菌药物敏感率均较高,其中ICU患者占分离真菌菌株的37.6%。结论 5年血流感染呈逐年上升趋势,病原菌种属多样化,耐药率高;临床应加强对血培养中病原菌及耐药性的监测。     

2012—2016年血液病患者血流感染病原菌分布及耐药性

目的了解血液病患者血流感染的临床特点、病原菌分布和耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析2012年1月—2016年12月发生血流感染的血液病患者临床资料,包括感染部位、病原菌种类及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况等。结果血培养阳性血流感染患者共308例,分离病原菌337株,其中革兰阳性菌119株（35.3%）,主要为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和肠球菌属;革兰阴性菌215株（63.8%）,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌;真菌3株（0.9%）,均为热带假丝酵母菌。血流感染患者分离菌株中革兰阴性菌所占比率逐渐增加,最高达71.6%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率均<20%。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、环丙沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率均<20%。主要革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺敏感率接近或达到100%,未检出耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）。热带假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B 100%敏感。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β 内酰胺酶菌株检出率分别为55.6%、41.2%。8株金黄色葡萄球菌中检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌5株,60株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率为86.7%。结论血液病住院患者血流感染病原菌种类较多,革兰阴性菌所占比例呈上升趋势,且多重耐药菌检出率高,应根据不同地区病原菌分布及耐药情况合理选择抗菌药物。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.