原发性卵黄囊瘤CT表现

目的 探讨妇科超声影像报告和数据系统（GI-RADS）联合三维超声造影（3D-CEUS）鉴别诊断卵巢良恶性肿块的价值。方法 对102例卵巢肿块患者行二维超声及3D-CEUS检查,观察3D-CEUS灌注特征,并采用GI-RADS评估二维声像图表现。通过单因素χ²检验及多因素Logistic回归分析,获得卵巢恶性肿块的独立预测因子,构建GI-RADS与3D-CEUS联合评分系统。绘制ROC曲线,评价GI-RADS联合3D-CEUS与单纯应用GI-RADS诊断卵巢恶性肿块的效能,并进行比较。结果 单因素及多因素分析结果显示,卵巢恶性肿块的独立预测因子包括大乳头状突起物（≥ 7 mm）、分隔或囊壁厚度 ≥ 3 mm、有中心性血流、病灶实性成分 ≥ 50%,合并腹腔积液、高增强、造影剂分布不均匀以及血管密集、走行纡曲、杂乱。GI-RADS与3D-CEUS联合评分系统诊断卵巢恶性肿块的最佳临界值为4分,GI-RADS联合3D-CEUS的ROC曲线下面积大于单纯应用GI-RADS （0.969 vs 0.839,Z=1.64,P=0.029）,且敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率均高于单纯应用GI-RADS （P均<0.001）。结论 与单纯应用GI-RADS相比,GI-RADS联合3D-CEUS可更有效地鉴别卵巢良恶性肿块。     

实时组织弹性成像在评价肝肿瘤中的应用价值

Objective To explore the imaging features of liver tumors with real-time tissue elastography.Methods Eighty-five liver lesions in 67 cases were scanned with conventional ultrasonography and elastography using HI-Vision900 system and then assessed with grade scores.Results on ultrasound were compared with those on pathology.Results Majority of lesions with grade a-b on elastography were identified as benign on pathology, while most of masses with grade c-e on elastography were confirmed as malignant on pathology.The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 93.5%, 87.0% and 91.8% for elastography to detect malignant lesions,74.2% ,73.4% and 74.1% for conventional ultrasound.The Kappa value of two doctors on elastography in group Ⅰ (the depth of the lesion ≤10cm) was significantly higher than group Ⅱ (the depth of the lesion ＞10cm).Conclusions Real-time tissue elastography of liver tumors provides a new convenient,non-invasive diagnostic methods,contribute to identify the benign and malignant live tumors.     

实时组织弹性成像在评价肝肿瘤中的应用价值

Objective To explore the imaging features of liver tumors with real-time tissue elastography.Methods Eighty-five liver lesions in 67 cases were scanned with conventional ultrasonography and elastography using HI-Vision900 system and then assessed with grade scores.Results on ultrasound were compared with those on pathology.Results Majority of lesions with grade a-b on elastography were identified as benign on pathology, while most of masses with grade c-e on elastography were confirmed as malignant on pathology.The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 93.5%, 87.0% and 91.8% for elastography to detect malignant lesions,74.2% ,73.4% and 74.1% for conventional ultrasound.The Kappa value of two doctors on elastography in group Ⅰ (the depth of the lesion ≤10cm) was significantly higher than group Ⅱ (the depth of the lesion ＞10cm).Conclusions Real-time tissue elastography of liver tumors provides a new convenient,non-invasive diagnostic methods,contribute to identify the benign and malignant live tumors.     

骨科核医学的临床实践

Objective To evaluate the clinical application of whole body diffusion weighted imaging (WB-DWI) for tumor detection, and compare with PET/CT. Methods Twelve patients with malignancies (3 pulmonary carcinoma patients; 3 liver cancer patients, 2 breast cancer patients and 1 pancreatic carcinoma patient, 1 thyroid cancer patient, 1 liposarcoma patient, 1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient) underwent WB-DWI and PET/CT in seven days to detect tumor. All patients were followed by histology or clinical-radiological examination in seven days. WB-DWI was performed using the built-in quadrature body coil and a five-station short TI inversion recovery-echo planar imaging (STIR-EPI) sequence with TR=4500 ms, TE=106 ms, TI=160 ms, b=0, 600 s/mm², slice thickness/gap: 7 mm/－1 mm. The prescan procedure of STIR-EPI was modified and center frequency (CF) was optimized during each exam. The ADC values were computed on the ADC map and compared between benign and malignant lesions. Results Totally, Forty-six lesions were detected in 10 of 12 patients with WB-DWI, and 41 lesions in 9 patients with PET. The ADC values between benign and malignant lesions had no significant difference. Conclusion WB-DWI has a clinical potential application for detecting tumor. ADC values appear few value in differentiating benign lesions from malignant diseases.     

