血管外肺水指数和肺毛细血管渗透性指数在肺水肿诊断中的意义

目的 探讨血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、肺毛细血管渗透性指数(PVPI)在诊断及动态监测肺水肿时的临床价值.方法 选择40例行脉搏轮廓曲线连续心排血量(PiCCO)监测的肺水肿患者,根据入院时的病史、症状、体征、辅助检查及血流动力学变化将患者分为急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)组(15例)和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)组(25例).记录入院时各指标并行相关性分析,再于置入气管插管0、24和72 h 时记录存活与死亡患者EVLWI、胸内血容量指数(ITBVI),并计算PVPI值.结果 ①置管0 h 时ARDS组PVPI显著高于ACPE组(P＜0.01).②相关性分析显示:ACPE组PVPI与氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、EVLWI、ITBVI、中心静脉压(CVP)均无显著相关性(P均＞0.05);EVLWI与PaO2/FiO2(r=-0.672,P＜0.01)、APACHEⅡ评分(r=0.412,P＜0.05)、ITBVI(r=0.636,P＜0.05)有一定相关性.ARDS组PVPI与EVLWI(r=0.904 P＜0.01)、PaO2/FiO2(r=-0.554,P＜0.01)、APACHEⅡ评分(r=0.390,P＜0.05)均显著相关;EVLWI与PaO2/FiO2(r=-0.602,P＜0.01)、APACHEⅡ评分(r=0.457,P＜0.05)、PVPI(r=0.904,P＜0.01)具有一定相关性.③绘制PVPI受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),曲线下面积(AUC)为0.956±0.019(P＜0.01);选取PVPI的截断点为2.23时,其敏感性为92.0%,特异性为93.3%.④根据预后,将患者分为存活组及死亡组,ACPE和ARDS存活组的EVLWI均逐渐下降(P＜0.05和P＜0.01);ACPE死亡组PVPI有增高趋势(P＜0.01).结论 将EVLWI、PVPI(截断点2.23)用于鉴别静水压性和通透性肺水肿,以及评估病情严重程度和预后有一定的临床意义.     

血管外肺水和容量指标在感染性休克患者呼吸机撤离中的临床意义

目的 探讨血管外肺水及容量指标在感染性休克患者呼吸机撤离过程中变化的临床价值.方法采用前瞻性研究,选择2010年1月至2012年7月52例需呼吸机支持的感染性休克患者,在脉搏指示连续心排血量(PiCCO)技术监测下治疗,达到撤机标准后循序进行自主呼吸试验(SBT)、拔管.根据48 h内撤机结局分为撤机成功组(38例)与撤机失败组(14例),比较两组撤机前、撤机后0.5 h、拔管后0.5 h、撤机失败时或撤机48 h的血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、容量指标[如全心舒张期末容量指数(GEDVI)、胸腔内血容量指数(ITBVI)、肺血管渗透性指数(PVPI)]和N末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)的差异.对撤机失败者进行PVPI分层,比较高PVPI组(PVPI≥1.5 ml/m2)和低PVPI组(PVPI＜ 1.5 ml/m2)NT-proBNP、肺内血容量(PBV)差异.结果 两组撤机前容量指标和EVLWI、NT-proBNP差异均无统计学意义.两组撤机和拔管后EVLWI、GEDVI、ITBVI、PVPI和log NT-proBNP均进行性升高,其中撤机失败组在观察终点EVLWI (ml/kg)、PVPI(ml/m2)、log NT-proBNP均明显高于撤机成功组(EVLWI:12.81 ±2.13比8.48±1.53,PVPI:2.79±1.29比2.19±0.94,log NT-proBNP:3.72±0.35比3.44±0.28,P＜0.05或P＜0.01);在拔管后0.5 h和观察终点,撤机失败组GEDVI(ml/m2)、ITBVI(ml/m2)均明显高于撤机成功组(拔管后0.5 h:GEDVI 986.29±166.44比856.47±149.15,ITBVI:1171.07±167.03比1045.79±146.09;观察终点:GEDVI 957.00±67.25比816.86±27.58,ITBVI:1184.29±209.68比993.79±168.90,P＜0.05或P＜0.01).分层分析显示,撤机失败者观察终点低PVPI组log NT-proBNP、PBV均明显高于高PVPI组(log NT-proBNP:4.02±0.11比3.71±0.23,PBV:507.19±25.72比347.85±47.52,P＜0.05和P＜0.01).结论 感染性休克患者撤机拔管过程可增加容量负荷,造成肺水肿而撤机失败,渗透性肺水肿和压力性肺水肿均参与其中,并以前者为主;容量监测可及时帮助提示肺水肿的原因,对治疗有指导价值.     

