波氏假阿利什菌和尖端赛多孢子菌随机扩增DNA多态性分析

为了解波氏假阿利什菌和尖端赛多孢子菌的基因学特征，研究其DNA分型与菌种来源的关系。采用随机扩增多态性DNA分析（RAPD）方法。发现3种引物可将来自5个国家的13株波氏假阿利什菌和18株尖端赛多孢子菌分为31个基因型。     

rDNA ITS序列在鉴定尖端赛多孢子菌中的应用

为探明一例眼外伤摘除的眼球活组织中培养分离出的一株形态特异的尖端赛多孢子菌的分子生长学特征及其与波氏假阿利什菌、一般尖端赛多孢子菌标准株的亲缘关系,采用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增其ｒＤＮＡ中基因间转录区（ＩＴＳ）,并对ＰＣＲ产物进行限制性片段长度多态性分析（ＲＦＬＰ）。结果发现,形态特异的尖端赛多孢子菌株与标准株及其它同种菌株具有相同的酶切图谱,而与预孢霉和烟曲霉则不一致,表明该菌株就是波氏假阿     

rDNA ITS序列在鉴定尖端赛多孢子菌中的应用

为探明一例眼外伤摘除的眼球活组织中培养分离出的一株形态特异的尖端赛多孢子菌的分子生物学特征及其与波氏假阿利什菌、一般尖端赛多孢子菌标准株的亲缘关系,采用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）扩增其ｒＤＮＡ中基因间转录区（ＩＴＳ）,并对ＰＣＲ产物进行限制性片段长度多态性分析（ＲＦＬＰ）。结果发现,形态特异的尖端赛多孢子菌株与标准株及其它同种菌株具有相同的酶切图谱,而与顶孢霉和烟曲霉则不一致,表明该菌株就是波氏假阿利什菌的无性期。该标准菌株的ＩＴＳ序列酶切图谱可供快速、准确地鉴定尖端赛多孢子菌及其有性期,以便于临床早期诊断和及时治疗。     

肺结核病人合并真菌感染浅析

材料与方法标本:为经临床诊断的肺结核病人晨第1口深部痰。材料:血平板、沙保弱氏平板、MIC试剂盒,生化微量鉴定管。方法:把患者痰标本同时接种于血平板及沙保弱氏增养基上,35±1℃,培养24~48小时,观察结果,取可疑菌落进行生化鉴定。我们在长期痰增培养中,发现肺结核病人常出现未见效病菌结果的问题,考虑是否长期大量应用抗生素引起菌群失调的可能,遂在痰培养接种血平板的同时接种沙保弱氏平板,自2002年起共计检测500例痰标本,观察结果,血平板上生长白色假丝酵母菌为178例,其余尚有克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希氏菌,假单孢菌和G 球菌则未统计。沙…     

耶氏菌检查法

当前已有40多个国家发现耶氏菌病。1970年国际细菌学分类命名委员会将耶氏菌划归肠杆菌科。现该菌属有4个种。1.小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)。2.鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pestis)。3.假结核耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pseudotubercu-     

假结核菌F2株对小白鼠侵袭性研究

目的 了解假结核菌F2株对小白鼠的侵袭性和机体内的带菌情况。方法 用F2株在肉汤管内培养48h后．加入适量碳酸氢钠盛于喂饮瓶对1．8组共32只只小白鼠自然饮食3—8d，第9组只以饲料伴食，作为空白对照。在不同时间采血检测抗假结核菌抗体，同时剖取脏器分别压印培养和4℃增菌后划皿分离培养。结果 小白鼠脾肿大明显，肝、脾压印直接和增菌10d、20d、30d转YSA培养基划线均阴性，而胃、回盲脏器经增菌10d、20d、30d转YSA培养基划线分离出8株目标菌。结论假结核耶氏菌F2株对小白鼠具有侵袭性和不致死性。     