提高乳腺钙化灶超声显示率的临床研究

Objective To evaluate the value of MicroPure software system in the display of calcification and diagnostic accuracy of breast carcinoma.Methods Sixty-three patients with 68 breast lesions were checked by conventional ultrasound,X-ray and MicroPure software technique.The calcification was described and the lesions were classified with BI-RADS.All cases were pathologically confirmed by biopsy or operation.Results ①Compared to the detection rate for calcification of X-ray,the display rate of conventional ultrasound was 80.6% ,and the display rate of MicroPure software technique was 100%.②The area under the curve of diagnosing benign and malignant of breast lesions was 0.916,0.857 and 0.970 respectively with ultrasound,X-ray and MicroPure software technique.③Three lesions was classified Ⅲ in BI-RADS with conventional ultrasound,and Ⅳ in BI-RADS with MicroPure software.The pathologic results were malignant.Conclusions MicroPure software system obviously raised the ultrasonic display rate of calcification,meanwhile,it raised the diagnostic accurate rate of breast cancer.It especially raised the tendency rate for the patients who were classified between Ⅲ and Ⅳ in BI-RADS.     

三维超声造影对肾肿瘤血管结构的初步研究

目的 探讨三维超声造影(three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound,3D-CEUS)在显示肾肿瘤血管结构中的应用价值.方法 121例常规超声提示肾肿瘤的患者,均经手术后病理证实.首先进行常规超声及超声造影检查,待造影剂基本廓清,再次注射造影剂进行3D-CEUS检查并存储图像.应用QLAB工作软件进行3D-CEUS图像重建,按照血供丰富程度将3D-CEUS图像分为4级.结果 肾良恶性肿瘤3D-CEUS血管结构表现不同.肾细胞癌实质早期3D-CEUS血管结构主要表现为迂曲扩张的粗网状或杂乱树枝状(83.17%,84/101),部分存在充盈缺损区(60.40%,61/101)及假包膜(14.85%,15/101).恶性肿瘤实质早期的血管结构主要是Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级.肾错构瘤实质早期3D-CEUS主要表现为云雾状,局部呈网状或树枝状(31.58%,6/19)或云雾状基础上叠加网状(63.16%,12/19).3D-CEUS对肾肿瘤血管结构的显示优于超声造影.结论 肾肿瘤超声造影三维重建是超声造影的有益补充.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D-CEUS) in showing vascular patterns of renal tumors.Methods The images of 3D-CEUS examination were retrospectively analyzed in one hundred and twenty one renal tumors which were confirmed sequentially by pathology.3D-CEUS was performed after conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS).The 3D-CEUS images were reconstructed by QLAB workstation and classified into 4 grades based on the blood supply characteristics.Results All the tumors were confirmed by pathology and operations,including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) (n=91),papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) (n=5),chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) (n=5),renal angiomyolipoma (RAML) (n=19),and cystic nephroma (n=1).Three-dimensional reconstruction could provide clear stereoscopic views of the interested structures and morphological characteristics of lesions.The three-dimensional ultrasonography of a particular renal tumor could be a mixture of different basic grades.There were significant differences between benign and malignant renal tumors in 3D-CEUS.The image quality was the best in early parenchymal phase comparing to other phases.In early parenchymal phase,84 RCCs (83.17%) were tortuous expansive reticular or irregular messy dendritic,61 cases (60.40%) with filling defect areas and 15 cases (14.85%) with pseudocapsules.Grade Ⅲ and Grade Ⅳ were the main vascular patterns in maglinant tumors.In early parenchymal phase,6 RAMLs (31.58%) were nebulous with dendritic in part,12 cases(63.16%) were reticular on the basis of nebulous with homogeneous internal structures.The vascular pattern was shown better in 3D-CEUS than CEUS.Conclusions 3D-CEUS can provide clear stereoscopic structures and morphological characteristics of the lesions,it is a useful adjuvant of CEUS for the diagnosis of renal tumors.     