脓毒性休克早期液体复苏对血管外肺水的影响及相关因素研究

目的探讨脓毒性休克早期液体复苏对血管外肺水（EVLW）的影响及相关因素研究。方法选择20例脓毒性休克早期存在血容量不足[即胸内血容量指数（ITBVI）〈750ml／m^2]的患者，给予血定安快速液体复苏至ITBVI〉850ml／m^2为复苏终点，采用单指示剂热稀释法测定的血管外肺水指数（EVLWI），根据入选时EVLWI监测值将患者分为EVLWI≤7ml／kg（n=8）及EVLWI〉7ml／kg（n=12）两组，监测液体复苏前（Tb）及复苏结束后即刻（T0）、1h（T1）、2h（T2）、4h（T4）血流动力学、EVLWI、氧合指数（PaO2／FiO2）等指标的变化。结果①两组患者在达到液体复苏终点后T0、T1、T2时ITBVI、全心舒张末期容积指数（GEDVI）、心排血指数（CI）、每搏指数（SI）、中心静脉压（CVP）均明显增高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01），但T4与Tb相比差异均无显著性（P均〉0．05）；两组同时间点ITBVI、GEDVI、CI、SI、CVP比较差异均无显著性（P均〉0．05）。②与Tb相比，两组在T0、T1、T2、T4时EVLWI、PaO2／FiO2均无明显改变（P均〉0．05），但EVLWI〉7ml／kg组在各相同时间点PaO2／FiO2均显著低于EVLWI≤7ml／kg组（P均〈0．05）；③在早期复苏过程中EVLWI与ITBVI、GEDVI、CI、SI、CVP均无明显相关性（P均〉0．05），与PaO2／FiO2具有负相关性（r=-0．765，P〈0．01），与肺毛细血管渗透性指数（PVPI）呈正相关（r=0．678，P〈0．01）；④20例患者中28d内死亡6例（占30％），死亡患者复苏前后EVLWI均显著高于存活患者（P均〈0．05），但复苏前后EVLWI变化值（△EVLWI）比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论脓毒性休克早期进行液体复苏可使ITBVI、GEDVI、CI、SI、CVP增加，但不影响EVLW及氧合。EVLWI的升高可能与PVPI增加有关，与PaO2／FiO2呈负相关，并与患者预后密切相关。     

脉搏指数连续心排血量监测指标与脓毒性休克患者预后的相关性分析

目的探讨脉搏指数连续心排血量（PiCCO）监测指标与脓毒性休克患者预后的相关性。方法根据预后情况将43例脓毒性休克患者分为死亡组与存活组,比较2组患者的一般资料、治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、PiCCO监测指标,并将具有统计学差异的PiCCO监测指标与死亡率进行相关性分析。结果 43例患者中存活21例（48.8%）,死亡22例（51.2%）,死亡组与存活组患者在性别、年龄、感染部位、MAP、CVP、ITBVI、SVRI等方面比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,而在治疗前APACHEⅡ评分、CI、EVLWI及PVPI方面比较存在显著差异（P〈0.01）;CI与患者死亡率呈显著负相关（r=-0.18,P〈0.01）,EVLWI、PVPI均与患者死亡率呈显著正相关（r=0.31,P〈0.01;r=0.19,P〈0.01）。结论 PiCCO仅通过中心静脉及动脉导管即可精确、持续地监测多项指标,创伤小,危险性低,其中CI、PVPI、EVLWI等指标与脓毒性休克患者预后具有密切相关性,对于指导治疗及评估预后均具有重要临床价值。     