耶尔森菌选择培养基在鼠疫耶尔森菌分离培养中的应用

目的了解大肠埃希氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、鼠疫耶尔森菌等实验菌株在不同培养基上的生长情况。方法将9种实验菌株分别接种营养琼脂培养基、赫氏培养基、耶尔森菌选择培养基进行分离培养。结果 9种实验菌株在营养琼脂培养基、赫氏培养基上生长良好,而在耶尔森菌选择培养基上只有鼠疫耶尔森菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌、假结核耶尔森菌生长,其它实验菌株受到抑制未生长。结论耶尔森菌选择培养基在鼠疫耶尔森菌的分离培养中优于营养琼脂培养基和赫氏培养基。     

不同pH值对几种常见暗色致病真菌生长的影响

目的 观察不同pH值对几种暗色致病真菌生长的影响.方法 将裴氏着色真菌、紧密着色真菌、疣状瓶霉、卡氏支孢霉、皮炎外瓶霉、甄氏外瓶霉、假阿利什菌、链格孢和申克氏孢子丝菌接种在pH值为1-14的沙氏培养基上,观察其生长情况.结果 几种着色真菌在pH值为5、6、7的沙氏培养基上均生长良好;疣状瓶霉、皮炎外瓶霉适宜生长的pH值范围较广.在pH值为4～12的培养基上均生长良好;在pH值为1、2、14的培养基上以上6种真菌均不生长.假阿利什菌在pH 4～14的培养基上可生长,链格孢、申克氏孢子丝菌在pH3-14的培养基上可生长.结论 pH值对几种着色真菌、外瓶霉、假阿利什菌、链格孢和申克氏孢子丝菌的生长均有不同程度的影响.皮炎外瓶霉、疣状瓶霉较裴氏着色真菌、卡氏支孢霉适宜生长的pH值范围广.     

志贺氏菌属、克雷伯氏菌属诊断噬菌体的建立和应用

(一)志贺氏菌属诊断噬菌体的研究分离筛选到一株志贺氏菌广谱性噬菌体Sh,对4679株志贺氏菌培养物全部具有裂解作用。与肠杆菌科6种噬菌体配合做裂解试验,其裂解模式与志贺氏菌的血清型是严格的对应关系,并有99％的志贺氏菌培养物可被IRTD的Sh噬菌体所裂解,可准确签别具有与志贺氏菌相同O抗原的大肠埃希氏菌,特异性为99.96%.本方法简单,优于常规方法.可在6小时内确诊志贺氏菌培养物,适用     

白假丝酵母菌合并奴卡氏菌感染1例

本文就白假丝酵母菌合并奴卡氏菌感染1例进行了探讨,并做如下报告。     

Meningitis caused by Pseudallescheria boydii

We present a 43-year-old immunocompetent man who developed meningitis caused by Pseudallescheria boydii. The patient had no history of near drowning, trauma, steroid administration, operations or any other underlying systemic disease. He presented with intermittent fever associated with headache, bilateral eye pain, and vomiting. Progressive hydrocephalus was noted during the course of the disease. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ventricular system allowed culture of the organism. Although the disease was diagnosed antemortemly, the patient died after antifungal treatment. This case is reported because of the unusual pathogen, unresponsiveness to amphotericin B combined with 5-fluocytocin, and immunocompetence of the patient without any predisposing factors.     

鲍曼不动杆菌感染的相关危险因素调查分析与防治

目的探讨鲍曼不动杆菌感染相关危险因素。方法156例患者根据是否感染鲍曼不动杆菌分为感染组66例和非感染组90例,比较两组的烧伤总面积、是否进行机械通风、机械通风时间、气管切开、深静脉置管、抗生素使用时间等,并进行鲍曼不动杆菌感染相关危险因素的多因素分析。结果烧伤总面积、机械通风、抗生素使用时间、深静脉置管、有创性治疗操作过多以及免疫力低下,均可造成鲍曼不动杆菌感染及交叉感染的高危因素。结论鲍曼不动杆菌为导致烧伤患者严重感染的重要菌株之一,医护人员应增强无菌观念、严格执行无菌操作及隔离措施、规范性使用抗生素以及尽可能避免气管切开及深静脉置管等侵人性操作或缩短其时间等对鲍曼不动杆菌的感染和预防都有着很重要的意义。     

