非发酵菌感染在某医院ICU分布及耐药特点

目的研究重症监护病房(ICU)患者非发酵菌感染分布特点及耐药情况,为科学选择抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对某医院ICU患者送检标本非发酵菌及药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果该医院ICU在两年内从住院患者送检病原学标本中共分离非发酵菌220株,包括鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌等5种细菌。其中鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌构成比分别为51.82%和41.82%,分居前2位。临床分离的非发酵菌对多种常用抗菌药物有不同程度耐药,对氨苄西林、头孢曲松和头孢替坦全部耐药,对亚胺培南和氨曲南耐药率为80%~100%。结论该医院ICU患者标本分离的非发酵菌种类多,耐药严重,根据药敏结果选用抗菌药物和加强实时监控为主要防控措施。     

某医院临床分离铜绿假单胞菌的分布及耐药性研究

目的 研究临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌感染分布及其耐药性,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。 方法 采用细菌分离鉴定技术和药敏试验方法,对某医院住院及门诊患者送检的病原学标本进行细菌检测与评价。 结果 从该医院临床送检标本中共分离出铜绿假单胞菌 506株,主要分离自痰液、分泌物和尿液标本,构成比依次为68.8%、11.7%和9.1%。送检标本数量居前3位的科室分别是重症监护病房、呼吸内科和脑外科,构成比依次为24.3%、22.7%和15.0%。临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对所试验的14种抗菌药物全部产生不同程度耐药,耐药率最低的是妥布霉素、阿米卡星和庆大霉素。 结论 该医院临床分离出的铜绿假单胞主要为呼吸道感染,对临床常用抗菌药物均不同程度耐药,应加强耐药菌监测和抗菌药物管理。     

住院患者多重耐药菌感染监测及防控北大核心

目的调查住院患者多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染情况并提出感染防控措施。方法通过病原学标本检验和药敏试验方法,对某医院住院病人病原学标本进行监测和全程追踪调查。结果连续3年从该医院住院患者送检标本中,共检出多重耐药菌117株,主要为耐碳青霉烯类的铜绿假单胞菌,构成比为52.99%;其次是耐甲氧西林金黄葡萄球菌,构成比为15.38%。检出多重耐药菌的标本主要分离自重症监护病房、创伤骨科和呼吸内科。以痰标本为主,其次是伤口分泌物和尿液。结论该医院住院患者送检标本检出的多重耐药菌主要是耐碳青酶烯类菌株,应加强MDRO感染患者的监测,落实消毒隔离措施并加强抗菌药物使用管理。     

某医院肺炎克雷伯菌感染状况及其耐药性分析

摘要 目的 <\b>研究医院肺炎克雷伯菌感染临床特点及其耐药情况,为临床科学选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法 <\b>通过回顾性分析方法,对某医院住院患者送检病原学标本检测结果进行研究与分析。结果 <\b>该医院连续2年从住院患者送检的病原学标本中共分离出肺炎克雷伯菌1 127株,肺炎克雷伯菌感染患者主要分布于神经外科,重症监护病房（ICU）和呼吸内科。检出肺炎克雷伯菌的标本以痰液居首位,构成比占68.50%,其次是尿液,占11.18%。临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌对哌拉西林和氨苄西林耐药率分别为97.34%和94.23%,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物比较敏感。结论 <\b>该医院肺炎克雷伯菌感染病例相对集中在神经外科和重症监护病房,该菌对头孢类抗菌药物普遍耐药,应加强耐药菌株监测并参照药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

住院患者多重耐药菌感染情况与防控探讨

摘要 目的 了解某医院多重耐药菌分布情况,提出感染管理与预防控制措施。方法 通过目标性监测和病原菌分离鉴定技术,对住院患者感染多重耐药菌情况进行分析。结果 该医院2015年度从住院感染患者送检病原学标本中共检出多重耐药菌378株,以多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和阴沟肠杆菌分居前5位。多重耐药菌主要分离自痰液、伤口分泌物、脓液和血液,构成比分别为60.85%、9.79%、8.73%和6.88%。多重耐药菌感染患者主要来自各类重症监护病房,占分离总菌株数的52.65%。结论 该医院临床分离多重耐药菌以革兰阴性菌为主,呼吸道感染居首。应重点关注各科室重症监护病房。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染分布和耐药性研究