3.0T MR三维时间飞跃与三维稳态采集快速成像序列融合图像术前评估三叉神经、面神经与邻近血管关系

Objective To investigate the value of three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D-TOF) and three-dimensional fast imaging employing steady state acquisition (3D-FIESTA)sequences in evaluation on spatial relationship among trigeminal nerve, facial nerve and peripheral vessels before microvascular decompression(MVD)with 3.0 T MR. Methods Data of MRI of 36 patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and 31 with hemifacial spasm (HFS) before MVD were analyzed retrospectively. The intra-observer agreement for the spatial relationship among trigeminal nerve, facial nerve and adjacent blood vessels were observed. The differences of occurrence rates of neurovascular compression (NVC) of symptomatic side and asymptomatic side in TN and HFS patients were compared. Taking surgical results as the gold standards, the diagnostic efficacy for neurovascular relationships of symptomatic side with 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA sequences were calculated. Results The consistency between two observers in assessing relationship of trigeminal nerve, facial nerve and adjacent blood vessels of symptomatic and asymptomatic was good (all Kappa ≥ 0.75, all P<0.001). In both of TN and HFS patients, the occurrence rates of NVC of symptomatic side were significantly higher than those of asymptomatic side (χ²=26.13, 20.81, both P<0.001). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA sequences in displaying relationship of trigeminal nerve and vascular was 97.22% (35/36), 97.06% (33/34), 100% (2/2), 100% (33/33) and 66.67% (2/3), respectively, of relationship between facial nerve and vascular was 93.55% (29/31), 96.55% (28/29), 50.00% (1/2), 96.55% (28/29) and 50.00% (1/2), respectively. Conclusion 3D-TOF and 3D-FIESTA sequences can clearly display the spatial relationship of nerve and adjacent vessels, therefore providing imaging evidences for MVD.     

Bactericidal activities of parenteral antibiotics and genotype of penicillin-binding protein in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolated from children's blood

A total of 16 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 18 isolates of Haemophilus influenzae were obtained from the blood of children admitted to the pediatric wards of hospitals in Hokkaido Kamikawa subprefecture between January 2003 and December 2005. The ages of the patients with S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae infection ranged from 2 months to 9 years and from 1 month to 4 years, respectively. The diagnoses of S. pneumoniae infection were as follows: pneumonia in 8 patients, occult bacteremia in 5 patients, and meningitis in 3 patients. The diagnoses of H. influenzae were: meningitis in 6 patients, pneumonia in 4 patients, occult bacteremia in 4 patients, epiglotitis in 2 patients, and facial cellulitis in 2 patients. Out of 16 S. pneumoniae isolates, penicillin-resistant strains with a mutation of 3 genes were observed in 7 children, and penicillin intermediate-resistant strains with a mutation of 1 or 2 genes were observed in 8 children. Out of 18 H. influenzae isolates, the β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strain with a substitution of 2 points in the ftsI gene was revealed in 2 children, the β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant strain with a substitution of 1 point in the ftsI gene was observed in 4 children, the β-lactamase-positive amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-resistant strain with blaTEM-1 and ftsI with 2 substitutions in the ftsI gene was observed in 3 children, and the β-lactamase-positive ampicillin-resistant strain with blaTEM-1was not observed. The MBC90s of ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, meropenem, panipenem, and vancomycin against S. pneumoniae were 8 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml 1 μg/ml, 0.25 μg/ml, and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. Those of ampicillin, piperacillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, meropenem, and panipenem against H. influenzae were >128 μg/ml, >128 μg/ml, 0.25 μg/mL, 1 μg/ml, 0.12 μg/ml, and 0.5 g/ml, respectively. It is suggest that the minimum bactricidal concentration (MBC) was dissociated from the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae with abnormal pbp genes.     

人工智能计算机辅助系统联合超声造影在甲状腺TI-RADS 5类结节中的应用价值

Objective : To investigate the differential diagnostic value of Artificial Intelligence Computer Aided system with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography for thyroid TI‐RADS 5 nodules．Methods：93cases with thyroid nodules diagnosed by AI-CAD and CEUS had been treated in our hospital,All cases are confirmed by pathology,compare the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and diagnostic coincidence rate of AI-CAD diagnosis,CEUS diagnosis and combined application.Results:Ninety-three patients with 141 thyroid nodules(including 87 benign nodules and 54 malignant nodules),The sensitivity and specificity of AI-CAD diagnosis were 78.2% and 85.2%,and for CEUS diagnosis were 89.7% and 63.0%,while for combined application were 94.3% and 63%.Conclusion: AI-CAD and CEUS is very helpful in differential diagnosis of thyroid TI‐RADS 5 nodules.Combined using both methods can significantly increase the diagnostic coincidence rate of thyroid TI‐RADS 5 nodules.     