32例脓毒性休克患者动脉轮廓法血流动力学监测变化特点分析

目的 观察脓毒性休克患者在早期目标治疗(EGDT)前后动脉轮廓法(PiCCO)血流动力学监测的变化特点.方法 32例脓毒性休克患者分为存活组(n=23)及死亡组(n=9).同期类似病种无休克患者为对照组(n=5).于诊断即刻、6 h、12 h和24 h监测心率(HR)、血压(BP)、尿量(UV)和中心静脉压(CVP);同时利用PiCCO监测仪测定平均动脉压(MAP)、心排量(CO)、全心舒张末期容量指数(GEDVI)、体循环阻力指数(SVRI)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)和肺血管通透指数(PVPI).结果 脓毒性休克患者入院初始GEDVI、MAP较对照组显著降低,HR明显增快,尿量减少(P<0.01);18例 CO≥7.0 L/min,6例 CO≤4.5 L/min;SVRI均≤1700 mm Hg·min/(L·m2),EVLWI、PVPI则在正常范围内;CVP≥12 mm Hg的患者有8例,CVP≤6 mm Hg有18例,余下患者CVP在8～12 mm Hg.经EGDT方案治疗后,各组的GEDVI、CVP值较前升高,HR下降,MAP回升,但死亡组在6 h甚至12 h仍未至65 mm Hg;与死亡组相比,存活组患者的CO、SVRI、EVLWI和PVPI均差异有统计学意义,而且随时间的推移,死亡组患者CO进行性降低、EVLWI及PVPI则进行性升高(P<0.01).结论 脓毒性休克患者存在高排低阻的血流动力学特点;即便一开始表现为低心排,经液体复苏后也会表现为高心排;持续低心排、进行性EVLWI、PVPI升高,提示预后不良.与CVP相比,GEDVI更能有效地指导脓毒性休克患者的液体复苏.     

肺血管通透性指数用于急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的预后评估

目的探讨使用脉搏指数持续心输出量监测(PiCCO)技术测得的血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、肺血管通透性指数(PVPI)对急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的预后进行评估。方法回顾性分析50例行PiCCO监测的明确诊断为ARDS患者的临床资料,根据预后分为死亡组与存活组,分别记录患者一般情况,0 h、24 h、72 h的血流动力学参数,比较EVLWI和PVPI在各时间点的差异,与氧合指数的关系。结果存活组APACHEⅡ评分、血乳酸水平均低于死亡组(P<0.05),存活组的氧合指数高于死亡组;分层分析提示当EVLWI≥12 ml/kg时EVLWI与PaO2/FiO2呈明显负相关,当PVPI≥5时PVPI与PaO2/FiO2呈明显负相关;死亡组患者在起病后0 h、24 h、72 h的PVPI均较存活组明显增高。结论 PVPI可以作为急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者严重程度的评估指标之一,EVLW和PVPI指导下的液体限制治疗可能是ARDS的有效治疗手段。     

呼气末正压对血管外肺水及氧合的影响

目的 探讨不同水平的呼气末正压(PEEP)对接受机械通气的感染性休克患者血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)及氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)的影响.方法 采用前瞻性、干预性的研究方法对北京协和医院MICU 15例行机械通气的感染性休克患者应用跨肺热稀释法及持续脉搏轮廓的方法进行血流动力学监测(PiCCO plus).所有患者采用容量控制通气,血流动力学稳定后,每隔1 h递增PEEP水平,PEEP从0增加到20 cm H2O(如果能耐受),根据不同的PEEP水平分为五组(0、5、10、15、20 cm H2O).应用one-way ANOVA和Pearson's进行统计分析及相关分析,观察不同水平的PEEP对EVLWI、PaO2/FiO2的影响及其相关性.结果 15例感染性休克患者,男10例(67%),女5例(33%),平均年龄(67.6 ± 19.5)岁,APACHEⅡ评分(22.1 ± 7.5)分,基础PEEP( 8.5 ± 3.6 )cm H2O, 基础PaO2/FiO2(225.6 ± 89.2)mm Hg,ICU病死率67.6%.随着PEEP的升高,PaO2/FiO2升高,各组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),PEEP 对EVLWI及肺毛细血管通透性(PVPI)无明显影响.PaO2/FiO2与EVLWI、PVPI呈负相关(PaO2/FiO2 vs. EVLWI: r=-0.258,P=0.034;PaO2/FiO2 vs. PVPI: r=-0.324,P=0.007).结论 短时间应用PEEP 能改善氧合,但不降低 EVLWI.     

