68Ga-成纤维细胞激活蛋白抑制剂PET/CT显像指南

⁶⁸Ga-成纤维细胞激活蛋白抑制剂（FAPI） PET/CT用于各种肿瘤性疾病、感染、炎症性疾病诊治中,均涉及适应证、医务人员岗位职责、操作规范（包括病史采集、患者准备和检查注意事项、放射性药物制备、图像采集和图像分析）、报告、质量控制和显像过程中的辐射安全问题。本指南旨在为临床顺利开展⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET/CT检查,并在诊断报告中合理解释及标准化描述⁶⁸Ga-FAPI PET/CT所见提供依据。     

68Ga-前列腺特异性膜抗原PET/CT前列腺癌显像操作指南

本指南旨在为⁶⁸Ga-前列腺特异性膜抗原PET/CT检查在前列腺癌诊治中的应用提供操作规范,主要内容包括检查适应证、医务人员岗位职责、检查操作规范（包括病史采集、患者准备和检查注意事项、放射性药物、图像采集和图像判断标准）、报告、质量控制和显像过程中的辐射安全问题。     

胰高血糖素样肽-1受体PET/CT定位诊断胰岛素瘤的技术规范

胰岛素瘤的诊断和手术治疗依赖于准确的影像学检查定位。以胰腺β细胞为靶点的胰高血糖素样肽-1受体(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, GLP-1R)是近年来胰岛素瘤影像研究中的亮点, 推荐临床推广使用⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4进行GLP-1R正电子发射断层显像/计算机体层成像(positron emission tomography/computed tomography, PET/CT)来定位诊断胰岛素瘤。本文介绍GLP-1R显像在胰岛素瘤中的应用概况, 并以⁶⁸Ga-exendin-4 GLP-1R PET/CT显像为例, 介绍该技术的操作规范, 以期为临床提供借鉴。     

儿童神经母细胞瘤123I-间碘苄胍全身平面显像及SPECT/CT融合显像操作指南

本指南旨在为¹²³I-MIBG全身平面显像及局部SPECT/CT融合显像用于儿童神经母细胞瘤诊治提供操作规范,主要针对检查适应证、医务人员岗位职责、检查操作规范及报告和显像过程中的辐射安全问题。     

比较18F-FDG PET/CT、11C-MET PET/CT和MRI诊断神经胶质瘤能力的效能

目的 比较¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT、¹¹C-MET PET/CT及MRI诊断神经胶质瘤能力的差异。方法 对60例临床疑似神经胶质瘤患者行¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT、¹¹C-MET PET/CT和MR检查,经手术或活检获得病理诊断。以病理学结果为金标准计算¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT、¹¹C-MET PET/CT及MRI诊断神经胶质瘤的敏感度、特异度和准确率,比较三者间差异。结果 本组60例中,36例经病理证实为胶质瘤。¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT、¹¹C-MET PET/CT和MRI的诊断灵敏度、特异度、准确率分别50.00%（18/36）、75.00%（18/24）、60.00%（36/60）,97.22%（35/36）、91.67%（22/24）、95.00%（57/60）和63.89%（23/36）、79.17%（19/24）、70.00%（42/60）。¹¹C-MET PET/CT诊断灵敏度和准确率均高于¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT和MRI（P均<0.05）;¹¹C-MET PET/CT诊断低级别胶质瘤（I级和Ⅱ级）的灵敏度[94.12%（16/17）] 明显高于¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT[5.88%（1/17）;P<0.5] 。结论 ¹¹C-MET PET/CT显像诊断神经胶质瘤的能力高于MRI及¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像。     

18F-FDG PET/CT在乳腺外Paget病分期及随访中的应用(附11例报道)