In vitro synergistic effects of double combinations of β-lactams and azithromycin against clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

In Japan, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a sexually transmitted pathogen, has recently shown significant resistance to various antimicrobial agents. In this study, a checkerboard method was utilized to investigate the in vitro activities of cefixime (CFIX), cefteram (CFTM), or amoxicillin (AMPC) in combination with azithromycin (AZM) against 25 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae. Synergy, defined as a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of less than or equal to 0.50, was observed in 32% of isolates with CFIX+AZM, 12% of isolates with CFTM+AZM, and 4% of isolates with AMPC+AZM. Moreover, partial synergy, defined as an FIC index of greater than 0.50 and less than 1, was observed in 44% of isolates with CFIX+AZM, 68% of isolates with CFTM+AZM, and 52% of isolates with AMPC+AZM. In particular, as a result of the combination of CFIX and AZM, for all isolates, significant reductions were observed in the median CFIX minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; from 0.25 to 0.008 μg/ml; P < 0.0001) and the median AZM MIC (from 0.12 to 0.03 μg/ml; P < 0.0001). However, antagonism, defined as an FIC index of greater than 1, was observed in only 4% of the isolates with both CFIX+AZM and CFTM+AZM, while it was seen in 12% of the isolates with AMPC+AZM. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that the in vitro activity of CFIX against N. gonorrhoeae can be significantly enhanced in combination with AZM.     

Fibrinogen and fibrin structure and functions

Fibrinogen molecules are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged Aalpha-, Bbeta-, and gamma-chains. Each molecule contains two outer D domains connected to a central E domain by a coiled-coil segment. Fibrin is formed after thrombin cleavage of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) from fibrinogen Aalpha-chains, thus initiating fibrin polymerization. Double-stranded fibrils form through end-to-middle domain (D:E) associations, and concomitant lateral fibril associations and branching create a clot network. Fibrin assembly facilitates intermolecular antiparallel C-terminal alignment of gamma-chain pairs, which are then covalently 'cross-linked' by factor XIII ('plasma protransglutaminase') or XIIIa to form 'gamma-dimers'. In addition to its primary role of providing scaffolding for the intravascular thrombus and also accounting for important clot viscoelastic properties, fibrin(ogen) participates in other biologic functions involving unique binding sites, some of which become exposed as a consequence of fibrin formation. This review provides details about fibrinogen and fibrin structure, and correlates this information with biological functions that include: (i) suppression of plasma factor XIII-mediated cross-linking activity in blood by binding the factor XIII A2B2 complex. (ii) Non-substrate thrombin binding to fibrin, termed antithrombin I (AT-I), which down-regulates thrombin generation in clotting blood. (iii) Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)-stimulated plasminogen activation by fibrin that results from formation of a ternary tPA-plasminogen-fibrin complex. Binding of inhibitors such as alpha2-antiplasmin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-2, lipoprotein(a), or histidine-rich glycoprotein, impairs plasminogen activation. (iv) Enhanced interactions with the extracellular matrix by binding of fibronectin to fibrin(ogen). (v) Molecular and cellular interactions of fibrin beta15-42. This sequence binds to heparin and mediates platelet and endothelial cell spreading, fibroblast proliferation, and capillary tube formation. Interactions between beta15-42 and vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an endothelial cell receptor, also promote capillary tube formation and angiogenesis. These activities are enhanced by binding of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1. (vi) Fibrinogen binding to the platelet alpha(IIb)beta3 receptor, which is important for incorporating platelets into a developing thrombus. (vii) Leukocyte binding to fibrin(ogen) via integrin alpha(M)beta2 (Mac-1), which is a high affinity receptor on stimulated monocytes and neutrophils.     

Migraine and genetic and acquired vasculopathies

It is remarkable that migraine is a prominent part of the phenotype of several genetic vasculopathies, including cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy (CADASIL), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RVCL) and hereditary infantile hemiparessis, retinal arteriolar tortuosity and leukoencephalopahty (HIHRATL). The mechanisms by which these genetic vasculopathies give rise to migraine are still unclear. Common genetic susceptibility, increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) and vascular endothelial dysfunction are among the possible explanations. The relation between migraine and acquired vasculopathies such as ischaemic stroke and coronary heart disease has long been established, further supporting a role of the (cerebral) blood vessels in migraine. This review focuses on genetic and acquired vasculopathies associated with migraine. We speculate how genetic and acquired vascular mechanisms might be involved in migraine.     