PiCCO在ARDS合并感染性休克的老年患者早期目标导向治疗中的应用

目的:探讨脉波指示剂连续心排血量监测(PiCCO)技术在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)合并感染性休克的老年患者早期目标导向治疗(EGDT)中的临床指导价值.方法:将88例ARDS合并感染性休克的老年患者随机分成治疗组和对照组,治疗组采用PiCCO技术指导下EGDT,对照组按规常进行EGDT.记录两组患者6、24 h各项参数,6、24 h达标率及30 d病死率等参数.结果:治疗组6、24 h复苏液体量显著多于对照组(P＜0.01),血管活性药物用量显著少于对照组(P＜0.05);复苏24 h的MAP、CVP、ScvO2、每小时尿量、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、全心舒张末期容积指数(GEDI)、胸腔内血容量指数(ITBVI)、心排指数(CI)、6、24 h达标率显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);血清乳酸浓度(Lac)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、全身血管阻力指数(SVRI)、肺血管通透性指数(PVPI)、30 d病死率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:PiCCO指导下液体复苏在ARDS合并感染性休克的老年患者EGDT中具有积极的临床意义.     

血管外肺水指数在脓毒症相关性ALI/ARDS患者液体管理中的意义

目的 通过观察严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克患者血管外肺水指数(extravascular lung water index,EVLWI)与氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)和胸腔内血容量指数(intrathoracic blood volume index,ITBVI)的相关性,探讨血管外肺水在脓毒症相关性急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ALI/ARDS)患者液体管理中的指导意义,为脓毒症相关性ALI/ARDS患者的液体管理提供新的临床策略.方法 选择2006年4月至2008年4月浙江大学医学院附属第二医院重症医学科符合严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克伴ALI/ARDS患者24例,应用PiCCO技术监测患者胸腔内血容量指数(ITBVI)和血管外肺水指数(EVLWI),用血气分析同时监测动脉血氧分压(PaO2),以PaO2/吸入氧浓度(FiO2)计算氧合指数.比较EVLWI与PaO2/FiO2和ITBVI与EVLWI之间的相关性.采用简单相关分析法进行统计学分析.结果 EVLWI与PaO2/FiO2呈明显负相关(r=-0.45,P＜0.01).进一步以EVLWI=14 mL/kg进行分层分析,当EVLWI≤14 mL/kg时,两者无明显相关性(r=0.12,P=0.243);当EVLWI＞14 mL/kg时,两者呈明显负相关(r=-0.47,P＜0.01).这可以提示对严重脓毒症/脓毒性休克伴ALI/ARDS患者,EVLW不是影响氧合的唯一因素,当EVLWI＞14 mL/kg时,可以通过降低EVLW来改善氧合,但更应综合考虑影响氧合指数的各种因素.ITBVI与EVLWI无明显相关性(r=0.02,P=0.84).进一步以ITBVI=1000 mL/m2进行分层分析,当ITBVI≤1000 mL/m2时,两者无明显相关性(r=0.13,P=0.17);当ITBVI＞1000 mL/m2时,两者呈明显正相关(r=0.40,P＜0.01).这提示我们对于脓毒症相关性ALI/ARDS,当ITBVI＞1000mL/m2时,可以通过降低ITBV来降低EVLW,但对于肺毛细血管通透性增高症引起的EVLW,不能通过降低ITBV来降低.结论 EVLW在脓毒症相关性ALI/ARDS的液体管理中具有重要指导意义.     

脓毒性休克患者呼吸指数与血管外肺水指数的相关性

目的探讨脓毒性休克患者早期呼吸指数(RI)水平与血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)的相关性。方法选择入住ICU的脓毒性休克患者55例,根据预后分为死亡组20例和存活组35例,比较2组入院时和入院后第3、5天的RI、血管外肺水指数(ELWI)、肺血管通透性指数(PVPI)和心指数(CI)。结果与入院时比较,存活组患者第5天RI、EVLWI、PVPI水平明显下降(P0.05),而死亡组第5天RI、EVLWI、PVPI水平明显升高,CI明显下降(P0.05)。死亡组患者在入院第3、5天的RI、EVLWI、PVPI均显著高于同期的存活组患者(P0.05),CI则在入院第5天显著低于同期的存活组(P0.05)。2组患者RI与EVLWI呈显著正相关(r=0.526,P0.01)。结论脓毒性休克患者早期RI、EVLWI动态变化可预测患者的预后,并且RI与EVLWI具有显著相关性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."