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT在乳腺外Paget病的分期及治疗后随访中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析11例经手术或活检病理证实的乳腺外Paget病患者临床及影像学检查资料。结果 11例患者中,7例术前接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查,4例术后接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查。10例检查时存在皮肤病变,1例无皮肤病变;9例病灶位于阴囊,2例病灶位于腋窝。皮肤病灶¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT均表现为轻、中度摄取增高。5例患者伴有腹股沟淋巴结转移(5/11,45.45%)。2例既往有其他恶性肿瘤病史的患者均未见肿瘤复发征象;1例阴囊Paget病手术切除后1年局部复发患者,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT发现升结肠肿物,伴肝脏、骨骼及淋巴结多发转移。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT有助于乳腺外Paget病的术前分期,并可用于临床随访。     

健康人体68Ga-DOTATATE动态分布显像与吸收剂量

目的 评估⁶⁸Ga-1,4,7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸-D-苯丙氨酸1-酪氨酸3-苏氨酸8-奥曲肽（DOTATATE） PET/CT显像中显像剂在健康人体内分布情况及主要器官吸收剂量。方法 对8名健康受试者经静脉注射100~200 MBq ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE后行动态PET/CT显像,于低剂量CT图像上手动勾画各源器官ROI并同步至PET图像,计算全身及靶器官⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE滞留时间、吸收剂量和全身有效剂量（ED）。结果 全身⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE平均滞留时间为（1.38±0.29） h。源器官中,⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE在肝脏滞留时间最长,其次为双肾,于甲状腺滞留时间最短。检查过程中受试者吸收剂量2.34~3.98 mGy,平均（3.11±0.62） mGy;ED为2.32~2.61 mSv,平均（2.39±0.13） mSv;源器官中脾脏吸收剂量最高,其次为膀胱、双肾,脑吸收剂量最低。结论 ⁶⁸Ga-DOTATATE在健康人体内滞留于肝脏的时间最长,脾脏吸收剂量最高,但均处于安全范围。     

一体化PET/MR颅脑成像检查规范(2017版)

一体化PET/MR已经逐渐在临床应用,其检查流程的规范化是需要迫切解决的重大任务。一体化PET/MR颅脑检查规范的主要内容包括临床适应证及禁忌证、扫描前准备、扫描规范（PET扫描、常规颅脑MR扫描、不同颅脑疾病的特殊MR扫描）、放射性示踪剂和MR对比剂的使用注意事项。制定该操作规范的目的是为临床工作中处理不同颅脑疾病,提供针对性的PET/MRI检查操作规范。本规范在PET显像剂方面,仅限于¹⁸F-FDG。     

18F-FDG PET/CT检测淋巴结转移癌原发灶

目的 观察¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检测淋巴结转移癌原发灶的价值。方法 回顾性分析133例接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查的淋巴结转移癌患者,以临床综合诊断结果为标准,与淋巴结免疫组织化学结果对比,评估PET/CT检出淋巴结转移癌原发灶的效能。结果 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检出淋巴结转移癌原发灶的敏感度、特异度、假阳性率、假阴性率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为84.09%(37/44)、82.02%(73/89)、17.98%(16/89)、15.91%(7/44)、69.81%(37/53)及91.25%(73/80),淋巴结免疫组织化学分别为41.03%(16/39)、69.15%(65/94)、30.85%(29/94)、58.97%(23/39)、35.56%(16/45)及73.86%(65/88),前者的敏感度高于后者(P＜0.001);¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT及淋巴结免疫组织化学检出淋巴转移癌原发灶的曲线下面积分别为0.83和0.62。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT用于检测淋巴结转移癌原发灶具有一定临床应用价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT在原发灶不明的淋巴结转移癌中的应用价值

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT全身显像对诊断原发灶不明的淋巴结转移癌(LCUP)的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析以活检证实淋巴结转移为首发症状的34例LCUP患者资料,常规检查均未找到原发灶。对全部患者行¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT全身显像,与临床随访及组织病理学结果进行比较。结果 3例淋巴瘤患者被排除,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检出可疑原发灶25例,正确检测出原发灶13例,检出率为41.94%(13/31);其中8例经病理证实,5例为临床诊断,阳性预测值为52.00%(13/25)。未找到原发灶的6例患者中,3例经随访尚未明确诊断。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT全身显像在寻找LCUP的原发灶中具有重要临床价值。     