创伤高血糖与感染和MODS早期诊断和干预

本文详细介绍了创伤后血糖应激适度理论,以及高血糖与感染和多器官功能不全综合征的关系;提出涉及胰岛B细胞功能不全的MODS实验诊断新方案和极化液个体化干预新措施,可早期发现创伤MODS、降低感染率及MODS发生率和病死率。     

腹膜后纤维化与肾积水发生关系的临床研究

目的：探讨腹膜后纤维化（RPF）导致肾积水的原因及诊治经验。方法：回顾分析2004年1月—2010年12月24例腹膜后纤维化致肾积水患者的诊治资料。结果：（1）RPF患者常见首发症状为腰背痛或腹痛（69.2%）;（2）红细胞沉降率（ESR）增快和血清IgG4升高最常见。超声检查仅提示上尿路积水。RPF的静脉肾盂造影（IVP）和CT尿路成像（CTU）表现具有特征性。IVP肾盂输尿管显影不良时,CTU能较清晰的显示上尿路影像。CT扫描发现腹膜后软组织肿块9例（37.5%）,优于超声检查;（3）输尿管松解和腹腔化手术治疗22例;行肾切除术1例;行输尿管置双J管术1例。最终确诊为继发性RPF8例,其中4例为术前诊断,3例为术中腹膜后软组织肿块冷冻活检证实,1例为术后病理证实;（4）特发性RPF手术后肾积水均获长期缓解,而继发性RPF的预后取决于原发疾病及其治疗方案。结论：影像学检查是诊断RPF的重要手段,CTU优于超声检查和IVP。输尿管松解和腹腔化手术可以使特发性RPF输尿管梗阻得到长期的缓解,术中对肿块进行冷冻活检有助于鉴别特发性和继发性RPF,及时调整治疗方案。     

Telemedicine and teleradiology technologies and applications

Summary. Telemedicine and teleradiology hold the key for improving future health care delivery. In this paper we first review current communication and computer technologies used in telemedicine and teleradiology. Five examples in teleradiology applications are given including hospital-integrated picture archiving and communication systems, tele-neuro-imaging, telemammography, university consortium teleradiology service, and teleradiology for second opinion. Parameters important to teleradiology applications like costs, image quality, system reliability, and turn around time are considered. Data security is discussed, including patient confidentiality and image authenticity-which will be a major issue in future teleradiology applications.     

Physician and Nurse Practitioner Teamwork and Job Satisfaction: Gender and Profession

Designing interprofessional primary care teams composed of physicians and nurse practitioners (NPs) is a national priority. We assessed how profession and gender affect teamwork and job satisfaction among primary care physicians and NPs by using survey data from 186 physicians and 398 NPs practicing in New York State. Our regression models show profession (NP vs physician) moderates the associations of gender with teamwork and job satisfaction. Among NPs, men had higher job satisfaction than women. Among physicians, women had higher job satisfaction than men. Our results can benefit interprofessional primary care teams to optimize their professional and gender mix.     

探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与支原体感染的关系及临床治疗观察

目的探讨儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽与肺炎支原体（MP）感染的关系及临床疗效观察。方法采用回顾性研究方法对于现将2005年3月至2008年3月在我院的55例确诊慢性顽固性咳嗽患儿,主要表现为肺炎支原体感染为临床特点进行分析,并进一步临床治疗研究。结果①临床特点：在55例确诊慢性咳嗽的患儿中,以慢性顽固性咳嗽为主要症状。58％（32／55）的病例无肺部体征;②外周血：85％（47／55）的病例外周血变化不大,WBC（4—10）×10 9／L之间,嗜酸性粒细胞增多;③特别检查：47．27％（26／55）肺炎支原体IgM（MP—IgM）抗体阳性,83．64％（46／55）PeR技术检测肺炎支原体特异性DNA;④X光报告为多种形式。结论肺炎支原体（MP）感染是引起儿童慢性顽固性咳嗽的病因之一,对儿童慢性咳嗽,特别是顽固性咳嗽的诊治中应更加重视。     

Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: Past,present and future

Abstract

Acetylcysteine has been utilized successfully in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose since the 1970s. Although prospective trials as to efficacy and safety of acetylcysteine were conducted, there were no randomized controlled trials. This commentary addresses the reasons for this, and the background to choice of dose of acetylcysteine utilized in the oral and IV dosing regimens. Nomograms to predict possible hepatotoxicity based upon time of ingestion of acetaminophen were developed from a relatively arbitrary definition of toxicity as an aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (ALT/AST) greater than 1000 IU/L. While these have proved generally useful, patients still continue to develop hepatic damage after acetaminophen overdose, particularly if they present late after ingestion. The optimum management of these patients remains unclear, and one area of uncertainty is the dose and duration of acetylcysteine in various circumstances. This article discusses the issues that need to be elucidated to better target changes in acetylcysteine dose. The potential for measurements of other markers to improve treatment selection is the subject of further research.