目的了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染的临床分布和耐药性,为制定有效防控措施提供参考。方法采用致病菌分离鉴定技术和药敏试验方法,对某医院住院患者送检病原学标本进行检测与分析。结果共诊断嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染患者197例,分离出嗜麦芽债市假单胞菌197株,主要分布在重症监护病房(ICU)和呼吸内科,构成比分别为57.4%和13.7%。感染标本分离的嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌对临床15种常用抗菌药物中多数产生耐药,仅对米诺环素、复方磺胺和左旋氧氟沙星等抗菌药物较敏感。结论该医院嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染主要分布于ICU危重病人群,对常用抗菌药物普遍耐药,应以药敏试验结果选择抗菌药物。     

某医院铜绿假单胞菌感染特点及其耐药性分析

目的研究医院铜绿假单胞菌感染特点及其耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对某医院住院患者送检病原学标本中铜绿假单胞菌分离鉴定和药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果从该医院住院患者送检的病原学标本中共检出铜绿假单胞菌258株,2011-2013年度检出株数依次为68株、82株和108株,主要分离自痰液标本,其次为脓液。临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用16种抗菌药物普遍耐药,对多数头孢类抗菌药物和氨苄西林耐药率超过50%,仅对亚胺培南和美落培南耐药率较低,对氨曲南耐药率已超过30%。结论该医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况严重,应根据药敏结果合理用药。     

某医院住院患者铜绿假单胞菌感染和耐药性变迁

〖HT5"H〗摘要 目的 〖HT5"SS〗了解住院患者铜绿假单胞菌感染情况及耐药性变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。 方法 采用回顾性调查方法,对某医院住院患者铜绿假单胞菌感染情况及其耐药性变迁进行调查分析。 结果 该医院连续5年发生927例铜绿假单胞菌感染患者,从患者送检标本中检出铜绿假单胞菌927株,年平均分离率14.9%,有86.9%分离自痰液标本。铜绿假单胞菌感染患者主要分布在重症监护病房、神经外科和呼吸科。临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、美罗培南和亚胺培南等抗菌药物尚比较敏感;对庆大霉素的耐药率最高,接近50%;其中有22.87%为多重耐药菌株。 结论 该医院临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌中多重耐药菌检出率较高,应加强抗菌药物的管理,控制多重耐药菌传播流行。     

铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性变迁分析

目的 回顾性研究临床分离铜绿假单胞菌的标本来源、病区分布、耐药状况及其变迁。方法 采用Microscan Walkaway40鉴定药敏系统及传统手工方法对2002~2012年医院各类临床送检标本中分离到的1 114株铜绿假单胞菌进行鉴定及药敏试验,对结果进行统计分析。结果 1 114株分离的铜绿假单胞菌中,有64.18%来自呼吸道标本。铜绿假单胞菌感染主要发生在重症监护病房(ICU)病房,占49.64%。2002~2012年间,铜绿假单胞菌对19种抗菌药物的耐药率总体呈上升趋势。结论 铜绿假单胞菌常引起呼吸道感染,其耐药机制复杂,可选择的抗菌药物有限。     

基层医院ICU送检标本铜绿假单胞菌检出与分布

目的了解基层医院重症监护病房住院患者标本铜绿假单胞菌检出情况及其分布特点,有针对性地制定感染防控措施。方法采用回顾性调查方法,对某医院重症监护病房送检标本铜绿假单胞菌进行分离鉴定与分析。结果 2010年度该医院重症监护室共送检住院患者标本2 438份,检出1 136株铜绿假单胞菌,检出率为46.60%。以患者呼吸道分泌物标本检出率最高,构成比为85.65%,其他标本检出率仅占14.44%。结论基层医院ICU住院患者标本中铜绿假单胞菌检出率较高,以呼吸道标本检出率居首位,应作为重点防控对象。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."