68Ga-DOTA-TATE与18F-FDG PET/CT对比显像用于神经内分泌肿瘤

目的 观察⁶⁸Ga-1,4,7,10-四氮杂环十二烷-1,4,7,10-四乙酸-D-苯丙氨酸1-酪氨酸3-苏氨酸8-OC（DOTA-TATE）和¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像用于神经内分泌肿瘤（NET）的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析39例疑似NET并先后接受⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TATE和¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像患者,以组织病理学诊断结果为金标准,分析2种显像对NET的诊断效能,比较不同病理分级NET病灶的⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TATE和¹⁸F-FDG最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）。结果 ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT显像诊断NET的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值（PPV）、阴性预测值（NPV）及准确率分别为96.55%（28/29）、80.00%（8/10）、93.33%（28/30）、88.89%（8/9）及92.31%（36/39）,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像分别为82.76%（24/29）、100%（10/10）、100%（24/24）、66.67%（10/15）及87.18%（34/39）。39例中,29例获得病理分级,包括5例G1级、16例G2级和8例G3级 NET;其中G1级、G2级及G3级NET在⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT中的SUV_max分别为28.80（15.20,44.80）、10.55（5.98,22.93）及4.70（3.90,7.50）,3个级别差异具有统计学意义（H=9.06,P=0.01）;其在¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT中的SUV_max依次为3.10（2.38,5.85）、3.10（1.82,5.18）、7.10（1.70,9.93）,3个级别差异无统计学意义（H=2.19,P=0.34）。结论 ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-TATE PET/CT显像用于诊断NET及分期的价值高于¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT,且其SUV_max与病理分级相关。     

Role of PET/CT in the functional imaging of endocrine pancreatic tumors

Endocrine pancreatic tumors (EPTs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with variable clinical and biological features and prognosis, ranging from very slow-growing tumors to highly aggressive and very malignant ones. As other neuroendocrine tumors, EPTs are characterized by the presence of neuroamine uptake mechanisms and/or peptide receptors at the cell membrane and these features constitute the basis of the clinical use of specific radiolabeled ligands, both for imaging and therapy. The more widespread use of hybrid machines, i.e., positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), allows to perform imaging with high resolution and high diagnostic accuracy especially for small lesions, and to correlate anatomic location with function. The recent WHO recommendations for classification and prognostic factors help the selection of tracers likely to show a positive image on PET; therefore, tracers exploiting specific metabolic patterns (¹⁸F-DOPA and ¹¹C-5-HTP) or specific receptor expression (⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-peptides) are suited to well-differentiated tumors, while the use of ¹⁸F-FDG is preferred for poorly-differentiated neoplasms with high proliferative activity and loss of neuroendocrine features. In differentiated EPTs, ¹¹C-5-HTP performs better than ¹⁸F-DOPA even though its use is hampered by its complex production and limited availability and experience; ⁶⁸Ga-peptides are indicated for all type of gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumors, regardless of their functional activity. In addition, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-peptides play a distinctive role in planning peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.     

Evaluation of unusual neuroendocrine tumours by means of Ga-DOTA-NOC PET

¹⁸F-FDG PET value for the assessment of neuroendocrine tumours (NET) is limited. Preliminary studies indicate that somatostatin receptor PET using ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-peptides is more accurate for disease assessment and provide additional data on receptor status, that are crucial for targeted radionuclide therapy. At present, however, few papers investigated the role of ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC PET in NET, especially in unusual situations. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC for the evaluation of NET of uncommon presentation. Patients with biopsy-proven NET were scheduled for ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC PET; we excluded from further evaluation cases with most common NET tumours (gastro-entero-pancreatic and pulmonary localization of primary lesion, MEN syndromes, medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytomas). PET results were compared with findings of conventional imaging, including CT, ultrasonography, MR and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy; finally PET results were compared with follow-up data with respect to the impact on patient management. Fourteen patients were finally enrolled; primary tumours were located at uterine level (3 cases), prostate (3 cases), ovary (1 case), kidney (1 case), breast (1 case), ear (1 case); also 3 cases of paraganglioma (at neck, abdominal and mediastinum level) and 1 case of lymphoma were included. ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC PET was positive, showing at least 1 lesion, in 6/14 cases while 5 cases turned out negative and 2 inconclusive. On a clinical basis, ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC provided additional information in comparison to conventional imaging procedures in 7/14 cases, and was considered useful in 12/14 patients, with 8 patients in which ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC PET was determinant for patient's management. Although the number of patients studied is limited, our data show that ⁶⁸Ga-DOTA-NOC can be usefully applied for the evaluation of NET of uncommon presentation; in particular very promising results were obtained in paraganglioma. On the other hand, care has to be paid when studying lesions localized at sites of physiological concentration of the tracer, and in presence of inflammation.     