168株痢疾杆菌的菌群鉴定及药敏试验结果分析

目的了解本地区腹泻患者检出痢疾杆菌菌群分布及对药物敏感情况。方法收集我院肠道门诊2006年6～10月腹泻患者粪便标本进行痢疾杆菌分离,以生化试验和血清学试验进行菌株鉴定分群,以K—B法进行药物敏感试验。结果共分离出168株痢疾杆菌,生化及血清鉴定结果,宋内志贺菌占63．7％,福氏志贺菌占35．1％,鲍氏志贺菌占1．2％,未检出痢疾志贺菌;药敏显示检出菌株对诺氟沙星、奥格门丁的耐药率分别为8.3％、9．5％,对磺胺、氨苄西林、四环素、萘啶酸、利福平有较高的耐药率均超过75％。结论宋内痢疾杆菌为优势菌群,检出菌株对诺氟沙星、奥格门丁的耐药率较低。可为临床使用抗生素提供参考。     

病原微生物盲样鉴定结果分析

目的通过盲样考核活动,评价本实验室检测微生物的技术水平和能力,确保日常检测结果的准确、可靠。方法按照GB/T4789-4、5-94和2003进行检测。结果盲样检出:1#沙门氏菌属O4群;2#志贺氏菌;3#肠炎沙门氏菌;4#福氏志贺氏菌2a;5#宋内氏1相;6#鼠伤寒沙门氏菌;7#福氏志贺氏菌1a;8#鲍氏志贺氏菌1-5型;9#嗜水气单胞菌。结论参加盲样考核可提升该实验室检测微生物能力,促进实验室管理体系进一步完善。     

Voriconazole -- better chances for patients with invasive mycoses

The past two decades have witnessed an increase in serious fungal infections, without corresponding growth in available antifungal agents. Voriconazole (VRC) is a novel triazole antifungal, recently approved in Europe for treatment of serious infections caused by Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, and resistant Candida species. Voriconazole has in vitro activity against yeasts and yeast-like fungi similar, or superior to, fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC) and amphotericin B (AMB). Candida albicans is generally the most susceptible yeast (VRC MIC subset90 of 0.06 microg/ml); C. krusei often has low MICs even in the face of FLU/ITC resistance. Voriconazole has demonstrated comparable, or better, in vitro activity than ITC and AMB against Aspergillus (mean MICs 0.19-0.58 microg/ml), Ascomycetes, Bipolaris, Fusarium, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, dermatophytes, Histoplasma capsulatum, Malassezia, and Scedosporium angiospermum (P. boydii). The drug possesses potent fungicidal activity against moulds including Aspergillus, Scedosporium, and Fusarium. Fungicidal activity is likely due to the high affinity of VRC for fungal 14-alpha-demethylase, a concept supported by ultrastructural and biochemical analysis. Animal studies confirmed the activity of VRC against infections including pulmonary and invasive aspergillosis (IA); A. fumigatus endocarditis; fusariosis; pulmonary cryptococcosis; and invasive candidiasis. Most importantly, well-designed human clinical trials have confirmed the efficacy of VRC in the treatment of candidal esophagitis, IA, and febrile neutropenia. Smaller studies and case reports have shown VRC is useful for salvage therapy of IA, cerebral aspergillosis, Scedosporium, and other fungal infections. Clinical testing has shown VRC is safe and well tolerated; the most common side effect is benign, self-limited visual disturbance.     

The monitoring of foodhandlers in Papua New Guinea

In early 1987 guidelines were re-enforced for pre-employment medicals and 6-monthly health checks on foodhandlers in the Ok Tedi mining project in Papua New Guinea. The health monitoring program was stepped up as a result of two typhoid cases imported from the highlands and catering subcontractors failing to comply with the necessary pre-placement medicals for foodhandlers. Highlanders made up 28% (49/174) of the Ok Tedi catering department's workforce in 1987. The initial screen of 155 foodhandlers and 85 non-foodhandlers in February 1987 showed 6-7% of each group asymptomatically harbouring Salmonella spp. or Shigella spp. A second survey of 160 foodhandlers in August, including private fast-food establishments, detected only one Shigella boydii infection at a local fast-food-takeaway shop. Salmonella typhi was not detected in foodhandlers but was isolated from two non-foodhandlers recently returned from the highlands; in one case this resulted in a contact becoming infected at Tabubil. Infected persons were treated accordingly and foodhandlers were relieved of catering duties until follow-up cultures proved negative. Helminth infections were detected in 38% (309/811) of the stool samples examined. The low prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.1%) acquired locally, and a significant difference compared with outside groups supports the view that these species have recently been introduced to the North Fly (Ok Tedi) region. The majority of all Ascaris and Trichuris infections detected (61% and 73%, respectively) were found in highlanders, infection rates ranging from 3 to 15% depending on province of origin. Infections were treated accordingly to prevent possible transmission via food.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

应用系统发育分析方法鉴别近缘病原菌

目的:以gyrB基因序列为基础,采用系统发育分析方法构建进化树,对种系关系密切的病原菌进行区分鉴别。方法:测序获得本地区19株大肠埃希菌、13株志贺菌、2株豚鼠气单胞菌、2株嗜水气单胞菌、1株维隆气单胞菌的gyrB基因序列,并将其同公共数据库已有序列合并,构建进化树。分析各序列在树中的聚类关系,以此对菌株进行种水平分类鉴别,并同BLA ST查询结果相比较。结果:除鲍氏和痢疾志贺菌外,对检测的所有序列,在进化树上与之最邻近的5条序列均为该种菌株。而对一部分菌株,其BLA ST查询结果中含有其它菌种的或分类关系不明确的序列。结论:以系统发育方法对种系发生关系密切的病原菌序列进行鉴别,具有较好的分辨力和准确度。     

Multiple drug resistant strains of Shigella isolated in Jos, central Nigeria

The objective of this study is to highlight the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance among Shigella species in Jos, Plateau State. Stool samples of eight hundred and ten patients who presented at the Jos University Teaching Hospital with diarrhoea/dysentery were analysed using standard bacteriological techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. 25 Shigella species were isolated representing 3.1% isolation rate. The male to female ratio is 1.3:1, children aged 0-10 years constituted 16(64%) of the cases. Shigella flexneri (48%) was the most common sero-group. This was followed by S. boydii (24%), then S. sonnei (20%), and S. dysenteriae (8%). Most strains of shigella species were resistant to Ampicillin (96.0%). Chloramphenicol (96.0%), Cotrimoxazole (88%), Nalidixic acid (84%) and Tetracycline (75%). All strains were found to be sensitive to Ciprofloxacin. The drugs of choice in the treatment of Shigella infection in this environment should be Ciprofloxacin and Ofloxacin. Gentamicin was the third drug of choice its use is limited since the infection is not systemic. To avoid continuous abuse of antibiotics in our country there should be an effective legislation by the government to control the indiscriminate purchase of antibiotics.     

志贺氏菌属的致病因子及其菌苗研究进展

痢疾是一种在全世界范围内流行的传染病,由志贺氏菌属引起。志贺氏菌有4个种群:福氏志贺氏菌、宋内氏志贺氏菌、痢疾志贺氏菌和鲍氏志贺氏菌。除宋内氏菌以外,每个种群还有不同的血清型。 迄今已知志贺氏菌的主要致病因子有:位于志贺氏菌大质粒上与侵袭力相关的基因,其功能是使志贺氏菌能进入人的肠上皮细胞;位于志贺氏菌染色体上的脂多糖基因,其功能与已进入宿主细胞的志贺氏菌的增殖相关;志贺氏毒素,它是由Ⅰ型痢疾志贺氏菌产生,其基因也位于染色体上,它具有肠毒、细胞毒和神经毒作用;此外,志贺氏菌对铁的吸收能力和温度也是志贺氏菌毒力的调节因子。 痢疾菌苗的研制始于本世纪40年代,起初从胃肠道外途径用死菌苗对志愿者进行了现场试验,结果表明死菌苗没有明显的保护作用。后来采用口服途径、但口服死菌苗对人体也没有保护作用,而口服减毒活菌苗有保护作用。但这些菌苗减毒的遗传背景不清楚,存在回复突变的可能性。现已构建了毒力基因缺失的减毒株,这种减毒株不可能发生回复突变成有毒株,很有希望成为理想的痢疾菌苗候选株。