组合扫描方案改善18F-FDG PET/CT工作效率

目的 观察组合扫描方案对改善¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT工作效率的价值。方法 前瞻性纳入75例需接受PET/CT检查患者,随机分为A、B及C组各25例,分别采用不同¹⁸F-FDG注射剂量和采集时间行PET/CT检查,观察A、B和C方案及3种组合方案对¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT工作效率的影响。结果 A、B、C 3组每公斤体质量放射性计数、肝脏平均标准摄取值（SUV_mean）及纵隔SUV_mean差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。模拟结果显示,显像剂总剂量为1 850、3 700及5 550 MBq时,采用组合方案可缩短总检查时间;总剂量达7 400 MBq及以上时,采用组合方案可使单位时间内检查数量增加1~2例并缩短总检查时间;总剂量相同情况下,采用组合方案,显像剂例均成本低于单一方案。结论 采用不同¹⁸F-FDG注射剂量和PET床位采集时间组合方案有助于增加检查例数、缩短总检查时间,提高PET/CT工作效率;必要时分批运输显像剂可进一步降低例均成本。     

^(18)F-FDG与^(68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT诊断分化型甲状腺癌甲状腺全切术后转移北大核心CSCD

目的对比^(18)F-FDG与^(68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT诊断分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)甲状腺全切术后转移的价值。方法前瞻性纳入35例甲状腺全切术后DTC转移患者、共101处转移灶,包括淋巴结转移39处、骨转移30处、肺转移30处、脑转移及肝转移各1处;先后行^(18)F-FDG及^(68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT检查,对比二者诊断DTC术后转移的价值。结果35例共101处DTC转移灶中,^(18)F-FDG PET/CT、^(68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT分别检出淋巴结转移32处/32处、骨转移20处/29处、肺转移28处/26处、脑转移1处/1处及肝转移1处/1处。^(68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT所测骨转移灶最大标准摄取值(SUV_(max))显著大于^(18)F-FDG PET/CT(P<0.001),所测脑转移灶(0.89 vs.2.08)及肝转移灶的SUV_(max)(18.80 vs.4.73)亦存在差异,而淋巴结及肺转移灶的SUV_(max)差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。^(68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT诊断淋巴结转移的阳性预测值(PPV)、诊断骨转移的敏感度和PPV均大于^(18)F-FDG PET/CT(P均<0.05)。结论^(68)Ga-FAPI PET/CT诊断DTC甲状腺全切术后转移的效能优于^(18)F-FDG PET/CT。     

罗萨伊-多尔夫曼病18F-FDG PET/CT表现

目的 观察罗萨伊-多尔夫曼病(RDD)¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT表现。方法 纳入6例活检病理确诊RDD患者，分析其¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT及其他常规影像学检查资料，观察RDD ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT表现特点。结果 本组6例RDD中，1例为皮肤原发病变，3例为淋巴结内+结外病变，2例仅有淋巴结内病变；最常见的结外受累部位为骨(n=3),其次为鼻咽/鼻腔及鼻窦(n=2);PET/CT示其均呈FDG高摄取，最大标准摄取值为4.3～16.5。结论 RDD病灶¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT表现为FDG高摄取。